Cellular Biology Codexery

Centriole

Cylindrical organelle key to cell division and cilia formation.

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A centriole is a cylindrical organelle built mainly from the protein tubulin.[1] Most eukaryotic cells contain centrioles, but they are absent in conifers, flowering plants, and most fungi.[1] A centrosome is composed of a bound centriole pair enveloped by pericentriolar material.[1]

Quick Facts

Discovered by
Walther Flemming and Edouard Van Beneden

Facts from the source article.

Key facts and history

Deviations include nine doublets in crabs and Drosophila embryos, and nine singlets in C. elegans sperm.[2] Centrioles organize the mitotic spindle and help complete cytokinesis.[3] Cells without centrioles can still progress through G1 and synthesize centrioles de novo.[4] Mutant flies lacking centrioles develop normally but die shortly after birth due to missing flagella and cilia.[4]

In 1875, Walther Flemming, and in 1876, Edouard Van Beneden, each independently discovered the centrosome.[5] The first observation of centrosomes as two centrioles at right angles to each other was made by Edouard Van Beneden in 1883.[5] A cylindrical arrangement of nine sets of short microtubule triplets is the typical structure of centrioles.[2] Conifers and flowering plants have no centrioles in any of their cells.[6]

What the research sources say

Genes essential for centriole function, such as those encoding centrins, are exclusive to eukaryotes and absent from bacteria and archaea.[7][6]

References

  1. Wikipedia, "Centriole" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Eddé, "Posttranslational glutamylation of alpha-tubulin", Science, 1990, p. 83–5; Quarmby, "Cilia and the cell cycle?", The Journal of Cell Biology, 2005, p. 707–10; Silflow, "Assembly and motility of eukaryotic cilia and flagella. Lessons from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii", Plant Physiology, 2001, p. 1500–1507; Lawo, "Subdiffraction imaging of centrosomes reveals higher-order organizational features of pericentriolar material", Nature Cell Biology, November 2012, p. 1148–1158; Eddé, "Posttranslational glutamylation of alpha-tubulin", Science, 1 en.wikipedia.org
  2. Wikipedia, "Centriole" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Delattre, "The arithmetic of centrosome biogenesis", Journal of Cell Science, 2004, p. 1619–30; Leidel, "SAS-6 defines a protein family required for centrosome duplication in C. elegans and in human cells", Nature Cell Biology, 2005, p. 115–25; Rieder, "The centrosome in vertebrates: more than a microtubule-organizing center", Trends in Cell Biology, Oct 2001, p. 413–419 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  3. Wikipedia, "Centriole" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Salisbury, "Centrin-2 is required for centriole duplication in mammalian cells", Current Biology, 2002, p. 1287–92 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  4. Wikipedia, "Centriole" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: La Terra, "The de novo centriole assembly pathway in HeLa cells: cell cycle progression and centriole assembly/maturation", The Journal of Cell Biology, 2005, p. 713–22; Basto, "Flies without centrioles", Cell, 2006, p. 1375–86 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  5. Wikipedia, "Centriole" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Flemming, W. (1875). Studien uber die Entwicklungsgeschichte der Najaden. Sitzungsgeber. Akad. Wiss. Wien 71, 81–147; Bloodgood RA. From central to rudimentary to primary: the history of an underappreciated organelle whose time has come. The primary cilium. Methods Cell Biol. 2; Van Beneden, E. (1876). Contribution à l'histoire de la vésiculaire germinative et du premier noyau embryonnaire. Bull. Acad. R. Belg (2me series) 42, 35–97.; Bloodgood RA. From central to rudimentary to primary: the history of an underappreciated organelle whose time en.wikipedia.org
  6. Wikipedia, "Centriole" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Marshall, "Centriole Evolution", Current Opinion in Cell Biology, 2009, p. 14–19; Bornens, "Eukaryotic Membranes and Cytoskeleton", 2007, p. 119–129; Rogozin, "Analysis of Rare Genomic Changes Does Not Support the Unikont-Bikont Phylogeny and Suggests Cyanobacterial Symbiosis as the Point of Primary Radiation of Eukaryotes", Genome Biology and Evolution, 2009, p. 99–1; Bornens, "Eukaryotic Membranes and Cytoskeleton", 2007, p. 119–129 (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  7. Open Library record, ISBN 9780387740201 ("Eukaryotic membranes and cytoskeleton"). CC0 (metadata); book content not read. openlibrary.org

Each numbered sentence above was checked against the source it cites before publication. Sentences citing Wikipedia adapt text from the English Wikipedia article Centriole (contributors), used under CC BY-SA 4.0; this entry is available under the same licence. Other sources were used for facts only; no text or images are copied from them.

More in Cellular Biology

CentrosomeCiliumCytoplasmCytoskeletonCytosolEndocytosisEndomembrane systemEndoplasmic reticulumExocytosisFlagellumPyknosisPhagocytosis

Sources

Compiled from Wikipedia and the sources listed below. Text from Wikipedia is available under CC BY-SA 4.0; this entry is adapted from it.

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