{"https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/nucleic-acid/": {"t": "Nucleic acid", "s": "The biomolecules that encode genetic information in all cells and viruses."}, "https://codexery.com/european-scientific-pioneers/e/european-scientific-pioneers/rosalind-franklin/": {"t": "Rosalind Franklin", "s": "English chemist and X-ray crystallographer whose work enabled the DNA double helix discovery.", "i": "https://codexery.com/european-scientific-pioneers/img/european-scientific-pioneers/rosalind-franklin.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Rosalind Franklin · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/british-inventors/e/british-inventors/j-d-bernal/": {"t": "J. D. Bernal", "s": "Irish scientist who pioneered X-ray crystallography in molecular biology."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-agents-and-pathogens/e/infectious-agents-and-pathogens/tobacco-mosaic-virus/": {"t": "Tobacco mosaic virus", "s": "The first discovered virus, a rod-shaped RNA pathogen that revolutionized virology."}, "https://codexery.com/genetics-fundamentals/e/genetics-fundamentals/human-genome-project/": {"t": "Human Genome Project", "s": "International project to sequence the entire human genome."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/organic-chemistry/": {"t": "Organic chemistry", "s": "Study of carbon compounds, basis of life and industry."}, "https://codexery.com/battery-inventors/e/battery-inventors/robert-bunsen/": {"t": "Robert Bunsen", "s": "German chemist who discovered caesium and rubidium, co-invented the Bunsen burner, and pioneered spectrum analysis.", "i": "https://codexery.com/battery-inventors/img/battery-inventors/robert-bunsen.webp", "c": "Unknown (Courtesy Edgar Fahs Smith Memorial Collection, Department of Special Co · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/berlin/": {"t": "Berlin", "s": "The heart of Europe, a city of culture and history."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/lutheranism/": {"t": "Lutheranism", "s": "A major branch of Protestantism arising from Martin Luther's efforts to reform the Catholic Church."}, "https://codexery.com/monarchs-and-nobility/e/monarchs-and-nobility/ludwig-ii-of-bavaria/": {"t": "Ludwig II of Bavaria", "s": "Bavarian king known for fairy-tale castles and disputed death."}, "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/e/universities-and-colleges/heidelberg-university/": {"t": "Heidelberg University", "s": "Germany's oldest university, founded in 1386.", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/img/universities-and-colleges/heidelberg-university.webp", "c": "Max Adamo · Public domain"}, "/e/chemists-and-biochemists/august-kekul/": {"t": "August Kekulé", "s": "Principal founder of chemical structure theory and benzene ring."}, "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/e/universities-and-colleges/ghent-university/": {"t": "Ghent University", "s": "Public research university founded in 1817 in Ghent, Belgium.", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/img/universities-and-colleges/ghent-university.webp", "c": "Geert Roels · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/chemists-and-biochemists/justus-von-liebig/": {"t": "Justus von Liebig", "s": "Father of the fertilizer industry and pioneer of modern chemistry education."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/e/chemistry-fundamentals/chemical-synthesis/": {"t": "Chemical synthesis", "s": "Artificial execution of chemical reactions to obtain products.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/img/chemistry-fundamentals/chemical-synthesis.webp", "c": "KlijnB · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/acids-and-bases/e/acids-and-bases/oxonium-ion/": {"t": "Oxonium ion", "s": "Cations with trivalent oxygen, key in organic synthesis and biosynthesis.", "i": "https://codexery.com/acids-and-bases/img/acids-and-bases/oxonium-ion.webp", "c": "MCRsForDayz · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/german-inventions/e/german-inventions/barbiturate/": {"t": "Barbiturate", "s": "Depressant drugs derived from barbituric acid, used medically and recreationally."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-substances-and-materials/e/chemical-substances-and-materials/phenol/": {"t": "Phenol", "s": "Aromatic compound essential for plastics, drugs, and explosives."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/linus-pauling/": {"t": "Linus Pauling", "s": "American chemist and peace activist, winner of two Nobel Prizes"}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/e/chemistry-fundamentals/chemical-reaction/": {"t": "Chemical reaction", "s": "Process rearranging atoms with energy change, yielding new substances.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/img/chemistry-fundamentals/chemical-reaction.webp", "c": "Д.Ильин : translation, optimization · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/reaction-mechanisms-and-kinetics/e/reaction-mechanisms-and-kinetics/transition-state/": {"t": "Transition state", "s": "Highest-energy configuration along a reaction coordinate."}, "https://codexery.com/social-issues/e/social-issues/nobel-prize/": {"t": "Nobel Prize", "s": "Prestigious awards for the greatest benefit to humankind."}, "https://codexery.com/universities/e/universities/ku-leuven/": {"t": "KU Leuven", "s": "Largest university in Belgium and the Low Countries; Catholic research institution in Leuven, Belgium.", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities/img/universities/ku-leuven.webp", "c": "Ste.caneva · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/education-schools/e/education-and-schools/sapienza-university-of-rome/": {"t": "Sapienza University of Rome", "s": "Oldest pontifical university and Europe's largest by enrollment."}, "https://codexery.com/universities/e/universities/lund-university/": {"t": "Lund University", "s": "Public research university founded 1666 in Lund, Sweden."}, "https://codexery.com/ottoman-and-middle-eastern-leaders/e/ottoman-and-middle-eastern-leaders/abdel-fattah-el-sisi/": {"t": "Abdel Fattah el-Sisi", "s": "Abdel Fattah Saeed Hussein Khalil el-Sisi was born on 19 November 1954 in Cairo."}, "https://codexery.com/microbiology/e/microbiology/citric-acid-cycle/": {"t": "Citric acid cycle", "s": "A central metabolic pathway for energy release in respiration."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/romania/": {"t": "Romania", "s": "A country at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, rich in history and natural beauty."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/reformed-christianity/": {"t": "Reformed Christianity", "s": "A major branch of Protestantism emphasizing the sovereignty of God and covenant theology.", "i": "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/img/religious-traditions/reformed-christianity.webp", "c": "Toby Hudson based on data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics · CC BY-SA 3.0 au"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/bratislava/": {"t": "Bratislava", "s": "Capital of Slovakia, historic coronation city of Hungarian kings.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/img/cities-of-the-world/bratislava.webp", "c": "Lukáš Perný · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/biochemistry-and-cell-biology/e/biochemistry-and-cell-biology/cellular-respiration/": {"t": "Cellular respiration", "s": "The metabolic pathways inside eukaryotic cells: aerobic respiration takes place in the mitochondrion where oxygen is reduced into water."}, "https://codexery.com/acids-and-bases/e/acids-and-bases/organic-acid/": {"t": "Organic acid", "s": "Weak organic acids used in food, industry, and biology."}, "https://codexery.com/public-health-and-epidemiology/e/public-health-and-epidemiology/scurvy/": {"t": "Scurvy", "s": "A vitamin C deficiency disease historically fatal on long sea voyages."}, "https://codexery.com/biochemistry-and-cell-biology/e/biochemistry-and-cell-biology/adenosine-triphosphate/": {"t": "Adenosine triphosphate", "s": "The molecular unit of currency for intracellular energy transfer."}, "https://codexery.com/heart-disease-organizations/e/heart-disease-organizations/american-heart-association/": {"t": "American Heart Association", "s": "A relentless force for a world of longer, healthier lives."}, "https://codexery.com/pathology/e/pathology/electron-microscope/": {"t": "Electron microscope", "s": "Uses electron beams for much higher resolution than light microscopes."}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/e/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/axis-powers/": {"t": "Axis powers", "s": "Military coalition that initiated World War II against the Allies.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/img/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/axis-powers.webp", "c": "Sr L · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/universities/e/universities/leipzig-university/": {"t": "Leipzig University", "s": "One of the world's oldest universities, founded in 1409."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry/e/chemistry/haber-process/": {"t": "Haber process", "s": "The main industrial procedure for ammonia production, converting atmospheric nitrogen and hydrogen using an iron catalyst.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemistry/img/chemistry/haber-process.webp", "c": "Johannes Schneider · CC BY-SA 3.0 de"}, "https://codexery.com/german-inventions/e/german-inventions/bosch-meiser-process/": {"t": "Bosch–Meiser process", "s": "Industrial process for large-scale urea manufacturing."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/explorers/robert-bosch/": {"t": "Robert Bosch", "s": "German engineer and founder of the Bosch company.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/explorers/robert-bosch.webp", "c": "Unknown authorUnknown author · via Wikipedia: Robert Bosch · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/electric-motors/e/electric-motors/bosch-company/": {"t": "Bosch (company)", "s": "German engineering and technology company, world's largest automotive supplier."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/world-war-i/": {"t": "World War I", "s": "The First World War, a global conflict from 1914 to 1918, was fought between the Allied and Central Powers."}, "https://codexery.com/german-inventions/e/german-inventions/bergius-process/": {"t": "Bergius process", "s": "Coal hydrogenation process for synthetic fuel production."}, "https://codexery.com/social-identity-prejudice/e/social-identity-and-prejudice/antisemitism/": {"t": "Antisemitism", "s": "Hostility or prejudice against Jews."}, "https://codexery.com/universities/e/universities/karlsruhe-institute-of-technology/": {"t": "Karlsruhe Institute of Technology", "s": "German research university merging education and large-scale research."}, "https://codexery.com/common-diseases-disorders/e/common-diseases-and-disorders/color-blindness/": {"t": "Color blindness", "s": "Color blindness is a decreased ability to perceive color differences."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/quakers/": {"t": "Quakers", "s": "A historically Protestant Christian movement emphasizing direct experience of God and peace.", "i": "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/img/religious-traditions/quakers.webp", "c": "Kenneth C. Zirkel · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/cumberland/": {"t": "Cumberland", "s": "Historic county in North West England; a unitary authority area of the same name was created in 2023."}, "https://codexery.com/meteorology/e/meteorology/hadley-cell/": {"t": "Hadley cell", "s": "A tropical atmospheric circulation that shapes global climate."}, "https://codexery.com/italian-inventions/e/italian-inventions/barometer/": {"t": "Barometer", "s": "Instrument measuring air pressure for weather forecasting."}, "https://codexery.com/materials-and-states-of-matter/e/materials-and-states-of-matter/evaporation/": {"t": "Evaporation", "s": "Surface vaporization process driven by heat and molecular kinetics."}, "/e/chemists-and-biochemists/joseph-louis-gay-lussac/": {"t": "Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac", "s": "French chemist and physicist known for gas laws and alcohol measurement."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry/e/chemistry/ethylene/": {"t": "Ethylene", "s": "Simplest alkene, key industrial chemical and plant hormone."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/methane/": {"t": "Methane", "s": "Simplest alkane, main component of natural gas, potent greenhouse gas."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/nitrous-oxide/": {"t": "Nitrous oxide", "s": "A gas with medical, recreational, and industrial uses."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/antoine-lavoisier/": {"t": "Antoine Lavoisier", "s": "French nobleman and chemist who revolutionized chemistry by introducing quantitative methods and discovering oxygen's role in combustion."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/e/chemistry-fundamentals/ammonia/": {"t": "Ammonia", "s": "A colourless gas with a pungent smell, vital for fertilizers."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/e/chemistry-fundamentals/chemical-kinetics/": {"t": "Chemical kinetics", "s": "The branch of physical chemistry concerned with understanding the rates of chemical reactions.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/img/chemistry-fundamentals/chemical-kinetics.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/new-jersey/": {"t": "New Jersey", "s": "Most densely populated U.S. state, hub of biopharmaceutical innovation."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/second-world-war/": {"t": "Second World War", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Axis, deadliest in history."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/ontario/": {"t": "Ontario", "s": "Canada's most populous province, home to Ottawa and Toronto."}, "https://codexery.com/reaction-mechanisms-and-kinetics/e/reaction-mechanisms-and-kinetics/transition-state-theory/": {"t": "Transition state theory", "s": "Theory explaining reaction rates via activated complexes."}, "https://codexery.com/separation-and-purification-techniques/e/separation-and-purification-techniques/spectroscopy/": {"t": "Spectroscopy", "s": "Spectroscopy measures and interprets electromagnetic spectra interacting with matter."}, "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/e/science-and-measurement/nanotechnology/": {"t": "Nanotechnology", "s": "Manipulating matter at the nanoscale for new materials and devices."}, "https://codexery.com/swiss-inventions/e/swiss-inventions/scanning-tunneling-microscope/": {"t": "Scanning tunneling microscope", "s": "Atomic-scale imaging using quantum tunneling of electrons."}, "https://codexery.com/magazines-newspapers/e/magazines-and-newspapers/the-globe-and-mail/": {"t": "The Globe and Mail", "s": "Canada's National Newspaper"}, "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/e/universities-and-colleges/harvard-university/": {"t": "Harvard University", "s": "Oldest institution of higher learning in the United States.", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/img/universities-and-colleges/harvard-university.webp", "c": "Harvard University · via Wikipedia: Harvard University · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/universities/e/universities/mcgill-university/": {"t": "McGill University", "s": "English-language public research university in Montreal, founded 1821."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/hungary/": {"t": "Hungary", "s": "A landlocked Central European nation with a rich history, from the Kingdom of Hungary to EU membership."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/hungarian-language/": {"t": "Hungarian language", "s": "A Ugric language of the Uralic family, spoken by 14 million people."}, "https://codexery.com/nutrition-and-diet/e/nutrition-and-diet/lactose-intolerance/": {"t": "Lactose intolerance", "s": "Lactose intolerance is the inability to digest dairy sugar."}, "https://codexery.com/human-variation-and-health/e/human-variation-and-health/medical-doctor/": {"t": "Medical doctor", "s": "Health professional who practices medicine to promote and restore health."}, "https://codexery.com/biochemistry-and-cell-biology/e/biochemistry-and-cell-biology/carbohydrate/": {"t": "Carbohydrate", "s": "Carbohydrates are sugars and their derivatives, central to life and nutrition."}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/nucleotide/": {"t": "Nucleotide", "s": "Nucleotides are the monomeric units of DNA and RNA."}, "https://codexery.com/medical-conditions/e/medical-conditions/hypertension/": {"t": "Hypertension", "s": "Persistently elevated arterial blood pressure, often symptomless, causing major health risks."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/buenos-aires/": {"t": "Buenos Aires", "s": "The Autonomous City of Buenos Aires: a multicultural capital with eclectic European architecture."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/spain/": {"t": "Spain", "s": "A country spanning the Iberian Peninsula, with a history from Roman Hispania to a modern constitutional monarchy."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/england/": {"t": "England", "s": "Land of the Angles, birthplace of football and the Industrial Revolution."}, "https://codexery.com/animal-anatomy/e/animal-anatomy/adrenal-gland/": {"t": "Adrenal gland", "s": "Endocrine glands producing hormones for stress, metabolism, and salt balance.", "i": "https://codexery.com/animal-anatomy/img/animal-anatomy/adrenal-gland.webp", "c": "PINSupport · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/pharmacology-and-therapeutics/e/pharmacology-and-therapeutics/pharmacology/": {"t": "Pharmacology", "s": "Science of drugs and their interactions with biological systems."}, "https://codexery.com/women-in-stem/e/women-in-stem/gerty-cori/": {"t": "Gerty Cori", "s": "Biochemist who discovered the catalytic conversion of glycogen."}, "https://codexery.com/baking/e/baking/yeast/": {"t": "Yeast", "s": "Unicellular fungi essential for fermentation and biological research."}, "https://codexery.com/reaction-mechanisms-and-kinetics/e/reaction-mechanisms-and-kinetics/redox/": {"t": "Redox", "s": "Chemical reactions where oxidation states change via electron or atom transfer."}, "https://codexery.com/physiology-metabolism/e/physiology-and-metabolism/lactose/": {"t": "Lactose", "s": "A disaccharide sugar found in milk, used in food and pharmaceuticals."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/stockholm/": {"t": "Stockholm", "s": "The capital of Sweden, spanning fourteen islands where Lake Mälaren meets the Baltic Sea."}, "https://codexery.com/governments-and-political-systems/e/governments-and-political-systems/house-of-commons-of-the-united-kingdom/": {"t": "House of Commons of the United Kingdom", "s": "Elected lower house of the UK Parliament, holding government to account.", "i": "https://codexery.com/governments-and-political-systems/img/governments-and-political-systems/house-of-commons-of-the-united-kingdom.webp", "c": "©UK Parliament/Jessica Taylor · CC BY 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/physiology-medicine/e/physiology-and-medicine/alzheimer-s-disease/": {"t": "Alzheimer's disease", "s": "A progressive neurodegenerative disease and the most common cause of dementia."}, "https://codexery.com/biochemistry-and-cell-biology/e/biochemistry-and-cell-biology/cell-biology/": {"t": "Cell biology", "s": "The study of cell structure, function, and behavior, from prokaryotes to eukaryotes."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/orthodox-judaism/": {"t": "Orthodox Judaism", "s": "The traditionalist branches of Judaism, holding the Written and Oral Torah as divinely revealed at Sinai.", "i": "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/img/religious-traditions/orthodox-judaism.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Orthodox Judaism · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/albert-einstein/": {"t": "Albert Einstein", "s": "Theoretical physicist who developed relativity and E=mc²"}, "https://codexery.com/marine-invertebrates/e/marine-invertebrates/sea-urchin/": {"t": "Sea urchin", "s": "Spiny marine echinoderms studied as model organisms since the 19th century.", "i": "https://codexery.com/marine-invertebrates/img/marine-invertebrates/sea-urchin.webp", "c": "Nhobgood (talk) Nick Hobgood · via Wikipedia: Sea urchin · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/reproductive-biology/e/reproductive-biology/fertilisation/": {"t": "Fertilisation", "s": "Fusion of gametes initiating development of a new organism."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/lactic-acid/": {"t": "Lactic acid", "s": "Organic acid central to metabolism, industry, and medicine."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/hermann-g-ring/": {"t": "Hermann Göring", "s": "Nazi leader and convicted war criminal"}, "https://codexery.com/atlantis/e/atlantis/master-race/": {"t": "Master race", "s": "A Nazi racial hierarchy concept placing Aryans above all others."}, "https://codexery.com/surgery-trauma/e/surgery-and-trauma/breast-cancer/": {"t": "Breast cancer", "s": "A cancer from breast tissue; leading cancer in women."}, "/e/chemists-and-biochemists/albert-szent-gy-rgyi/": {"t": "Albert Szent-Györgyi", "s": "Nobel-winning biochemist who isolated vitamin C and pioneered muscle research."}, "https://codexery.com/medical-specialties/e/medical-specialties/oncology/": {"t": "Oncology", "s": "Branch of medicine focused on cancer care and research.", "i": "https://codexery.com/medical-specialties/img/medical-specialties/oncology.webp", "c": "Harutyun Nalbandyan · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/plant-biology/e/plant-biology/photosynthesis/": {"t": "Photosynthesis", "s": "The process by which plants and other organisms convert light into chemical energy."}, "https://codexery.com/american-nobel-laureates/e/laureates/arthur-kornberg/": {"t": "Arthur Kornberg", "s": "Biochemist who discovered DNA polymerase I."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry/e/chemistry/formaldehyde/": {"t": "Formaldehyde", "s": "Simplest aldehyde, key industrial chemical, and atmospheric pollutant."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/methanol/": {"t": "Methanol", "s": "Simplest alcohol, key industrial chemical, and space marker."}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/methionine/": {"t": "Methionine", "s": "Essential amino acid, precursor to cysteine and rSAM."}, "https://codexery.com/engineering-disciplines/e/engineering-disciplines/genetic-engineering/": {"t": "Genetic engineering", "s": "Direct manipulation of an organism's genes using technology."}, "https://codexery.com/polymers-and-macromolecules/e/polymers-and-macromolecules/macromolecule/": {"t": "Macromolecule", "s": "Molecules of high relative molecular mass with repeating structural units."}, "https://codexery.com/european-religious-and-political-conflic/e/european-religious-and-political-conflicts/huguenots/": {"t": "Huguenots", "s": "French Protestants of the Reformed tradition, persecuted and exiled under Louis XIV."}, "https://codexery.com/french-regions/e/french-regions/alsace/": {"t": "Alsace", "s": "A border region blending German and French cultures, historically contested."}, "https://codexery.com/companies-and-conglomerates/e/companies-and-conglomerates/dupont/": {"t": "DuPont", "s": "A chemical company that developed many synthetic materials.", "i": "https://codexery.com/companies-and-conglomerates/img/companies-and-conglomerates/dupont.webp", "c": "Michael Rivera · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/inventors-and-engineers/e/inventors-and-engineers/wallace-carothers/": {"t": "Wallace Carothers", "s": "American chemist who invented nylon and advanced polymer science."}, "https://codexery.com/corporations-conglomerates/e/corporations-and-conglomerates/standard-oil/": {"t": "Standard Oil", "s": "The trust that shaped an industry."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-reactors-and-processes/e/chemical-reactors-and-processes/chain-growth-polymerization/": {"t": "Chain-growth polymerization", "s": "A polymerization technique with limited active sites at any moment."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-reactors-and-processes/e/chemical-reactors-and-processes/chain-transfer/": {"t": "Chain transfer", "s": "Reaction transferring polymer chain activity to another molecule."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/peter-debye/": {"t": "Peter Debye", "s": "Dutch-American physicist and Nobel laureate who advanced theories of dipole moments, electrolytes, and light scattering."}, "https://codexery.com/physical-chemistry-and-thermodynamics/e/physical-chemistry-and-thermodynamics/flory-huggins-solution-theory/": {"t": "Flory–Huggins solution theory", "s": "Lattice model for polymer solution thermodynamics."}, "https://codexery.com/mechanics-and-fluid-dynamics/e/mechanics-and-fluid-dynamics/generalized-coordinates/": {"t": "Generalized coordinates", "s": "Parameters that uniquely define a system's configuration in configuration space."}, "/e/chemists-and-biochemists/svante-arrhenius/": {"t": "Svante Arrhenius", "s": "Swedish chemist, founder of physical chemistry, estimated the effect of CO₂ on Earth's temperature."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-science/e/geology-and-earth-science/mineralogy/": {"t": "Mineralogy", "s": "Scientific study of minerals, their properties, and crystal structures."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/neodymium/": {"t": "Neodymium", "s": "A rare-earth metal used in powerful magnets and lasers."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements-metals/e/chemical-elements-and-metals/praseodymium/": {"t": "Praseodymium", "s": "The leek-green twin among rare-earth metals."}, "https://codexery.com/science-and-technology/e/science-and-technology/natural-science/": {"t": "Natural science", "s": "Empirical study of natural phenomena through observation and experimentation."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/dmitri-mendeleev/": {"t": "Dmitri Mendeleev", "s": "Russian chemist who created the periodic table of elements."}, "https://codexery.com/islands/e/islands/spitsbergen/": {"t": "Spitsbergen", "s": "Largest island of Svalbard, Arctic whaling and mining hub.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islands/img/islands/spitsbergen.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Spitsbergen · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements/e/chemical-elements/yttrium/": {"t": "Yttrium", "s": "Yttrium: a silvery-metallic transition metal and rare-earth element, essential in phosphors and LEDs."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements/e/chemical-elements/thorium/": {"t": "Thorium", "s": "Thorium is the chemical element known by the symbol Th and the atomic number 90.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements/img/chemical-elements/thorium.webp", "c": "ThaLibster · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/lanthanum/": {"t": "Lanthanum", "s": "Lanthanum, atomic number 57 and symbol La, is a silvery-white metal that is soft and ductile."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements-metals/e/chemical-elements-and-metals/samarium/": {"t": "Samarium", "s": "A lanthanide metal used in magnets, medicine, and nuclear reactors."}, "https://codexery.com/phantom-places-discovery/e/phantom-places-and-discovery/geography/": {"t": "Geography", "s": "Geography is the study of Earth's lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/russian-empire/": {"t": "Russian Empire", "s": "Third-largest empire in history, spanning northern Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/universities/e/universities/leiden-university/": {"t": "Leiden University", "s": "Oldest surviving university in the Netherlands, founded 1575."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/culture/london/": {"t": "London", "s": "A global city on the Thames, London blends nearly 2,000 years of history with a vibrant, multicultural present."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-pioneers/e/explorers-and-pioneers/georges-cuvier/": {"t": "Georges Cuvier", "s": "Founding father of paleontology who helped establish extinction as a scientific concept.", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers-pioneers/img/explorers-and-pioneers/georges-cuvier.webp", "c": "Georges Cuvier · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/e/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/ural-mountains/": {"t": "Ural Mountains", "s": "Mountain range listed in the Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt."}, "https://codexery.com/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/e/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/altai-mountains/": {"t": "Altai Mountains", "s": "Central Asian mountain range where four nations converge.", "i": "https://codexery.com/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/img/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/altai-mountains.webp", "c": "Rudyologist · via Wikipedia: Altai Mountains · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/caspian-sea/": {"t": "Caspian Sea", "s": "The world's largest inland body of water, a brackish sea between Europe and Asia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/caspian-sea.webp", "c": "NASA · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/amur/": {"t": "Amur", "s": "Major Northeast Asian river forming the Russia–China border.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/amur.webp", "c": "I13Robin · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/e/rivers-and-lakes/lake-baikal/": {"t": "Lake Baikal", "s": "World's deepest and oldest freshwater lake by volume.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/img/rivers-and-lakes/lake-baikal.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Lake Baikal · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/e/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/indigenous-peoples-of-siberia/": {"t": "Indigenous peoples of Siberia", "s": "Indigenous peoples of Siberia: history, demographics, and cultures"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/saint-petersburg/": {"t": "Saint Petersburg", "s": "Russia's cultural capital and historic window to Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/asia/": {"t": "Asia", "s": "Largest continent by area and population, cradle of many civilisations."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/black-sea/": {"t": "Black Sea", "s": "Marginal sea between Europe and Asia with anoxic deep waters.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/black-sea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Black Sea · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/volgograd/": {"t": "Volgograd", "s": "City on the Volga, hero of Stalingrad."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/dnieper/": {"t": "Dnieper", "s": "Major transboundary river of Eastern Europe, vital to Ukraine's economy."}, "https://codexery.com/plant-families-taxonomy/e/plant-families-and-taxonomy/flowering-plant/": {"t": "Flowering plant", "s": "Flowering plants dominate land habitats and sustain human agriculture."}, "https://codexery.com/science-and-technology/e/science-and-technology/meteorology/": {"t": "Meteorology", "s": "Study of Earth's atmosphere and weather forecasting."}, "https://codexery.com/kitchentools/e/kitchen-tools/thermometer/": {"t": "Thermometer", "s": "A device that measures temperature, from ancient pneumatics to modern digital readouts."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/pliny-the-elder/": {"t": "Pliny the Elder", "s": "Roman author and naturalist who wrote the encyclopedic Natural History and died rescuing others from Mount Vesuvius."}, "https://codexery.com/gemstones/e/gemstones/turquoise/": {"t": "Turquoise", "s": "An opaque blue-to-green gemstone prized for millennia, with classic Persian turquoise from Iran setting the standard for quality.", "i": "https://codexery.com/gemstones/img/gemstones/turquoise.webp", "c": "Tess Mattew · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-inventions/e/chinese-inventions/cast-iron/": {"t": "Cast iron", "s": "Iron-carbon alloy with >2% carbon, valued for castability."}, "https://codexery.com/invertebrates/e/invertebrates/echinoderm/": {"t": "Echinoderm", "s": "Marine animals with five-pointed radial symmetry and unique water vascular system."}, "https://codexery.com/animal-behavior/e/animal-behavior/ethology/": {"t": "Ethology", "s": "Study of non-human animal behaviour combining laboratory and field science."}, "https://codexery.com/reaction-mechanisms-and-kinetics/e/reaction-mechanisms-and-kinetics/organic-synthesis/": {"t": "Organic synthesis", "s": "Branch of chemical synthesis building organic compounds from simpler precursors."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-bonding-and-structure/e/chemical-bonding-and-structure/molecular-geometry/": {"t": "Molecular geometry", "s": "Three-dimensional atomic arrangement determining molecular properties."}, "https://codexery.com/poets-and-lyricists/e/poets-and-lyricists/robert-burns/": {"t": "Robert Burns", "s": "Scottish poet and lyricist, national poet of Scotland.", "i": "https://codexery.com/poets-and-lyricists/img/poets-and-lyricists/robert-burns.webp", "c": "Malcolm MacCallum, Anatomical Museum in Edinburgh , Scotland. · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/organic-chemistry-and-reaction-mechanism/e/organic-chemistry-and-reaction-mechanisms/diels-alder-reaction/": {"t": "Diels–Alder reaction", "s": "A [4+2] cycloaddition forming six-membered rings with stereochemical control.", "i": "https://codexery.com/organic-chemistry-and-reaction-mechanism/img/organic-chemistry-and-reaction-mechanisms/diels-alder-reaction.webp", "c": "Alderdiels · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-radiation/e/electromagnetism-and-radiation/ultraviolet/": {"t": "Ultraviolet", "s": "Electromagnetic radiation beyond violet, with both harmful and beneficial effects."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/malaria/": {"t": "Malaria", "s": "Mosquito-borne parasitic disease causing fever, anemia, and death."}, "https://codexery.com/biochemistry-and-cell-biology/e/biochemistry-and-cell-biology/cholesterol/": {"t": "Cholesterol", "s": "Essential animal sterol; precursor for hormones and vitamin D."}, "https://codexery.com/biochemistry-and-cell-biology/e/biochemistry-and-cell-biology/chlorophyll/": {"t": "Chlorophyll", "s": "Green pigments that absorb light for oxygenic photosynthesis."}, "https://codexery.com/respiratory-infectious-diseases/e/respiratory-and-infectious-diseases/cephalosporin/": {"t": "Cephalosporin", "s": "Cephalosporins are a type of β-lactam antibiotic that come from the fungus Acremonium (once called Cephalosporium)."}, "https://codexery.com/reaction-mechanisms-and-kinetics/e/reaction-mechanisms-and-kinetics/stereochemistry/": {"t": "Stereochemistry", "s": "The study of spatial arrangements of atoms in molecules and their manipulation."}, "https://codexery.com/organic-chemistry-and-reaction-mechanism/e/organic-chemistry-and-reaction-mechanisms/enantioselective-synthesis/": {"t": "Enantioselective synthesis", "s": "Chemical synthesis favoring one enantiomer over another."}, "https://codexery.com/medications-and-pharmacology/e/medications-and-pharmacology/penicillin/": {"t": "Penicillin", "s": "A group of β-lactam antibiotics from Penicillium moulds."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/dorothy-hodgkin/": {"t": "Dorothy Hodgkin", "s": "English chemist who advanced X-ray crystallography and won the 1964 Nobel Prize in Chemistry."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/organometallic-chemistry/": {"t": "Organometallic chemistry", "s": "Study of compounds with metal-carbon bonds, bridging inorganic and organic chemistry."}, "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/e/diseases-and-conditions/myocardial-infarction/": {"t": "Myocardial infarction", "s": "A heart attack occurs when blood flow to the heart is blocked.", "i": "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/img/diseases-and-conditions/myocardial-infarction.webp", "c": "Authors of the study: Stefan Gustafsson, Erik Lampa, Karin Jensevik Eriksson, Ad · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/physiology-medicine/e/physiology-and-medicine/antibiotic/": {"t": "Antibiotic", "s": "Antibiotics are antimicrobial substances active against bacteria."}, "https://codexery.com/corporations/e/corporations/pfizer/": {"t": "Pfizer", "s": "An American multinational pharmaceutical and biotechnology corporation headquartered at The Spiral in Manhattan."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-bonding-and-structure/e/chemical-bonding-and-structure/molecule/": {"t": "Molecule", "s": "Group of atoms bonded together; fundamental unit of chemical compounds."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/german-language/": {"t": "German language", "s": "German, known natively as Deutsch (pronounced [dɔɪ̯tʃ]), belongs to the West Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family and is spoken primarily across"}, "https://codexery.com/engineering-disciplines/e/engineering-disciplines/chemical-engineering/": {"t": "Chemical engineering", "s": "Engineering field focused on converting raw materials into useful products."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/massachusetts/": {"t": "Massachusetts", "s": "A New England state with a rich colonial and revolutionary history.", "i": "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/img/u-s-states/massachusetts.webp", "c": "TylerKutschbach · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/maine/": {"t": "Maine", "s": "Northeasternmost state in the contiguous United States.", "i": "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/img/u-s-states/maine.webp", "c": "TylerKutschbach · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/washington-d-c/": {"t": "Washington, D.C.", "s": "The federal capital city of the United States, anchored on the Potomac River."}, "https://codexery.com/foo-fighters/e/places/chicago/": {"t": "Chicago", "s": "A wind-swept city where the spirit of rock and roll never sleeps."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/niels-bohr/": {"t": "Niels Bohr", "s": "Danish physicist who revolutionized atomic theory and quantum mechanics."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/erwin-schr-dinger/": {"t": "Erwin Schrödinger", "s": "Austrian physicist who shaped quantum theory and inspired genetics."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/paul-dirac/": {"t": "Paul Dirac", "s": "Founder of quantum mechanics and formulator of the Dirac equation"}, "https://codexery.com/european-scientific-pioneers/e/european-scientific-pioneers/werner-heisenberg/": {"t": "Werner Heisenberg", "s": "German physicist who formulated quantum mechanics and the uncertainty principle.", "i": "https://codexery.com/european-scientific-pioneers/img/european-scientific-pioneers/werner-heisenberg.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Werner Heisenberg · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/louis-de-broglie/": {"t": "Louis de Broglie", "s": "French theoretical physicist who postulated the wave nature of electrons and won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1929."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/max-born/": {"t": "Max Born", "s": "German–British physicist who shaped quantum mechanics and mentored many."}, "https://codexery.com/education-schools/e/education-and-schools/new-york-university/": {"t": "New York University", "s": "A private research university in New York City, founded in 1832 by Albert Gallatin.", "i": "https://codexery.com/education-schools/img/education-and-schools/new-york-university.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: State University of New York · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/edward-teller/": {"t": "Edward Teller", "s": "Hungarian-American physicist, father of the hydrogen bomb."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements-metals/e/chemical-elements-and-metals/plutonium/": {"t": "Plutonium", "s": "Plutonium is the element with the highest atomic number known to occur in nature."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/e/chemistry-fundamentals/base-chemistry/": {"t": "Base (chemistry)", "s": "Substances that react with acids, accepting protons or donating electron pairs."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/ludwig-boltzmann/": {"t": "Ludwig Boltzmann", "s": "Austrian physicist who developed statistical mechanics and the statistical explanation of entropy."}, "https://codexery.com/thermodynamics-and-statistical-mechanics/e/thermodynamics-and-statistical-mechanics/statistical-mechanics/": {"t": "Statistical mechanics", "s": "Statistical mechanics links microscopic particle behavior to macroscopic properties."}, "https://codexery.com/thermodynamics-and-statistical-mechanics/e/thermodynamics-and-statistical-mechanics/laws-of-thermodynamics/": {"t": "Laws of thermodynamics", "s": "Fundamental laws governing energy, heat, and entropy."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/maxwell-s-equations/": {"t": "Maxwell's equations", "s": "Foundation of classical electromagnetism and optics."}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-photonics/e/optics-and-photonics/physical-optics/": {"t": "Physical optics", "s": "Branch of optics studying wave phenomena beyond ray approximation."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/new-england/": {"t": "New England", "s": "Six-state region in northeastern U.S. with strong cultural identity."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/pierre-simon-laplace/": {"t": "Pierre-Simon Laplace", "s": "French polymath who advanced celestial mechanics, probability, and the nebular hypothesis."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/tuberculosis/": {"t": "Tuberculosis", "s": "A contagious bacterial disease, historically called consumption, that remains a global killer."}, "https://codexery.com/medical-specialties/e/medical-specialties/ophthalmology/": {"t": "Ophthalmology", "s": "Branch of medicine for eye disease diagnosis, treatment, and surgery.", "i": "https://codexery.com/medical-specialties/img/medical-specialties/ophthalmology.webp", "c": "Hodge120 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-united-states/e/rebellions-against-the-united-states/american-civil-war/": {"t": "American Civil War", "s": "Civil war between the Union and Confederacy over slavery and secession."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/karl-weierstrass/": {"t": "Karl Weierstrass", "s": "Father of modern analysis"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/gustav-kirchhoff/": {"t": "Gustav Kirchhoff", "s": "German physicist and mathematician known for Kirchhoff's circuit laws, spectroscopy, and black-body radiation."}, "https://codexery.com/universities/e/universities/karolinska-institute/": {"t": "Karolinska Institute", "s": "A research-led medical school awarding the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine."}, "/e/chemists-and-biochemists/john-dalton/": {"t": "John Dalton", "s": "English chemist who developed modern atomic theory and Dalton's law of partial pressures."}, "https://codexery.com/european-scientific-pioneers/e/european-scientific-pioneers/robert-boyle/": {"t": "Robert Boyle", "s": "Anglo-Irish natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, alchemist and inventor.", "i": "https://codexery.com/european-scientific-pioneers/img/european-scientific-pioneers/robert-boyle.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Robert Boyle · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/e/philosophical-concepts/empiricism/": {"t": "Empiricism", "s": "Knowledge derives from sensory experience and empirical evidence."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/e/chemistry-fundamentals/allotropy/": {"t": "Allotropy", "s": "Property of elements to exist in multiple structural forms."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/organic-compound/": {"t": "Organic compound", "s": "Carbon-based compounds central to life and chemistry."}, "https://codexery.com/electrochemistry-and-surface-chemistry/e/electrochemistry-and-surface-chemistry/electrochemical-cell/": {"t": "Electrochemical cell", "s": "Device converting chemical energy to electrical energy or vice versa.", "i": "https://codexery.com/electrochemistry-and-surface-chemistry/img/electrochemistry-and-surface-chemistry/electrochemical-cell.webp", "c": "Benchmark Mineral Intelligence (2025) – with minor processing by Our World in Da · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/e/chemistry-fundamentals/chemical-formula/": {"t": "Chemical formula", "s": "A notation showing atomic proportions in a compound.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/img/chemistry-fundamentals/chemical-formula.webp", "c": "Dharmeshkumar Shah · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements/e/chemical-elements/tantalum/": {"t": "Tantalum", "s": "A corrosion-resistant refractory metal named after a Greek myth.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements/img/chemical-elements/tantalum.webp", "c": "U.S. Government Accountability Office from Washington, DC, United States · Public domain"}, "/e/chemists-and-biochemists/carl-wilhelm-scheele/": {"t": "Carl Wilhelm Scheele", "s": "German-Swedish chemist who discovered oxygen and many elements.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemists-and-biochemists/img/chemists-and-biochemists/carl-wilhelm-scheele.webp", "c": "Johann Gottfried Scheffner · via Wikipedia: Carl Wilhelm Scheele · PDM-owner"}, "https://codexery.com/battery-inventors/e/battery-inventors/alessandro-volta/": {"t": "Alessandro Volta", "s": "Italian physicist who invented the electric battery and discovered methane."}, "https://codexery.com/battery-types/e/battery-types/voltaic-pile/": {"t": "Voltaic pile", "s": "The first battery to provide continuous electric current."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/romanticism/": {"t": "Romanticism", "s": "Movement valuing emotion, imagination, and nature over Enlightenment rationalism."}, "https://codexery.com/medical-conditions/e/medical-conditions/gout/": {"t": "Gout", "s": "Inflammatory arthritis from uric acid crystal deposition."}, "https://codexery.com/mental-health-psychology/e/mental-health-and-psychology/depression-mood/": {"t": "Depression (mood)", "s": "A mental state of low mood and aversion to activity."}, "https://codexery.com/mental-disorders/e/mental-disorders/mental-disorder/": {"t": "Mental disorder", "s": "A mental pattern causing distress or impaired functioning."}, "/e/chemists-and-biochemists/carolyn-bertozzi/": {"t": "Carolyn Bertozzi", "s": "American chemist who pioneered bioorthogonal chemistry and won the 2022 Nobel Prize."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/marie-curie/": {"t": "Marie Curie", "s": "Pioneer of radioactivity and two-time Nobel laureate."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/john-bardeen/": {"t": "John Bardeen", "s": "The only two-time Nobel laureate in Physics."}, "https://codexery.com/philadelphia-76ers/e/stadiums/philadelphia/": {"t": "Philadelphia", "s": "The gritty, soulful city where the Sixers legacy is forged in fire and celebrated with unmatched passion."}, "https://codexery.com/physical-chemistry-and-thermodynamics/e/physical-chemistry-and-thermodynamics/exothermic-reaction/": {"t": "Exothermic reaction", "s": "A reaction with negative standard enthalpy change, releasing heat."}, "https://codexery.com/universities/e/universities/kyushu-university/": {"t": "Kyushu University", "s": "Fourth Imperial University of Japan, based in Fukuoka."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/baptists/": {"t": "Baptists", "s": "Protestant tradition emphasizing believer's baptism and local church autonomy."}, "https://codexery.com/minerals-ore-deposits/e/minerals-and-ore-deposits/silicate-mineral/": {"t": "Silicate mineral", "s": "Silicate minerals form 90% of Earth's crust."}, "https://codexery.com/common-diseases-disorders/e/common-diseases-and-disorders/gallstone/": {"t": "Gallstone", "s": "Stone formed in gallbladder from precipitated bile components."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/malawi/": {"t": "Malawi", "s": "Malawi, whose official name is the Republic of Malawi, sits landlocked in Southeast Africa.", "i": "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/img/countries-and-regions/malawi.webp", "c": "Sputink · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/food-cooking/e/food-and-cooking/vegetarianism/": {"t": "Vegetarianism", "s": "Abstention from meat, rooted in ethics, health, and religion."}, "https://codexery.com/socio-political-concepts/e/socio-political-concepts/pacifism/": {"t": "Pacifism", "s": "Opposition to war or violence, coined in 1901."}, "https://codexery.com/universities/e/universities/johns-hopkins-university/": {"t": "Johns Hopkins University", "s": "First U.S. research university, founded by a Quaker philanthropist.", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities/img/universities/johns-hopkins-university.webp", "c": "Daderot · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/legal-professions/e/legal-professions/lawyer/": {"t": "Lawyer", "s": "A qualified advisor and representative in legal matters.", "i": "https://codexery.com/legal-professions/img/legal-professions/lawyer.webp", "c": "Giles Laurent · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/electrochemistry-and-surface-chemistry/e/electrochemistry-and-surface-chemistry/electrolyte/": {"t": "Electrolyte", "s": "Substance conducting electricity through ion movement, vital in biology and technology.", "i": "https://codexery.com/electrochemistry-and-surface-chemistry/img/electrochemistry-and-surface-chemistry/electrolyte.webp", "c": "Ajay Kumar Chaurasiya · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/austria/": {"t": "Austria", "s": "A landlocked Central European nation with a rich imperial history and a modern neutral democracy."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/dipole/": {"t": "Dipole", "s": "Electromagnetic phenomenon with electric and magnetic forms."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/dielectric/": {"t": "Dielectric", "s": "An electrical insulator that stores energy through polarisation."}, "https://codexery.com/materials-and-states-of-matter/e/materials-and-states-of-matter/solid/": {"t": "Solid", "s": "A state of matter with tightly bound atoms and structural rigidity."}, "/e/chemists-and-biochemists/josiah-willard-gibbs/": {"t": "Josiah Willard Gibbs", "s": "American scientist who created statistical mechanics and modern vector calculus."}, "/e/chemists-and-biochemists/per-teodor-cleve/": {"t": "Per Teodor Cleve", "s": "Swedish chemist who discovered holmium and thulium, later a pioneer of diatom and plankton study."}, "/e/chemists-and-biochemists/wilhelm-ostwald/": {"t": "Wilhelm Ostwald", "s": "Baltic German chemist and philosopher, Nobel laureate and founder of physical chemistry"}, "/e/chemists-and-biochemists/jacobus-henricus-van-t-hoff/": {"t": "Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff", "s": "Dutch physical chemist, first Nobel laureate in chemistry."}, "https://codexery.com/physical-chemistry-and-thermodynamics/e/physical-chemistry-and-thermodynamics/arrhenius-equation/": {"t": "Arrhenius equation", "s": "Formula for temperature dependence of reaction rates."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/e/chemistry-fundamentals/acid-base-reaction/": {"t": "Acid–base reaction", "s": "A chemical reaction between an acid and a base.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/img/chemistry-fundamentals/acid-base-reaction.webp", "c": "Damitr · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/planets-and-dwarf-planets/e/planets-and-dwarf-planets/mars/": {"t": "Mars", "s": "The fourth planet from the Sun, a desert world with polar ice caps."}, "https://codexery.com/phantom-places-discovery/e/phantom-places-and-discovery/surveying/": {"t": "Surveying", "s": "Surveying determines positions for maps, boundaries, and construction."}, "https://codexery.com/aquarium-water-chemistry/e/aquarium-water-chemistry/conductivity-electrolytic/": {"t": "Conductivity (electrolytic)", "s": "Measure of a solution's ability to conduct electricity via ions."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry/e/chemistry/electrolysis/": {"t": "Electrolysis", "s": "Breakdown via electricity: using direct current to drive non-spontaneous reactions."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/amsterdam/": {"t": "Amsterdam", "s": "Venice of the North"}, "/e/chemists-and-biochemists/paul-ehrlich/": {"t": "Paul Ehrlich", "s": "German physician and dye chemist who launched chemotherapy with Salvarsan and shared the 1908 Nobel Prize.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemists-and-biochemists/img/chemists-and-biochemists/paul-ehrlich.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Paul Ehrlich · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/geology/e/geology/ice-age/": {"t": "Ice age", "s": "A period of prolonged cooling leading to expansion of glaciers and ice caps.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology/img/geology/ice-age.webp", "c": "Druyts.t · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cosmology-concepts/e/cosmology-concepts/physical-cosmology/": {"t": "Physical cosmology", "s": "Study of the universe's origin, structure, and evolution."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/e/planets-and-stellar-astronomy/solar-system/": {"t": "Solar System", "s": "The Sun and all objects gravitationally bound to it.", "i": "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/img/planets-and-stellar-astronomy/solar-system.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Solar System · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-radiation/e/electromagnetism-and-radiation/radiation-pressure/": {"t": "Radiation pressure", "s": "Mechanical pressure from electromagnetic radiation momentum exchange."}, "https://codexery.com/organic-chemistry-and-reaction-mechanism/e/organic-chemistry-and-reaction-mechanisms/grignard-reaction/": {"t": "Grignard reaction", "s": "Organometallic reaction forming carbon–carbon bonds via Grignard reagents."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/magnesium/": {"t": "Magnesium", "s": "Lightweight metal essential to life and industry."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry/e/chemistry/haloalkane/": {"t": "Haloalkane", "s": "Haloalkanes: alkanes with halogen substituents, used widely in commerce but with environmental impacts.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemistry/img/chemistry/haloalkane.webp", "c": "Tommaso.sansone91 · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/e/chemistry-fundamentals/aldehyde/": {"t": "Aldehyde", "s": "An organic compound with a formyl group (R−CHO), featuring a polar carbonyl and diverse reactivity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/img/chemistry-fundamentals/aldehyde.webp", "c": "NEUROtiker · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/e/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/german-philosophy/": {"t": "German philosophy", "s": "German philosophy spans rationalism to existentialism, shaping analytic and continental traditions."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/e/chemistry-fundamentals/chemical-equilibrium/": {"t": "Chemical equilibrium", "s": "State where forward and reverse reaction rates are equal."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/nitric-acid/": {"t": "Nitric acid", "s": "A highly corrosive mineral acid used in nitration and as a strong oxidizing agent."}, "/e/chemists-and-biochemists/carl-bosch/": {"t": "Carl Bosch", "s": "German chemist and engineer, Nobel laureate, pioneer of high-pressure chemistry."}, "https://codexery.com/crystallography/e/crystallography/crystallization/": {"t": "Crystallization", "s": "Process forming ordered solids from solution, melt, or gas."}, "https://codexery.com/units-measurement/e/units-and-measurement/mole-unit/": {"t": "Mole (unit)", "s": "SI base unit for amount of substance."}, "https://codexery.com/nonfiction-and-reference/e/part-1/lexicon/": {"t": "Lexicon", "s": "The vocabulary inventory of a language or branch of knowledge."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/ernst-mach/": {"t": "Ernst Mach", "s": "Austrian physicist and philosopher known for the Mach number and Mach's principle."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/classical-mechanics/viscosity/": {"t": "Viscosity", "s": "Viscosity quantifies a fluid's internal resistance to flow."}, "https://codexery.com/geometry-and-topology/e/geometry-and-topology/topological-space/": {"t": "Topological space", "s": "A set with a structure defining closeness without distance."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophy-theory/e/philosophy-and-theory/tractatus-logico-philosophicus/": {"t": "Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus", "s": "A philosophical work on language, reality, and the limits of science.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophy-theory/img/philosophy-and-theory/tractatus-logico-philosophicus.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/e/visual-artists/piet-mondrian/": {"t": "Piet Mondrian", "s": "Pioneer of abstract art and co-founder of De Stijl.", "i": "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/img/visual-artists/piet-mondrian.webp", "c": "AnonymousUnknown author · via Wikipedia: Piet Mondrian · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/e/philosophers-and-thinkers/william-james/": {"t": "William James", "s": "Father of American psychology and co-founder of pragmatism."}, "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/e/universities-and-colleges/imperial-college-london/": {"t": "Imperial College London", "s": "Public research university formed from 1907 mergers in South Kensington."}, "https://codexery.com/thermodynamics-and-statistical-mechanics/e/thermodynamics-and-statistical-mechanics/state-of-matter/": {"t": "State of matter", "s": "Distinct forms of matter defined by particle arrangement and behavior."}, "https://codexery.com/materials-and-states-of-matter/e/materials-and-states-of-matter/plasma-physics/": {"t": "Plasma (physics)", "s": "Plasma is the fourth state of matter, consisting of ionized gas."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements-metals/e/chemical-elements-and-metals/selenium/": {"t": "Selenium", "s": "Essential trace element and semiconductor discovered in 1817."}, "https://codexery.com/manufacturing-and-materials/e/manufacturing-and-materials/photography/": {"t": "Photography", "s": "Drawing with light: capturing images through chemical or electronic means."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-analysis-and-spectroscopy/e/chemical-analysis-and-spectroscopy/atomic-emission-spectroscopy/": {"t": "Atomic emission spectroscopy", "s": "A method using emitted light to identify and quantify elements.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemical-analysis-and-spectroscopy/img/chemical-analysis-and-spectroscopy/atomic-emission-spectroscopy.webp", "c": "Kkmurray · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/greek-language/": {"t": "Greek language", "s": "Greek is the world's oldest recorded living language."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-navigators/e/explorers-and-navigators/adolf-erik-nordenski-ld/": {"t": "Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld", "s": "Finland-Swedish explorer who first navigated the Northeast Passage."}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/particle-and-nuclear-physics/radioactive-decay/": {"t": "Radioactive decay", "s": "Unstable atomic nuclei lose energy by emitting radiation."}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-color/e/optics-and-color/fluorescence/": {"t": "Fluorescence", "s": "Emission of light from a substance after absorbing radiation."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-radiation/e/electromagnetism-and-radiation/radiation/": {"t": "Radiation", "s": "Energy emitted as waves or particles through space or matter."}, "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/e/diseases-and-conditions/scarlet-fever/": {"t": "Scarlet fever", "s": "An infectious disease caused by Group A streptococcus, marked by a sandpaper-like rash and sore throat.", "i": "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/img/diseases-and-conditions/scarlet-fever.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · CC BY 4.0"}, "/e/chemists-and-biochemists/william-ramsay/": {"t": "William Ramsay", "s": "Scottish chemist who discovered the noble gases."}, "https://codexery.com/medications-and-drugs/e/medications-and-drugs/lsd/": {"t": "LSD", "s": "A semisynthetic psychedelic drug derived from ergot, known for its potent psychological effects and cultural impact.", "i": "https://codexery.com/medications-and-drugs/img/medications-and-drugs/lsd.webp", "c": "WikiLinuz · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/medications-and-pharmacology/e/medications-and-pharmacology/psilocybin/": {"t": "Psilocybin", "s": "Naturally occurring psychedelic alkaloid with therapeutic potential."}, "https://codexery.com/reproduction-development/e/reproduction-and-development/uterus/": {"t": "Uterus", "s": "Organ for embryonic and fetal development in female mammals.", "i": "https://codexery.com/reproduction-development/img/reproduction-and-development/uterus.webp", "c": "DeuxPlusQuatre · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/ingredients/e/ingredients/mushroom/": {"t": "Mushroom", "s": "Fleshy, spore-bearing fruiting body of a fungus."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/los-angeles/": {"t": "Los Angeles", "s": "The City of Angels, a global hub of culture and commerce."}, "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/e/universities-and-colleges/eth-zurich/": {"t": "ETH Zurich", "s": "Swiss federal STEM university with 22 Nobel laureates.", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/img/universities-and-colleges/eth-zurich.webp", "c": "Ank Kumar · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/inorganic-chemistry/": {"t": "Inorganic chemistry", "s": "Study of non-carbon-based compounds and their industrial applications."}, "https://codexery.com/electrochemistry-and-surface-chemistry/e/electrochemistry-and-surface-chemistry/coordination-complex/": {"t": "Coordination complex", "s": "Central metal ion bonded to surrounding ligands via coordinate bonds.", "i": "https://codexery.com/electrochemistry-and-surface-chemistry/img/electrochemistry-and-surface-chemistry/coordination-complex.webp", "c": "Erikvjohnstone · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cardiovascular-blood/e/cardiovascular-and-blood/arteriosclerosis/": {"t": "Arteriosclerosis", "s": "Hardening of the arteries, a set of vascular disorders."}, "https://codexery.com/organic-chemistry-and-reaction-mechanism/e/organic-chemistry-and-reaction-mechanisms/chirality-chemistry/": {"t": "Chirality (chemistry)", "s": "Geometric property where a molecule cannot be superposed on its mirror image.", "i": "https://codexery.com/organic-chemistry-and-reaction-mechanism/img/organic-chemistry-and-reaction-mechanisms/chirality-chemistry.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/crystallography/e/crystallography/coordination-number/": {"t": "Coordination number", "s": "Number of atoms bonded to a central atom in a molecule or crystal.", "i": "https://codexery.com/crystallography/img/crystallography/coordination-number.webp", "c": "Ronit.kumar.10485 · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/e/chemistry-fundamentals/chemical-element/": {"t": "Chemical element", "s": "Fundamental species of atom defined by proton count."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/gilbert-n-lewis/": {"t": "Gilbert N. Lewis", "s": "American physical chemist who proposed the covalent bond and coined the term 'photon'."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-bonding-and-structure/e/chemical-bonding-and-structure/octet-rule/": {"t": "Octet rule", "s": "Main-group atoms tend to bond to achieve eight valence electrons."}, "/e/chemists-and-biochemists/adolf-von-baeyer/": {"t": "Adolf von Baeyer", "s": "German chemist, Nobel laureate, and synthesizer of indigo.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemists-and-biochemists/img/chemists-and-biochemists/adolf-von-baeyer.webp", "c": "This document belongs to the collections of the Bibliothèque interuniversitaire de santé. It was uploaded to Commons through a partnership with Wikimedia France · via Wikipedia: Adolf von Baeyer · Licence Ouverte"}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/napoleonic-wars/": {"t": "Napoleonic Wars", "s": "Global conflicts from 1803 to 1815, featuring coalitions against Napoleon and French domination of Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/napoleonic-wars.webp", "c": "Ruedi33a · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/french-language/": {"t": "French language", "s": "A Romance language of the Indo-European family, descended from Vulgar Latin and shaped by Celtic and Frankish influences."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/e/chemistry-fundamentals/aromatic-compound/": {"t": "Aromatic compound", "s": "Cyclic conjugated compounds defined by Hückel's rule."}, "https://codexery.com/reaction-mechanisms-and-kinetics/e/reaction-mechanisms-and-kinetics/resonance-chemistry/": {"t": "Resonance (chemistry)", "s": "A bonding description using averaged contributing structures."}, "https://codexery.com/egyptian-mythology/e/egyptian-mythology/ouroboros/": {"t": "Ouroboros", "s": "Ancient symbol of a snake eating its own tail."}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/molecular-biology/": {"t": "Molecular biology", "s": "Study of molecular structures and processes in cells."}, "https://codexery.com/genetics/e/genetics/dna-repair/": {"t": "DNA repair", "s": "Processes by which cells identify and correct DNA damage.", "i": "https://codexery.com/genetics/img/genetics/dna-repair.webp", "c": "Eunice Laurent · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/biochemistry-and-cell-biology/e/biochemistry-and-cell-biology/cell-cycle/": {"t": "Cell cycle", "s": "The sequence of events leading to cell division, from interphase through mitosis and cytokinesis."}, "https://codexery.com/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/e/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/culture-of-turkey/": {"t": "Culture of Turkey", "s": "Eastern and Western traditions, side by side on one street, one table, one prayer."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/kurds/": {"t": "Kurds", "s": "An Iranic ethnic group indigenous to Kurdistan, spanning parts of Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Syria."}, "https://codexery.com/universities/e/universities/istanbul-university/": {"t": "Istanbul University", "s": "First university in modern Turkey, founded in 1453.", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities/img/universities/istanbul-university.webp", "c": "Kadı · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/e/languages-of-the-world/turkish-language/": {"t": "Turkish language", "s": "Most widely spoken Turkic language, official in Turkey and Cyprus."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/kurdish-language/": {"t": "Kurdish language", "s": "Northwestern Iranian language continuum of the Kurdish people."}, "https://codexery.com/pathogenic-bacteria/e/pathogenic-bacteria/escherichia-coli/": {"t": "Escherichia coli", "s": "A model bacterium central to microbiology and biotechnology."}, "https://codexery.com/nobel-and-booker-prize-laureates/e/nobel-and-booker-prize-laureates/orhan-pamuk/": {"t": "Orhan Pamuk", "s": "Turkish novelist and 2006 Nobel laureate in literature."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/north-carolina/": {"t": "North Carolina", "s": "Southern state known for first flight and early independence call."}, "https://codexery.com/education-schools/e/education-and-schools/science-education/": {"t": "Science education", "s": "Teaching and learning of science across K-12 and beyond."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-reactors-and-processes/e/chemical-reactors-and-processes/fractional-distillation/": {"t": "Fractional distillation", "s": "Separates liquid mixtures by boiling point using vaporization and condensation."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements/e/chemical-elements/tellurium/": {"t": "Tellurium", "s": "A rare, brittle metalloid with a garlicky breath and cosmic origins.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements/img/chemical-elements/tellurium.webp", "c": "Darla Sondrol · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/minerals-crystals/e/minerals-and-crystals/baryte/": {"t": "Baryte", "s": "Baryte is the main source of barium and a key drilling mud additive."}, "https://codexery.com/flood-myths/e/flood-myths/flood-geology/": {"t": "Flood geology", "s": "Pseudoscientific attempt to reconcile geology with the Genesis flood."}, "https://codexery.com/inventors/e/great-inventors/samuel-morse/": {"t": "Samuel Morse", "s": "American inventor and painter, co-developer of Morse code and the single-wire telegraph.", "i": "https://codexery.com/inventors/img/great-inventors/samuel-morse.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Samuel Morse · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/energy-power/e/energy-and-power/petroleum/": {"t": "Petroleum", "s": "A fossil fuel central to modern industry and climate change."}, "https://codexery.com/beverages-drink-culture/e/beverages-and-drink-culture/carbonated-water/": {"t": "Carbonated water", "s": "Water infused with carbon dioxide gas, creating effervescence."}, "https://codexery.com/us-parks/e/us-national-parks/sequoia/": {"t": "Sequoia", "s": "Park protecting giant sequoias and the highest point in the contiguous US."}, "/e/chemists-and-biochemists/j-ns-jacob-berzelius/": {"t": "Jöns Jacob Berzelius", "s": "Father of Swedish Chemistry and pioneer of stoichiometry"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/friedrich-w-hler/": {"t": "Friedrich Wöhler", "s": "German chemist who first isolated beryllium and yttrium in pure metallic form and synthesized urea, challenging vitalism."}, "https://codexery.com/aging-associated-diseases/e/aging-associated-diseases/cataract/": {"t": "Cataract", "s": "Clouding of the eye's lens, leading cause of blindness.", "i": "https://codexery.com/aging-associated-diseases/img/aging-associated-diseases/cataract.webp", "c": "Rakesh Ahuja, MD · via Wikipedia: Cataract · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "/e/chemists-and-biochemists/joseph-priestley/": {"t": "Joseph Priestley", "s": "English chemist, theologian, and political theorist who discovered oxygen and championed religious toleration."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/molybdenum/": {"t": "Molybdenum", "s": "Molybdenum is a transition metal essential for life and industry."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry/e/chemistry/hydrofluoric-acid/": {"t": "Hydrofluoric acid", "s": "A corrosive acid used in etching, cleaning, and fluoride production."}, "https://codexery.com/inorganic-compounds-materials/e/inorganic-compounds-and-materials/hydrogen-cyanide/": {"t": "Hydrogen cyanide", "s": "A highly toxic, flammable liquid and key industrial precursor.", "i": "https://codexery.com/inorganic-compounds-materials/img/inorganic-compounds-and-materials/hydrogen-cyanide.webp", "c": "Apotashg · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/pharmacology-and-therapeutics/e/pharmacology-and-therapeutics/pharmacist/": {"t": "Pharmacist", "s": "Healthcare professional who dispenses medications and provides pharmaceutical care."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/e/chemistry-fundamentals/acetic-acid/": {"t": "Acetic acid", "s": "The second simplest carboxylic acid, key to vinegar and industrial chemistry.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/img/chemistry-fundamentals/acetic-acid.webp", "c": "Michael D. Turnbull · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/isaac-asimov/": {"t": "Isaac Asimov", "s": "One of the 'Big Three' science fiction writers, author of the Foundation series."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/manganese/": {"t": "Manganese", "s": "Hard, brittle metal essential in alloys and human nutrition."}, "https://codexery.com/inorganic-compounds-materials/e/inorganic-compounds-and-materials/hydrogen-sulfide/": {"t": "Hydrogen sulfide", "s": "Colorless, toxic gas with a rotten-egg odor.", "i": "https://codexery.com/inorganic-compounds-materials/img/inorganic-compounds-and-materials/hydrogen-sulfide.webp", "c": "Jynto ( talk ) · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements-metals/e/chemical-elements-and-metals/phosphorus/": {"t": "Phosphorus", "s": "The element that glows, burns, and sustains life."}, "https://codexery.com/minerals-ore-deposits/e/minerals-and-ore-deposits/pyrolusite/": {"t": "Pyrolusite", "s": "A black manganese ore used in glassmaking, batteries, and pigments."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry/e/chemistry/hydrochloric-acid/": {"t": "Hydrochloric acid", "s": "A strong acid essential in digestion, industry, and laboratory chemistry."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/humphry-davy/": {"t": "Humphry Davy", "s": "British chemist and inventor of the Davy lamp, pioneer of electrochemistry"}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/lead/": {"t": "Lead", "s": "Heavy metal with stable isotopes and historical industrial use."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/e/chemistry-fundamentals/chemical-compound/": {"t": "Chemical compound", "s": "Substance of multiple elements bonded in fixed proportions."}, "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/e/universities-and-colleges/delft-university-of-technology/": {"t": "Delft University of Technology", "s": "Leading Dutch technical university since 1842", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/img/universities-and-colleges/delft-university-of-technology.webp", "c": "Ymblanter · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/physical-chemistry-and-thermodynamics/e/physical-chemistry-and-thermodynamics/chemical-thermodynamics/": {"t": "Chemical thermodynamics", "s": "Study of heat and work in chemical reactions and state changes."}, "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/e/authors-and-poets/lord-byron/": {"t": "Lord Byron", "s": "British Romantic poet and satirist, known for Don Juan and Childe Harold's Pilgrimage.", "i": "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/img/authors-and-poets/lord-byron.webp", "c": "Thomas Phillips · via Wikipedia: Lord Byron · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/e/chemistry-fundamentals/chemical-bond/": {"t": "Chemical bond", "s": "The association of atoms or ions via electrostatic forces, electron sharing, or a combination, forming molecules and crystals."}, "https://codexery.com/geometry-and-shapes/e/geometry-and-shapes/tetrahedron/": {"t": "Tetrahedron", "s": "A polyhedron with four triangular faces and four vertices."}, "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/e/universities-and-colleges/humboldt-university-of-berlin/": {"t": "Humboldt University of Berlin", "s": "Public research university pioneering the Humboldtian model of higher education."}, "/e/chemists-and-biochemists/robert-burns-woodward/": {"t": "Robert Burns Woodward", "s": "American organic chemist and Nobel laureate in synthesis."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/intermolecular-force/": {"t": "Intermolecular force", "s": "Weak forces mediating interactions between molecules, essential in biochemistry."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/france/": {"t": "France", "s": "A global centre of art, science, cuisine and philosophy."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/bordeaux/": {"t": "Bordeaux", "s": "Port city and world capital of wine in southwestern France.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/img/cities-of-the-world/bordeaux.webp", "c": "David.J Janssen · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/brewing-processes/e/brewing-processes/fermentation/": {"t": "Fermentation", "s": "Anaerobic metabolism using organic compounds as both electron donor and acceptor."}, "https://codexery.com/inventors/e/great-inventors/james-watt/": {"t": "James Watt", "s": "Scottish inventor who improved the steam engine with a separate condenser, powering the Industrial Revolution.", "i": "https://codexery.com/inventors/img/great-inventors/james-watt.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: James Watt · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/inventors-and-engineers/e/inventors-and-engineers/thomas-newcomen/": {"t": "Thomas Newcomen", "s": "English inventor of the atmospheric steam engine, 1712.", "i": "https://codexery.com/inventors-and-engineers/img/inventors-and-engineers/thomas-newcomen.webp", "c": "Jpcuvelier · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/sociologists-and-political-theorists/e/sociologists-and-political-theorists/adam-ferguson/": {"t": "Adam Ferguson", "s": "Scottish Enlightenment philosopher and historian of civil society."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/david-hume/": {"t": "David Hume", "s": "Scottish philosopher known for empiricism and scepticism."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/adam-smith/": {"t": "Adam Smith", "s": "Scottish economist and philosopher, father of modern economics"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/e/revolutions-and-uprisings/french-revolution/": {"t": "French Revolution", "s": "The 1789–1799 upheaval that toppled the French monarchy and shaped liberal democracy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/img/revolutions-and-uprisings/french-revolution.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: French Revolution · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church/": {"t": "Catholic Church", "s": "The largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.41 billion baptized members.", "i": "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/img/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Christianity by country · see source"}, "/e/chemists-and-biochemists/claude-louis-berthollet/": {"t": "Claude Louis Berthollet", "s": "Savoyard-French chemist who pioneered chemical equilibria and chlorine bleaching."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/unitarianism/": {"t": "Unitarianism", "s": "Nontrinitarian Christian movement affirming the unitary nature of God."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/e/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/materialism/": {"t": "Materialism", "s": "Matter is the fundamental substance of nature."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/e/philosophical-concepts/determinism/": {"t": "Determinism", "s": "The view that all events occur in only one possible way."}, "https://codexery.com/theology-and-religious-concepts/e/theology-and-religious-concepts/millennialism/": {"t": "Millennialism", "s": "Belief in a thousand-year earthly kingdom before final judgment."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/e/revolutions-and-uprisings/american-revolution/": {"t": "American Revolution", "s": "Political movement that created the sovereign United States.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/img/revolutions-and-uprisings/american-revolution.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: American Revolution · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/education-schools/e/education-and-schools/pedagogy/": {"t": "Pedagogy", "s": "The theory and practice of teaching and learning.", "i": "https://codexery.com/education-schools/img/education-and-schools/pedagogy.webp", "c": "Zoltanmol · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/e/philosophers-and-thinkers/herbert-spencer/": {"t": "Herbert Spencer", "s": "Polymath who coined 'survival of the fittest' and applied evolution broadly.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/img/philosophers-and-thinkers/herbert-spencer.webp", "c": "not stated · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/lisbon/": {"t": "Lisbon", "s": "Capital of Portugal, second-oldest European capital, and a global city on the Tagus River."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/e/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/metaphysics/": {"t": "Metaphysics", "s": "Study of the most fundamental structure of reality."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/northern-hemisphere/": {"t": "Northern Hemisphere", "s": "Northern Hemisphere: most populous, land-rich half of Earth.", "i": "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/img/regions-and-cultural-spheres/northern-hemisphere.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Northern Hemisphere · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/legal-systems-concepts/e/legal-systems-and-concepts/contract/": {"t": "Contract", "s": "A legally enforceable agreement between two or more parties."}, "https://codexery.com/german-states/e/german-states/hesse/": {"t": "Hesse", "s": "Landlocked German state, financial centre Frankfurt, named after the Chatti tribe."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-analysis-and-spectroscopy/e/chemical-analysis-and-spectroscopy/combustion-analysis/": {"t": "Combustion analysis", "s": "Method to determine elemental composition via combustion and product analysis."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/mercury-element/": {"t": "Mercury (element)", "s": "A heavy, silvery liquid metal with unique physical properties and high toxicity."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry/e/chemistry/ethanol/": {"t": "Ethanol", "s": "Organic compound, CNS depressant, active ingredient in alcoholic beverages."}, "https://codexery.com/general-health-and-wellness/e/general-health-and-wellness/breast-milk/": {"t": "Breast milk", "s": "Primary nutrition for infants, with immune and developmental benefits."}, "https://codexery.com/battery-types/e/battery-types/lithium-ion-battery/": {"t": "Lithium-ion battery", "s": "Rechargeable battery using lithium-ion intercalation for energy storage.", "i": "https://codexery.com/battery-types/img/battery-types/lithium-ion-battery.webp", "c": "RCraig09 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/chemists-and-biochemists/akira-yoshino/": {"t": "Akira Yoshino", "s": "Japanese chemist who created the first safe, production-viable lithium-ion battery."}, "https://codexery.com/education-schools/e/education-and-schools/state-university-of-new-york/": {"t": "State University of New York", "s": "It comprises all New York state-supported institutions of higher education apart from the City University of New York (CUNY), and includes four contracted colle", "i": "https://codexery.com/education-schools/img/education-and-schools/state-university-of-new-york.webp", "c": "New York State Archives: https://digitalcollections.archives.nysed.gov/index.php · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/companies-and-conglomerates/e/companies-and-conglomerates/exxonmobil/": {"t": "ExxonMobil", "s": "American multinational oil and gas corporation formed by Exxon-Mobil merger."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements/e/chemical-elements/technetium/": {"t": "Technetium", "s": "First predominantly artificial element, used in nuclear medicine.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements/img/chemical-elements/technetium.webp", "c": "commons:User:Pumbaa (original work by commons:User:Greg Robson ) · CC BY-SA 2.0 uk"}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements-metals/e/chemical-elements-and-metals/promethium/": {"t": "Promethium", "s": "A rare, radioactive lanthanide with no stable isotopes."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/neptunium/": {"t": "Neptunium", "s": "Neptunium is a radioactive actinide metal used as a precursor for plutonium-238 in spacecraft power."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/nuclear-chemistry/": {"t": "Nuclear chemistry", "s": "Sub-field of chemistry studying radioactivity and nuclear processes."}, "https://codexery.com/world-wonders/e/world-wonders/the-eiffel-tower/": {"t": "The Eiffel Tower", "s": "Locally nicknamed \"La dame de fer\" (French for \"Iron Lady\") due to its construction from wrought iron, the Eiffel Tower is a lattice tower situated on the Champ"}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-analysis-and-spectroscopy/e/chemical-analysis-and-spectroscopy/gravimetric-analysis/": {"t": "Gravimetric analysis", "s": "Quantitative analysis by mass with high precision and accuracy."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements/e/chemical-elements/zirconium/": {"t": "Zirconium", "s": "A corrosion-resistant transition metal used in nuclear and aerospace applications."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements/e/chemical-elements/strontium/": {"t": "Strontium", "s": "A soft, reactive alkaline earth metal named after a Scottish village.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements/img/chemical-elements/strontium.webp", "c": "Stuttle2 · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/minerals-and-gems/e/minerals-and-gems/ilmenite/": {"t": "Ilmenite", "s": "Primary ore of titanium and source of white pigment."}, "https://codexery.com/battery-inventors/e/battery-inventors/william-cruickshank-chemist/": {"t": "William Cruickshank (chemist)", "s": "Scottish chemist and inventor of the trough battery.", "i": "https://codexery.com/battery-inventors/img/battery-inventors/william-cruickshank-chemist.webp", "c": "Daderot · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/georgia-country/": {"t": "Georgia (country)", "s": "A country at the crossroads of Europe and Asia, with ancient winemaking traditions and a pro-Western trajectory."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/pennsylvania/": {"t": "Pennsylvania", "s": "The Keystone State", "i": "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/img/countries-and-regions/pennsylvania.webp", "c": "Simtropolitan, Jean-Pierre Demailly (old version)\npermission=\n\n\n\nInsignia\n\nThis image shows a flag, a coat of arms, a seal or some other official insignia. The  · via Wikipedia: Pennsylvania · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/latin/": {"t": "Latin", "s": "A classical language of the Italic branch, Latin evolved into the Romance languages and remained a key scholarly tongue into the early 19th century."}, "https://codexery.com/insect-families/e/insect-families/lepidoptera/": {"t": "Lepidoptera", "s": "Order of insects including butterflies and moths, with scaled wings."}, "https://codexery.com/invertebrates/e/invertebrates/bee/": {"t": "Bee", "s": "Bees are winged insects that form a single evolutionary group, the clade Anthophila, within the superfamily Apoidea of the order Hymenoptera."}, "https://codexery.com/invertebrates/e/invertebrates/insect/": {"t": "Insect", "s": "Insects are the most diverse group of animals on Earth."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/epidemic/": {"t": "Epidemic", "s": "Rapid spread of disease above normally expected levels."}, "https://codexery.com/reproduction-development/e/reproduction-and-development/abortion/": {"t": "Abortion", "s": "Medical procedure ending pregnancy; subject of global legal and ethical debate."}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/e/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/environmental-ethics/": {"t": "Environmental ethics", "s": "Field reconstructing arguments for protecting natural entities and sustainable resource use."}, "https://codexery.com/genetics-fundamentals/e/genetics-fundamentals/genetics/": {"t": "Genetics", "s": "Study of genes and heredity"}, "https://codexery.com/festivals-and-celebrations/e/festivals-and-celebrations/earth-day/": {"t": "Earth Day", "s": "Annual April 22 event demonstrating support for environmental protection."}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/progesterone/": {"t": "Progesterone", "s": "Endogenous steroid hormone essential for reproduction and pregnancy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/img/cell-and-molecular-biology/progesterone.webp", "c": "Rhododendronbusch · via Wikipedia: Progesterone · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/reproduction-development/e/reproduction-and-development/testosterone/": {"t": "Testosterone", "s": "Primary male sex hormone influencing development, behavior, and health.", "i": "https://codexery.com/reproduction-development/img/reproduction-and-development/testosterone.webp", "c": "U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/vienna/": {"t": "Vienna", "s": "Capital on the Danube, heart of Austria"}, "https://codexery.com/medical-conditions/e/medical-conditions/infertility/": {"t": "Infertility", "s": "Infertility is the inability to reproduce, defined in humans as failure to conceive after one year of unprotected intercourse."}, "https://codexery.com/reproductive-biology/e/reproductive-biology/estrogen/": {"t": "Estrogen", "s": "Sex hormone regulating female reproduction and secondary sex characteristics."}, "https://codexery.com/steroid-responsive-inflammatory/e/steroid-responsive-inflammatory-conditions/rheumatoid-arthritis/": {"t": "Rheumatoid arthritis", "s": "Chronic autoimmune disorder causing joint inflammation and systemic effects."}, "https://codexery.com/medications-and-drugs/e/medications-and-drugs/hydrocortisone/": {"t": "Hydrocortisone", "s": "The pharmaceutical form of cortisol, used as an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant.", "i": "https://codexery.com/medications-and-drugs/img/medications-and-drugs/hydrocortisone.webp", "c": "Wesalius · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/american-state-capitals/e/american-state-capitals/madison-wisconsin/": {"t": "Madison, Wisconsin", "s": "Capital of Wisconsin, home to a major university and progressive politics.", "i": "https://codexery.com/american-state-capitals/img/american-state-capitals/madison-wisconsin.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Madison, Wisconsin · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/fossils/e/fossils/paleontology/": {"t": "Paleontology", "s": "The scientific study of ancient life through fossils."}, "https://codexery.com/geology/e/geology/geophysics/": {"t": "Geophysics", "s": "The physical science of Earth and planetary processes"}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy/e/astronomy/cosmic-ray/": {"t": "Cosmic ray", "s": "High-energy particles from space, discovered via balloon flights in 1912.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomy/img/astronomy/cosmic-ray.webp", "c": "Vahram Mekhitarian · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/particle-and-nuclear-physics/neutron/": {"t": "Neutron", "s": "The neutron is a subatomic particle, symbol n or n⁰, that carries no electric charge and has a mass slightly larger than that of a proton."}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/president-of-the-united-states/": {"t": "President of the United States", "s": "Head of state and government of the United States."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/dwight-d-eisenhower/": {"t": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "s": "34th president of the United States and Supreme Commander of Allied forces in Europe during World War II."}, "https://codexery.com/biochemistry-and-cell-biology/e/biochemistry-and-cell-biology/amino-acid/": {"t": "Amino acid", "s": "The building blocks of proteins, with 20 standard α-amino acids directly encoded by the genetic code and two rare ones incorporated via recoding."}, "https://codexery.com/education-schools/e/education-and-schools/physical-education/": {"t": "Physical education", "s": "School subject promoting lifelong physical activity and well-being.", "i": "https://codexery.com/education-schools/img/education-and-schools/physical-education.webp", "c": "Seauton 13 April 2017 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/engineering-disciplines/e/engineering-disciplines/environmental-engineering/": {"t": "Environmental engineering", "s": "Protecting health and environment through scientific and engineering solutions."}, "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/e/diseases-and-conditions/pneumonia/": {"t": "Pneumonia", "s": "Inflammatory lung condition primarily affecting alveoli, caused by infection.", "i": "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/img/diseases-and-conditions/pneumonia.webp", "c": "Nephron · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/noble-gas/": {"t": "Noble gas", "s": "Group 18 elements with full valence shells and low reactivity."}, "https://codexery.com/royalty-and-heads-of-state/e/royalty-and-heads-of-state/edward-vii/": {"t": "Edward VII", "s": "King of the United Kingdom and Emperor of India from 1901 to 1910.", "i": "https://codexery.com/royalty-and-heads-of-state/img/royalty-and-heads-of-state/edward-vii.webp", "c": "Author (artist) unknown (work was published in 1888) · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/buckinghamshire/": {"t": "Buckinghamshire", "s": "A ceremonial county in South East England, home to the Chiltern Hills and the city of Milton Keynes."}, "https://codexery.com/cathedrals/e/great-cathedrals/westminster-abbey/": {"t": "Westminster Abbey", "s": "A royal peculiar and national Valhalla.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cathedrals/img/great-cathedrals/westminster-abbey.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Westminster Abbey · see source"}, "/e/chemists-and-biochemists/m-stanley-whittingham/": {"t": "M. Stanley Whittingham", "s": "British-American chemist and Nobel laureate who discovered intercalation electrodes and invented the first rechargeable lithium metal battery."}, "https://codexery.com/corporations-conglomerates/e/corporations-and-conglomerates/toshiba/": {"t": "Toshiba", "s": "Japanese electronics conglomerate known for flash memory and laptops.", "i": "https://codexery.com/corporations-conglomerates/img/corporations-and-conglomerates/toshiba.webp", "c": "photo: Qurren (talk) Taken with Samsung Galaxy J (NTT docomo SC-02F) · via Wikipedia: Toshiba · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/corporations-conglomerates/e/corporations-and-conglomerates/sony/": {"t": "Sony", "s": "Japanese conglomerate known for electronics and entertainment.", "i": "https://codexery.com/corporations-conglomerates/img/corporations-and-conglomerates/sony.webp", "c": "Akonnchiroll · via Wikipedia: Sony · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/chemists-and-biochemists/karl-barry-sharpless/": {"t": "Karl Barry Sharpless", "s": "Two-time Nobel laureate in stereochemistry and click chemistry."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/covid-19/": {"t": "COVID-19", "s": "COVID-19 is a contagious disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2."}, "https://codexery.com/american-rap-metal-musical-groups/e/american-rap-metal-musical-groups/rage-against-the-machine/": {"t": "Rage Against the Machine", "s": "American rap metal band known for leftist political activism."}, "https://codexery.com/medical-conditions/e/medical-conditions/inflammation/": {"t": "Inflammation", "s": "Biological defence response of body tissues to harmful stimuli."}, "https://codexery.com/aging-associated-diseases/e/aging-associated-diseases/arthritis/": {"t": "Arthritis", "s": "A joint disorder from cartilage loss causing bone-on-bone grinding.", "i": "https://codexery.com/aging-associated-diseases/img/aging-associated-diseases/arthritis.webp", "c": "Alfred Loomis & William Thompson · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/medical-specialties/e/medical-specialties/infectious-disease/": {"t": "Infectious disease", "s": "Illness caused by pathogens invading host tissues.", "i": "https://codexery.com/medical-specialties/img/medical-specialties/infectious-disease.webp", "c": "Rosser1954 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/pathogenic-bacteria/e/pathogenic-bacteria/mycobacterium-tuberculosis/": {"t": "Mycobacterium tuberculosis", "s": "Mycobacterium tuberculosis, often called Koch’s bacillus, is the bacterium that causes tuberculosis."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/hiv/": {"t": "HIV", "s": "Retrovirus causing AIDS, transmitted via bodily fluids."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/mass-spectrometry/": {"t": "Mass spectrometry", "s": "Technique measuring ion mass-to-charge ratios for chemical analysis."}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/nova-scotia/": {"t": "Nova Scotia", "s": "Canada's most populous Atlantic province, rich in Mi'kmaq heritage and Scottish history."}, "https://codexery.com/international-organizations-and-agreemen/e/international-organizations-and-agreements/international-bureau-of-weights-and-measures/": {"t": "International Bureau of Weights and Measures", "s": "Intergovernmental body ensuring global measurement uniformity."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomical-radio-sources/e/astronomical-radio-sources/cosmic-microwave-background/": {"t": "Cosmic microwave background", "s": "Relic radiation from the early universe."}, "https://codexery.com/units-measurement/e/units-and-measurement/kelvin/": {"t": "Kelvin", "s": "British scientist who developed the absolute temperature scale."}, "https://codexery.com/sodium-compounds/e/sodium-compounds/sodium-hypochlorite/": {"t": "Sodium hypochlorite", "s": "Alkaline compound used as bleach and disinfectant; household use became widespread in the early 20th century."}, "https://codexery.com/duchies-and-electorates-of-the-holy-roma/e/duchies-and-electorates-of-the-holy-roman-empire/duchy-of-savoy/": {"t": "Duchy of Savoy", "s": "A composite monarchy of the Holy Roman Empire, from 1416 to 1847."}, "https://codexery.com/reaction-mechanisms-and-kinetics/e/reaction-mechanisms-and-kinetics/reversible-reaction/": {"t": "Reversible reaction", "s": "A reaction where forward and reverse conversions occur simultaneously."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-bonding-and-structure/e/chemical-bonding-and-structure/non-stoichiometric-compound/": {"t": "Non-stoichiometric compound", "s": "Solids with variable composition, defects, and unique properties."}, "https://codexery.com/medical-emergencies/e/medical-emergencies/carbon-monoxide-poisoning/": {"t": "Carbon monoxide poisoning", "s": "A common, often fatal poisoning from colorless, odorless carbon monoxide gas."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/modern-metropolis/tel-aviv/": {"t": "Tel Aviv", "s": "The economic and technological center of Israel, a global high-tech hub."}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/jules-verne/": {"t": "Jules Verne", "s": "French novelist, poet, and playwright; creator of the Voyages extraordinaires."}, "https://codexery.com/novels-by-jules-verne/e/novels-by-jules-verne/the-mysterious-island/": {"t": "The Mysterious Island", "s": "A castaway survival novel with a mysterious benefactor."}, "https://codexery.com/mental-health-psychology/e/mental-health-and-psychology/clinical-psychology/": {"t": "Clinical psychology", "s": "Integration of science and practice to relieve psychological distress.", "i": "https://codexery.com/mental-health-psychology/img/mental-health-and-psychology/clinical-psychology.webp", "c": "Aasif14 · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/engineering-disciplines/e/engineering-disciplines/mechanical-engineering/": {"t": "Mechanical engineering", "s": "Engineering branch focused on force, motion, and mechanical systems."}, "https://codexery.com/manufacturing-and-materials/e/manufacturing-and-materials/metallurgy/": {"t": "Metallurgy", "s": "The science and technology of metals and alloys."}, "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/e/electricity-and-magnetism/electrical-resistivity-and-conductivity/": {"t": "Electrical resistivity and conductivity", "s": "Resistivity measures opposition to current; conductivity is its reciprocal.", "i": "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/img/electricity-and-magnetism/electrical-resistivity-and-conductivity.webp", "c": "Wolff, F.A.; Dellinger, J.H. · No restrictions"}, "https://codexery.com/medical-specialties/e/medical-specialties/immunology/": {"t": "Immunology", "s": "The study of immune systems in all organisms, from ancient observations to modern immunotherapy."}, "https://codexery.com/surgery-trauma/e/surgery-and-trauma/chemotherapy/": {"t": "Chemotherapy", "s": "Systemic cancer treatment using cytotoxic drugs to inhibit cell division."}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/mast-cell/": {"t": "Mast cell", "s": "Ancient immune sentinels storing histamine and heparin.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/img/cell-and-molecular-biology/mast-cell.webp", "c": "John Jennings · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/medical-specialties/e/medical-specialties/hematology/": {"t": "Hematology", "s": "Branch of medicine focused on blood diseases and their treatment."}, "https://codexery.com/danish-inventions/e/danish-inventions/gram-stain/": {"t": "Gram stain", "s": "A staining method that classifies bacteria into two groups."}, "https://codexery.com/german-inventions/e/german-inventions/arsphenamine/": {"t": "Arsphenamine", "s": "First effective treatment for syphilis and first modern antimicrobial."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/diphtheria/": {"t": "Diphtheria", "s": "A bacterial infection causing a thick throat membrane; preventable by vaccine."}, "https://codexery.com/taxonomy-evolution/e/taxonomy-and-evolution/genus/": {"t": "Genus", "s": "A taxonomic rank above species and below family, used in biological classification."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/wroc-aw/": {"t": "Wrocław", "s": "Historical capital of Silesia on the Oder River."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/robert-koch/": {"t": "Robert Koch", "s": "Founder of modern bacteriology and discoverer of the causative agents of tuberculosis, cholera, and anthrax."}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/red-blood-cell/": {"t": "Red blood cell", "s": "The most common blood cell, responsible for oxygen transport via hemoglobin.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/img/cell-and-molecular-biology/red-blood-cell.webp", "c": "BruceBlaus. When using this image in external sources it can be cited as:\n\nBlausen.com staff (2014). \"Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014\". WikiJournal of M · via Wikipedia: Red blood cell · CC BY 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/physiology-medicine/e/physiology-and-medicine/anemia/": {"t": "Anemia", "s": "A blood disorder reducing oxygen transport, affecting billions worldwide."}, "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/e/diseases-and-conditions/smallpox/": {"t": "Smallpox", "s": "Eradicated viral disease that killed hundreds of millions."}, "https://codexery.com/pioneers-of-medicine/e/pioneers-of-medicine/kitasato-shibasabur/": {"t": "Kitasato Shibasaburō", "s": "Japanese bacteriologist who co-discovered the plague bacillus."}}