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Agence photographique (commanditaire) · Public domain"}, "/e/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/guan-zhong/": {"t": "Guan Zhong", "s": "Chancellor and reformer who made Qi the leading state.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/img/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/guan-zhong.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Guan Zhong · see source"}, "/e/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/duke-zhuang-of-lu/": {"t": "Duke Zhuang of Lu", "s": "Duke of Lu during the Spring and Autumn period."}, "https://codexery.com/east-asian-history/e/east-asian-history/qi-state/": {"t": "Qi (state)", "s": "A major Zhou dynasty state in ancient China, known for its early hegemony and cultural influence."}, "https://codexery.com/imperial-titles/e/imperial-titles/son-of-heaven/": {"t": "Son of Heaven", "s": "Sacred monarchial title of the Chinese sovereign.", "i": "https://codexery.com/imperial-titles/img/imperial-titles/son-of-heaven.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · Public domain"}, "/e/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/duke-wen-of-jin/": {"t": "Duke Wen of Jin", "s": "The Cultured Duke who rose from exile to become one of the Five Hegemons.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/img/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/duke-wen-of-jin.webp", "c": "Li Tang · Public domain"}, "/e/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/duke-xian-of-jin/": {"t": "Duke Xian of Jin", "s": "Ruler who expanded Jin and sparked the Li Ji Rebellion."}, "https://codexery.com/east-asian-history/e/east-asian-history/qin-state/": {"t": "Qin (state)", "s": "Ancient Chinese state that unified the Warring States."}, "https://codexery.com/adages/e/adages/bo-le/": {"t": "Bo Le", "s": "Legendary horse judge and inventor of equine physiognomy."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/e/rivers-of-the-world/yellow-river/": {"t": "Yellow River", "s": "Cradle of Chinese civilization, source of devastating floods.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/img/rivers-of-the-world/yellow-river.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Yellow River · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/japanese-computer-animated-television/e/japanese-computer-animated-television-series/kingdom-manga/": {"t": "Kingdom (manga)", "s": "A fictionalized Warring States epic of ambition and unification."}, "https://codexery.com/taoist-immortals/e/taoist-immortals/jie-zhitui/": {"t": "Jie Zhitui", "s": "Jin aristocrat whose loyalty led to the Cold Food Festival."}, "https://codexery.com/public-holidays-observances/e/public-holidays-and-observances/qingming-festival/": {"t": "Qingming Festival", "s": "Traditional Chinese festival for ancestral tomb-sweeping and spring celebration."}, "/e/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/duke-mu-of-qin/": {"t": "Duke Mu of Qin", "s": "Duke of Qin, sometimes counted among the Five Hegemons.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/img/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/duke-mu-of-qin.webp", "c": "Gary Todd from Xinzheng, China · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/places-in-chinese-mythology/e/places-in-chinese-mythology/tian/": {"t": "Tian", "s": "Ancient Chinese concept of heaven and supreme cosmic power."}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/sui-dynasty/": {"t": "Sui dynasty", "s": "Brief dynasty that reunified China and shaped the Tang golden age.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/pre-columbian-empires/sui-dynasty.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Sui dynasty · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/tang-dynasty/": {"t": "Tang dynasty", "s": "Imperial dynasty ruling China from 618 to 907."}, "https://codexery.com/festivals-and-celebrations/e/festivals-and-celebrations/double-third-festival/": {"t": "Double Third Festival", "s": "Traditional East Asian festival on the third day of the third lunar month."}, "https://codexery.com/east-asian-history/e/east-asian-history/partition-of-jin/": {"t": "Partition of Jin", "s": "Division of Jin into Han, Zhao, and Wei states."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/modern-metropolis/hong-kong/": {"t": "Hong Kong", "s": "Asia's world city, a global financial hub."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-martial-arts-terminology/e/chinese-martial-arts-terminology/wuxia/": {"t": "Wuxia", "s": "Chinese genre of martial arts fiction and low fantasy."}, "https://codexery.com/kings-of-the-zhou-dynasty/e/kings-of-the-zhou-dynasty/king-wen-of-zhou/": {"t": "King Wen of Zhou", "s": "Posthumous founder of the Zhou dynasty."}, "/e/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/di-xin/": {"t": "Di Xin", "s": "Last Shang king, known posthumously as a cautionary tyrant.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/img/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/di-xin.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Di Xin · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/kings-of-the-zhou-dynasty/e/kings-of-the-zhou-dynasty/king-cheng-of-zhou/": {"t": "King Cheng of Zhou", "s": "Second king of Zhou, reigned under the Duke of Zhou's regency."}, "https://codexery.com/heroes-in-mythology-and-legend/e/heroes-in-mythology-and-legend/culture-hero/": {"t": "Culture hero", "s": "Mythological figure who changes the world through invention or discovery."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-classical-texts/e/ancient-and-classical-texts/i-ching/": {"t": "I Ching", "s": "Ancient Chinese divination text and classic of changes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-classical-texts/img/ancient-and-classical-texts/i-ching.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: I Ching · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-l/e/cities-starting-with-l/luoyang/": {"t": "Luoyang", "s": "Ancient capital on the Luo River, cradle of Chinese civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/supernatural-beings-identified-with-chri/e/supernatural-beings-identified-with-christian-saints/shangdi/": {"t": "Shangdi", "s": "Chinese Highest Deity from Shang theology, equated with Tian."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-bronzeware/e/chinese-bronzeware/nine-tripod-cauldrons/": {"t": "Nine Tripod Cauldrons", "s": "Ancient Chinese symbols of dynastic authority and national unity."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/confucius/": {"t": "Confucius", "s": "The paragon of Chinese sages and founder of Confucianism."}, "https://codexery.com/eastern-and-islamic-philosophers/e/eastern-and-islamic-philosophers/mencius/": {"t": "Mencius", "s": "Chinese Confucian philosopher, the Second Sage, who taught innate human goodness."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/chiang-kai-shek/": {"t": "Chiang Kai-shek", "s": "Chinese military commander, revolutionary, and statesman; President of the Republic of China from 1948 to 1975."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/emperor-xuanzong-of-tang/": {"t": "Emperor Xuanzong of Tang", "s": "Tang emperor whose 44-year reign saw golden age and catastrophic decline."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/guo-ziyi/": {"t": "Guo Ziyi", "s": "Tang general who ended the An Lushan rebellion.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/guo-ziyi.webp", "c": "Unknown authorUnknown author · via Wikipedia: Guo Ziyi · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/e/chinese-history/guanzhong/": {"t": "Guanzhong", "s": "The heartland of ancient Chinese empires, guarded by mountain passes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/img/chinese-history/guanzhong.webp", "c": "H2v5o68z · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/emperor-taizong-of-tang/": {"t": "Emperor Taizong of Tang", "s": "Second emperor of Tang, co-founder of the dynasty, and ruler of the golden Zhenguan era."}, "https://codexery.com/states-and-regions/e/states-and-regions/shandong/": {"t": "Shandong", "s": "Coastal province, cradle of Confucianism and Taoism."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/shijiazhuang/": {"t": "Shijiazhuang", "s": "From a village to a provincial capital: Shijiazhuang's rise on the railway."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/beijing/": {"t": "Beijing", "s": "The world's most populous national capital, blending millennia of history with cutting-edge innovation."}, "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-china/e/emperors-of-china/zhu-ci/": {"t": "Zhu Ci", "s": "Tang general who declared himself emperor of Qin and Han."}, "https://codexery.com/history-of-imperial-china/e/history-of-imperial-china/heqin/": {"t": "Heqin", "s": "Correcting historical inaccuracies in the heqin marriage alliance record.", "i": "https://codexery.com/history-of-imperial-china/img/history-of-imperial-china/heqin.webp", "c": "BabelStone · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/state-ritual-and-ceremonies/e/state-ritual-and-ceremonies/enthronement/": {"t": "Enthronement", "s": "Formal seating on a throne to mark a monarch's accession."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/e/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/g-kt-rks/": {"t": "Göktürks", "s": "Celestial Turks of the First Turkic Khaganate", "i": "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/img/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/g-kt-rks.webp", "c": "Hardcore-Mike · CC BY 3.0"}, "/e/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/emperor-yang-of-sui/": {"t": "Emperor Yang of Sui", "s": "Second Sui emperor whose projects and wars bankrupted the empire."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/e/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/goguryeo-tang-war/": {"t": "Goguryeo–Tang War", "s": "War ending the Three Kingdoms of Korea period."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/e/chinese-history/shanhai-pass/": {"t": "Shanhai Pass", "s": "Fortified gateway at the eastern end of the Great Wall, commanding the narrowest choke point of the Liaoxi Corridor.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/img/chinese-history/shanhai-pass.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Shanhai Pass · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/g-kt-rk-khagans/e/g-kt-rk-khagans/chebi-khan/": {"t": "Chebi Khan", "s": "Claimant khan of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate, captured by Tang forces."}, "https://codexery.com/g-kt-rk-khagans/e/g-kt-rk-khagans/ashina-helu/": {"t": "Ashina Helu", "s": "Last khagan of the Western Turkic Khaganate, defeated by Tang forces."}, "https://codexery.com/taboo/e/taboo/naming-taboo/": {"t": "Naming taboo", "s": "A taboo against using exalted persons' names in China and beyond."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/changsha/": {"t": "Changsha", "s": "Capital of Hunan, ancient city, and global industrial hub."}, "https://codexery.com/asian-cities/e/asian-cities/tashkent/": {"t": "Tashkent", "s": "The Stone City at the Crossroads of Cultures", "i": "https://codexery.com/asian-cities/img/asian-cities/tashkent.webp", "c": "Sneedicture · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/uzbekistan/": {"t": "Uzbekistan", "s": "Doubly landlocked Central Asian republic with ancient Silk Road heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/chinese-folk-religion/": {"t": "Chinese folk religion", "s": "A syncretic tradition of spirit and ancestor veneration."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/emperor-wu-of-han/": {"t": "Emperor Wu of Han", "s": "Seventh Han emperor who expanded China's borders and centralized the state."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-china/e/cities-of-china/nanyang-henan/": {"t": "Nanyang, Henan", "s": "Historical city in Henan, home to four Chinese sages."}, "https://codexery.com/divination/e/divination/divination/": {"t": "Divination", "s": "Divination seeks insight through ritual interpretation of signs and omens."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-medieval-military-leaders/e/ancient-and-medieval-military-leaders/ma-yuan-han-dynasty/": {"t": "Ma Yuan (Han dynasty)", "s": "Eastern Han general who suppressed the Trung sisters' rebellion.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-medieval-military-leaders/img/ancient-and-medieval-military-leaders/ma-yuan-han-dynasty.webp", "c": "Attributed to Ma Yuan · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/states-and-regions/e/states-and-regions/sichuan/": {"t": "Sichuan", "s": "Inland province in Southwestern China, home to Ba and Shu."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/emperor-taizu-of-song/": {"t": "Emperor Taizu of Song", "s": "Founding emperor of the Song dynasty who reunified most of China."}, "https://codexery.com/empress/e/empress/emperor-zhezong/": {"t": "Emperor Zhezong", "s": "Seventh Song emperor who resumed war with Western Xia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/empress/img/empress/emperor-zhezong.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Emperor Zhezong · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/empress/e/empress/emperor-qinzong/": {"t": "Emperor Qinzong", "s": "Last emperor of the Northern Song, captured in the Jingkang Incident.", "i": "https://codexery.com/empress/img/empress/emperor-qinzong.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Emperor Qinzong · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/song-dynasty/": {"t": "Song dynasty", "s": "Chinese dynasty that pioneered paper money and gunpowder weapons."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/jin-dynasty-1115-1234/": {"t": "Jin dynasty (1115–1234)", "s": "The Jurchen-led Great Jin: gold, empire, and the first Chinese dynasty known in Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/e/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/jin-song-wars/": {"t": "Jin–Song wars", "s": "Conflicts that divided China into Northern and Southern Song."}, "https://codexery.com/history-of-imperial-china/e/history-of-imperial-china/taishang-huang/": {"t": "Taishang Huang", "s": "The retired emperor institution in Chinese history"}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/e/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/jingkang-incident/": {"t": "Jingkang incident", "s": "The Jingkang Incident, also called the Humiliation of Jingkang, occurred in 1127 during the Jin–Song wars."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/liao-dynasty/": {"t": "Liao dynasty", "s": "A Khitan-led imperial dynasty that ruled from 916 to 1125, controlling Manchuria, Mongolia, and parts of Siberia and Korea.", "i": "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/img/dynasties-and-kingdoms/liao-dynasty.webp", "c": "SY · via Wikipedia: Liao dynasty · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/painters-visual-artists/e/painters-and-visual-artists/xue-ji/": {"t": "Xue Ji", "s": "Tang calligrapher, painter, and chancellor forced to commit suicide over an alleged plot."}, "https://codexery.com/painters-visual-artists/e/painters-and-visual-artists/zhao-mengfu/": {"t": "Zhao Mengfu", "s": "Yuan dynasty calligrapher, painter, and scholar.", "i": "https://codexery.com/painters-visual-artists/img/painters-and-visual-artists/zhao-mengfu.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Zhao Mengfu · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-isthmuses/e/peninsulas-and-isthmuses/liaodong-peninsula/": {"t": "Liaodong Peninsula", "s": "Strategic peninsula in Northeast China, site of major wars.", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-isthmuses/img/peninsulas-and-isthmuses/liaodong-peninsula.webp", "c": "Gary Todd from Xinzheng, China · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/emperor-gaozu-of-han/": {"t": "Emperor Gaozu of Han", "s": "Founder of the Han dynasty, born a peasant, who rose from rebel to emperor."}, "/e/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/emperor-xuan-of-han/": {"t": "Emperor Xuan of Han", "s": "Tenth Han emperor who oversaw the Zhao–Xuan Resurgence."}, "https://codexery.com/economics-and-business/e/economics-and-business/property-tax/": {"t": "Property tax", "s": "An ad valorem tax on property value levied by local jurisdictions.", "i": "https://codexery.com/economics-and-business/img/economics-and-business/property-tax.webp", "c": "Albemarle County Property Taxes of 1797 · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/xiongnu/": {"t": "Xiongnu", "s": "Nomadic confederation that dominated the eastern Eurasian Steppe from the 3rd century BC to the late 1st century AD."}, "https://codexery.com/east-asian-history/e/east-asian-history/rebellion-of-the-seven-states/": {"t": "Rebellion of the Seven States", "s": "It was led by seven semi-autonomous regional kings who resisted the emperor's efforts to centralize government power."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-china/e/cities-of-china/nanchang/": {"t": "Nanchang", "s": "Southern Flourishing: Cradle of the People's Liberation Army"}, "https://codexery.com/chanyus/e/chanyus/chanyu/": {"t": "Chanyu", "s": "Title of Inner Asian nomad rulers for eight centuries."}, "https://codexery.com/paraphilias/e/paraphilias/flagellation/": {"t": "Flagellation", "s": "Beating the body with whips, for punishment, religion, or sexual practice."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/jin-dynasty-266-420/": {"t": "Jin dynasty (266–420)", "s": "The Jin dynasty: a reunified China divided by civil war and barbarian invasions."}, "https://codexery.com/east-asian-history/e/east-asian-history/shu-han/": {"t": "Shu Han", "s": "A Han rump state in the Three Kingdoms period."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/emperor-wen-of-sui/": {"t": "Emperor Wen of Sui", "s": "Founding emperor who reunified China and began the Grand Canal."}, "https://codexery.com/human-relationships-and-life-stages/e/human-relationships-and-life-stages/concubinage/": {"t": "Concubinage", "s": "A historical practice of cohabitation without full marriage."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-indigenous-groups/e/ethnic-and-indigenous-groups/turkic-peoples/": {"t": "Turkic peoples", "s": "A collection of diverse ethnic groups speaking Turkic languages, originating in Central-East Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/e/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/first-turkic-khaganate/": {"t": "First Turkic Khaganate", "s": "The first Central Asian transcontinental empire from Manchuria to the Black Sea.", "i": "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/img/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/first-turkic-khaganate.webp", "c": "Unknown author · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/g-kt-rk-khagans/e/g-kt-rk-khagans/muqan-qaghan/": {"t": "Muqan Qaghan", "s": "Third khagan of the Göktürks, expanded the khaganate."}, "https://codexery.com/buddhist-traditions/e/buddhist-traditions/chinese-buddhism/": {"t": "Chinese Buddhism", "s": "Sinicized Mahayana Buddhism, largest religion in mainland China."}, "https://codexery.com/east-asian-history/e/east-asian-history/liu-song-dynasty/": {"t": "Liu Song dynasty", "s": "First of the four Southern dynasties during the Northern and Southern period."}, "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-china/e/emperors-of-china/huan-xuan/": {"t": "Huan Xuan", "s": "Eastern Jin warlord who briefly founded the Huan Chu dynasty."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/sixteen-kingdoms/": {"t": "Sixteen Kingdoms", "s": "Non-Han rulers governed northern China before reunification by the Northern Wei."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-j/e/cities-starting-with-j/jiaxing/": {"t": "Jiaxing", "s": "Prefecture-level city in northern Zhejiang, China.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-j/img/cities-starting-with-j/jiaxing.webp", "c": "DF7C5100 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-j/e/cities-starting-with-j/jinhua/": {"t": "Jinhua", "s": "Prefecture-level city in Zhejiang, known for Jinhua ham.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-j/img/cities-starting-with-j/jinhua.webp", "c": "song songroov · CC BY 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-china/e/cities-of-china/shaoxing/": {"t": "Shaoxing", "s": "Historic city known for wine, opera, and comfortable living."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-j/e/cities-starting-with-j/jingzhou/": {"t": "Jingzhou", "s": "Ancient strategic city on the Yangtze River."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-china/e/cities-of-china/shaoguan/": {"t": "Shaoguan", "s": "Northern Guangdong city with Zen relics and wartime capital history."}, "/e/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/emperor-dezong-of-tang/": {"t": "Emperor Dezong of Tang", "s": "Emperor whose early reforms gave way to unchecked warlordism.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/img/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/emperor-dezong-of-tang.webp", "c": "AnonymousUnknown author · via Wikipedia: Emperor Dezong of Tang · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-china/e/emperors-of-china/emperor-of-china/": {"t": "Emperor of China", "s": "Absolute monarch and Son of Heaven ruling under the Mandate of Heaven."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/mandarin-chinese/": {"t": "Mandarin Chinese", "s": "Largest Sinitic language branch, basis of Standard Chinese.", "i": "https://codexery.com/languages/img/languages/mandarin-chinese.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Mandarin Chinese · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-classical-poets/e/chinese-classical-poets/du-fu/": {"t": "Du Fu", "s": "Poet-Historian of the Tang dynasty", "i": "https://codexery.com/chinese-classical-poets/img/chinese-classical-poets/du-fu.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Du Fu · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/zhuge-liang/": {"t": "Zhuge Liang", "s": "Chinese statesman and strategist of the Three Kingdoms period.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/zhuge-liang.webp", "c": "Unknown authorUnknown author · via Wikipedia: Zhuge Liang · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-m/e/cities-starting-with-m/mianyang/": {"t": "Mianyang", "s": "Second largest city in Sichuan, key science and defense hub."}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/han-yu/": {"t": "Han Yu", "s": "Tang dynasty essayist, Confucian scholar, and prose master who shaped Neo-Confucianism."}, "https://codexery.com/east-asian-history/e/east-asian-history/northern-wei/": {"t": "Northern Wei", "s": "The Northern Wei: Unifier of Northern China and Catalyst of Sinicization"}, "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-china/e/emperors-of-china/xiao-baoyin/": {"t": "Xiao Baoyin", "s": "Southern Qi prince who rebelled against Northern Wei."}, "/e/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/emperor-wen-of-han/": {"t": "Emperor Wen of Han", "s": "Fifth Han emperor who restored stability after Empress Lü's regency.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/img/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/emperor-wen-of-han.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-j/e/cities-starting-with-j/jiaozuo/": {"t": "Jiaozuo", "s": "Prefecture-level city in Henan, China, on the Yellow River.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-j/img/cities-starting-with-j/jiaozuo.webp", "c": "RabbitMeow · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/e/chinese-history/pax-sinica/": {"t": "Pax Sinica", "s": "Historiographical term for periods of Chinese-led regional peace."}, "https://codexery.com/spatial-analysis-gis/e/spatial-analysis-and-gis/territory/": {"t": "Territory", "s": "A geographic area under external jurisdiction, not self-governing."}, "https://codexery.com/international-relations-and-concepts/e/international-relations-and-concepts/sphere-of-influence/": {"t": "Sphere of influence", "s": "A region where a powerful state exerts dominant influence."}, "https://codexery.com/family-relationships/e/family-and-relationships/orphan/": {"t": "Orphan", "s": "A child deprived of one or both parents by death or abandonment."}, "https://codexery.com/constitutional-and-rights-law/e/constitutional-and-rights-law/pardon/": {"t": "Pardon", "s": "A government decision relieving legal consequences of a criminal conviction."}, "https://codexery.com/government-and-law/e/government-and-law/oligarchy/": {"t": "Oligarchy", "s": "Rule by a small, often wealthy, minority."}, "https://codexery.com/crime-and-deviance/e/crime-and-deviance/treason/": {"t": "Treason", "s": "Crime of disloyalty to a state or sovereign."}, "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/e/government-and-public-administration/civil-service/": {"t": "Civil service", "s": "The backbone of government: impartial, professional, and permanent.", "i": "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/img/government-and-public-administration/civil-service.webp", "c": "Harry Mitchell · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/e/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/legalism-chinese-philosophy/": {"t": "Legalism (Chinese philosophy)", "s": "Legalists emphasized law, merit, and agriculture over virtue."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-histories-and-epics/e/ancient-histories-and-epics/book-of-han/": {"t": "Book of Han", "s": "First dynastic history in annals-biography form, covering the Former Han."}, "https://codexery.com/canals-and-waterways/e/canals-and-waterways/grand-canal-china/": {"t": "Grand Canal (China)", "s": "The world's longest artificial waterway, linking north and south China for over two millennia."}, "https://codexery.com/world-wonders/e/world-wonders/the-great-wall-of-china/": {"t": "The Great Wall of China", "s": "An ancient defensive system spanning thousands of miles across China's northern borders.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-wonders/img/world-wonders/the-great-wall-of-china.webp", "c": "Jakub Hałun · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/malaria/": {"t": "Malaria", "s": "Mosquito-borne parasitic disease causing fever, anemia, and death."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/e/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/goguryeo-sui-war/": {"t": "Goguryeo–Sui War", "s": "Sui invasions of Goguryeo ended in defeat and dynasty collapse."}, "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-china/e/emperors-of-china/yuwen-huaji/": {"t": "Yuwen Huaji", "s": "Sui general who murdered Emperor Yang and briefly ruled as emperor."}, "/e/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/emperor-wu-of-northern-zhou/": {"t": "Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou", "s": "Emperor who seized power and destroyed Northern Qi."}, "/e/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/jingtai-emperor/": {"t": "Jingtai Emperor", "s": "Seventh Ming emperor who restored infrastructure and was overthrown."}, "https://codexery.com/founders-and-unifiers-of-asian-dynasties/e/founders-and-unifiers-of-asian-dynasties/chenghua-emperor/": {"t": "Chenghua Emperor", "s": "Ninth Ming emperor who reigned from 1464 to 1487, known for early reforms and later eunuch-dominated court."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/ming-dynasty/": {"t": "Ming dynasty", "s": "The last Han-led imperial dynasty of China."}, "https://codexery.com/world-wonders/e/world-wonders/the-forbidden-city/": {"t": "The Forbidden City", "s": "Imperial palace complex in Beijing, China."}, "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/e/lines-and-hemispheres/northern-hemisphere/": {"t": "Northern Hemisphere", "s": "The Northern Hemisphere contains most of the world's continents and major landmasses.", "i": "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/img/lines-and-hemispheres/northern-hemisphere.webp", "c": "Sean Baker ( Marvin01 | talk ) · via Wikipedia: Northern Hemisphere · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-j/e/cities-starting-with-j/jingdezhen/": {"t": "Jingdezhen", "s": "Jingdezhen is the historic Porcelain Capital of China."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/e/rivers-and-lakes/irrawaddy-river/": {"t": "Irrawaddy River", "s": "Principal river of Myanmar, vital for commerce, agriculture, and biodiversity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/img/rivers-and-lakes/irrawaddy-river.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Irrawaddy River · see source"}, "/e/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/duke-huan-of-qi/": {"t": "Duke Huan of Qi", "s": "Hegemon of Qi who transformed his state into a dominant power but died amid factional chaos.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/img/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/duke-huan-of-qi.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/kings-of-the-zhou-dynasty/e/kings-of-the-zhou-dynasty/king-mu-of-zhou/": {"t": "King Mu of Zhou", "s": "Fifth Zhou king who reformed government and campaigned against western tribes."}, "https://codexery.com/socio-political-concepts/e/socio-political-concepts/conscription/": {"t": "Conscription", "s": "Compulsory enlistment in national service, enforced by law."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-nobility/e/chinese-nobility/l-buwei/": {"t": "Lü Buwei", "s": "Merchant turned Qin chancellor and sponsor of the Lüshi Chunqiu."}, "https://codexery.com/monarchs-and-rulers-of-asia/e/monarchs-and-rulers-of-asia/zhengde-emperor/": {"t": "Zhengde Emperor", "s": "Ming emperor who favored eunuchs and rejected Confucian orthodoxy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/monarchs-and-rulers-of-asia/img/monarchs-and-rulers-of-asia/zhengde-emperor.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Zhengde Emperor · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/confucianism/": {"t": "Confucianism", "s": "A system of thought emphasizing virtue, harmony, and familial responsibility."}, "https://codexery.com/superstitions/e/superstitions/feng-shui/": {"t": "Feng shui", "s": "Ancient Chinese practice of siting structures to harness cosmic energy."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/suzhou/": {"t": "Suzhou", "s": "Ancient cradle of Wu culture, modern industrial hub."}, "https://codexery.com/asian-and-middle-eastern-artists/e/asian-and-middle-eastern-artists/shen-zhou/": {"t": "Shen Zhou", "s": "Ming painter who revived Yuan styles and was a central early master of the Wu School.", "i": "https://codexery.com/asian-and-middle-eastern-artists/img/asian-and-middle-eastern-artists/shen-zhou.webp", "c": "Unknown artistUnknown artist · via Wikipedia: Shen Zhou · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/painters-visual-artists/e/painters-and-visual-artists/wen-zhengming/": {"t": "Wen Zhengming", "s": "Ming dynasty painter, calligrapher, and poet.", "i": "https://codexery.com/painters-visual-artists/img/painters-and-visual-artists/wen-zhengming.webp", "c": "Unknown authorUnknown author · via Wikipedia: Wen Zhengming · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/asian-and-middle-eastern-artists/e/asian-and-middle-eastern-artists/tang-yin/": {"t": "Tang Yin", "s": "Tang Yin (1470–1524), also known by his courtesy names Bohu and Ziwei, was a Chinese painter, calligrapher, and poet active during the Ming dynasty."}, "/e/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/emperor-yingzong-of-ming/": {"t": "Emperor Yingzong of Ming", "s": "Ming emperor captured at the Battle of Tumu Fortress, later restored to power."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-j/e/cities-starting-with-j/jining/": {"t": "Jining", "s": "Prefecture-level city in Shandong, birthplace of Confucius.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-j/img/cities-starting-with-j/jining.webp", "c": "David290 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/e/chinese-history/three-departments-and-six-ministries/": {"t": "Three Departments and Six Ministries", "s": "Primary administrative structure in imperial China from Sui to Yuan."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas/e/peninsulas/shandong-peninsula/": {"t": "Shandong Peninsula", "s": "Largest peninsula in China, key historical and economic region."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/nanjing/": {"t": "Nanjing", "s": "Southern Capital on the Yangtze"}}