Cellular And Molecular Biology
36 entries in the Cellular And Molecular Biology compendium.
Golgi apparatusThe Golgi apparatus is a cellular organelle found in most eukaryotes, forming part of the HelicaseEnzymes that unwind nucleic acid strands using ATP hydrolysis.Ligand (biochemistry)A substance that binds to a biomolecule for a biological purpose.Lipid bilayerThin polar membrane forming a barrier around all cells.LysosomeMembrane-bound organelles that serve as the cell's degradation center.Membrane potentialThe electric potential difference across a biological cell membrane.Membrane proteinMembrane proteins are common, diverse, and key drug targets.Membrane transportMechanisms regulating solute passage through biological membranes.MicrotubuleCytoskeletal biopolymers providing structure and intracellular transport.MitochondriaDouble-membraned organelles that produce cellular energy as ATP.Mitochondrial DNAMitochondrial DNA is a small, maternally inherited genome essential for energy conversion.Molecular biologyStudy of molecular structures and processes in cells.MyosinMotor proteins driving actin-based motility and muscle contraction.Nuclear envelopeDouble lipid bilayer enclosing the eukaryotic nucleus.NucleolusLargest nuclear structure; site of ribosome biogenesis.Passive transportMembrane transport driven by entropy, not cellular energy.PeroxisomeOrganelles that generate and break down hydrogen peroxide.PlasmodesmaMicroscopic channels enabling plant cell communication.Plastid DNAPlastid DNA, often called chloroplast DNA in photosynthetic organisms, is the genetic matePost-transcriptional modificationChemical alterations to RNA after transcription produce functional molecules.Post-translational modificationCovalent protein changes after synthesis, diversifying function and regulation.Programmed cell deathCell death from internal events, crucial for development and homeostasis.ProteasomeProtein complexes that degrade proteins via proteolysis.Protein foldingPhysical process forming functional protein three-dimensional structure.Protein targetingCellular mechanism directing proteins to correct destinations.RNA interferenceRNAi is a gene-silencing process using double-stranded RNA.RNA polymeraseEnzyme that synthesizes RNA from a DNA template.RNA splicingProcess removing introns to form mature mRNA for translation.Receptor (biochemistry)Proteins that bind ligands and transduce biological signals.Second messenger systemIntracellular messengers that amplify and propagate extracellular signals.Signal transductionProcess transmitting chemical or physical signals through cells.Somatic cellBody cells that divide by mitosis, excluding germ and stem cells.SteroidOrganic compounds with four fused rings, vital for membranes and signaling.Steroid hormoneSteroid hormones regulate metabolism, immunity, and sexual development.TelomereRepetitive DNA sequences that protect chromosome ends from degradation.ThylakoidMembrane-bound compartments where photosynthesis begins.
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