[{"n": "Lipid", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/lipid/", "s": "Lipids are hydrophobic or amphiphilic organic compounds essential for life."}, {"n": "Lipopolysaccharide", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/lipopolysaccharide/", "s": "Major component of Gram-negative bacterial outer membrane."}, {"n": "Lipoprotein", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/lipoprotein/", "s": "Lipoproteins transport fats and cholesterol in blood plasma."}, {"n": "Lysine", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/lysine/", "s": "Essential α-amino acid crucial for protein synthesis and metabolism."}, {"n": "Macrophage", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/macrophage/", "s": "White blood cells that engulf pathogens and regulate immune responses."}, {"n": "Mast cell", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/mast-cell/", "s": "Ancient immune sentinels storing histamine and heparin."}, {"n": "Melanin", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/melanin/", "s": "Family of biomolecules providing pigments and photoprotection in organisms."}, {"n": "Messenger RNA", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/messenger-rna/", "s": "Single-stranded RNA that directs protein synthesis from genetic code."}, {"n": "Methionine", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/methionine/", "s": "Essential amino acid, precursor to cysteine and rSAM."}, {"n": "Microbial cyst", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/microbial-cyst/", "s": "A dormant microbial stage enabling survival under harsh conditions."}, {"n": "Monosaccharide", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/monosaccharide/", "s": "Simple sugars that are the basic units of carbohydrates."}, {"n": "Mucus", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/mucus/", "s": "Slippery gel protecting and lubricating body surfaces."}, {"n": "Myelin", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/myelin/", "s": "Lipid-rich insulator enabling rapid nerve impulse conduction in vertebrates."}, {"n": "Natural killer cell", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/natural-killer-cell/", "s": "Innate immune cells that kill stressed cells lacking self markers."}, {"n": "Neural network (biology)", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/neural-network-biology/", "s": "Interconnected neurons forming circuits that underlie nervous system function."}, {"n": "Neutrophil", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/neutrophil/", "s": "Most abundant white blood cell, key in innate immunity."}, {"n": "Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide/", "s": "Coenzyme central to metabolism, carrying electrons in redox reactions."}, {"n": "Norepinephrine", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/norepinephrine/", "s": "A catecholamine hormone and neurotransmitter that mobilizes the body for action."}, {"n": "Nucleic acid structure", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/nucleic-acid-structure/", "s": "DNA and RNA structure organized into primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary levels."}, {"n": "Nucleotide", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/nucleotide/", "s": "Nucleotides are the monomeric units of DNA and RNA."}, {"n": "Omega-3 fatty acid", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/omega-3-fatty-acid/", "s": "Essential polyunsaturated fats critical to human health and diet."}, {"n": "Omega-6 fatty acid", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/omega-6-fatty-acid/", "s": "Essential polyunsaturated fats with health benefits and some risks."}, {"n": "Oogonium", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/oogonium/", "s": "Diploid cell that forms primordial follicles or female gametangia."}, {"n": "Organic matter", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/organic-matter/", "s": "Carbon-based compounds from organisms, vital for nutrient cycling and soil health."}, {"n": "Golgi apparatus", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/golgi-apparatus/", "s": "The Golgi apparatus is a cellular organelle found in most eukaryotes, forming part of the endomembrane system."}, {"n": "Helicase", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/helicase/", "s": "Enzymes that unwind nucleic acid strands using ATP hydrolysis."}, {"n": "Ligand (biochemistry)", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/ligand-biochemistry/", "s": "A substance that binds to a biomolecule for a biological purpose."}, {"n": "Lipid bilayer", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/lipid-bilayer/", "s": "Thin polar membrane forming a barrier around all cells."}, {"n": "Lysosome", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/lysosome/", "s": "Membrane-bound organelles that serve as the cell's degradation center."}, {"n": "Membrane potential", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/membrane-potential/", "s": "The electric potential difference across a biological cell membrane."}, {"n": "Membrane protein", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/membrane-protein/", "s": "Membrane proteins are common, diverse, and key drug targets."}, {"n": "Membrane transport", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/membrane-transport/", "s": "Mechanisms regulating solute passage through biological membranes."}, {"n": "Microtubule", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/microtubule/", "s": "Cytoskeletal biopolymers providing structure and intracellular transport."}, {"n": "Mitochondria", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/mitochondria/", "s": "Double-membraned organelles that produce cellular energy as ATP."}, {"n": "Mitochondrial DNA", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/mitochondrial-dna/", "s": "Mitochondrial DNA is a small, maternally inherited genome essential for energy conversion."}, {"n": "Molecular biology", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/molecular-biology/", "s": "Study of molecular structures and processes in cells."}, {"n": "Myosin", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/myosin/", "s": "Motor proteins driving actin-based motility and muscle contraction."}, {"n": "Nuclear envelope", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/nuclear-envelope/", "s": "Double lipid bilayer enclosing the eukaryotic nucleus."}, {"n": "Nucleolus", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/nucleolus/", "s": "Largest nuclear structure; site of ribosome biogenesis."}, {"n": "Passive transport", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/passive-transport/", "s": "Membrane transport driven by entropy, not cellular energy."}, {"n": "Peroxisome", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/peroxisome/", "s": "Organelles that generate and break down hydrogen peroxide."}, {"n": "Plasmodesma", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/plasmodesma/", "s": "Microscopic channels enabling plant cell communication."}, {"n": "Plastid DNA", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/plastid-dna/", "s": "Plastid DNA, often called chloroplast DNA in photosynthetic organisms, is the genetic material found inside ch"}, {"n": "Post-transcriptional modification", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/post-transcriptional-modification/", "s": "Chemical alterations to RNA after transcription produce functional molecules."}, {"n": "Post-translational modification", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/post-translational-modification/", "s": "Covalent protein changes after synthesis, diversifying function and regulation."}, {"n": "Programmed cell death", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/programmed-cell-death/", "s": "Cell death from internal events, crucial for development and homeostasis."}, {"n": "Proteasome", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/proteasome/", "s": "Protein complexes that degrade proteins via proteolysis."}, {"n": "Protein folding", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/protein-folding/", "s": "Physical process forming functional protein three-dimensional structure."}, {"n": "Protein targeting", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/protein-targeting/", "s": "Cellular mechanism directing proteins to correct destinations."}, {"n": "RNA interference", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/rna-interference/", "s": "RNAi is a gene-silencing process using double-stranded RNA."}, {"n": "RNA polymerase", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/rna-polymerase/", "s": "Enzyme that synthesizes RNA from a DNA template."}, {"n": "RNA splicing", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/rna-splicing/", "s": "Process removing introns to form mature mRNA for translation."}, {"n": "Receptor (biochemistry)", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/receptor-biochemistry/", "s": "Proteins that bind ligands and transduce biological signals."}, {"n": "Second messenger system", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/second-messenger-system/", "s": "Intracellular messengers that amplify and propagate extracellular signals."}, {"n": "Signal transduction", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/signal-transduction/", "s": "Process transmitting chemical or physical signals through cells."}, {"n": "Somatic cell", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/somatic-cell/", "s": "Body cells that divide by mitosis, excluding germ and stem cells."}, {"n": "Steroid", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/steroid/", "s": "Organic compounds with four fused rings, vital for membranes and signaling."}, {"n": "Steroid hormone", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/steroid-hormone/", "s": "Steroid hormones regulate metabolism, immunity, and sexual development."}, {"n": "Telomere", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/telomere/", "s": "Repetitive DNA sequences that protect chromosome ends from degradation."}, {"n": "Thylakoid", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/thylakoid/", "s": "Membrane-bound compartments where photosynthesis begins."}, {"n": "Neurotransmitter", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/neurotransmitter/", "s": "Chemical messengers that transmit signals across synapses between neurons or to target cells."}, {"n": "Nucleic acid", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/nucleic-acid/", "s": "The biomolecules that encode genetic information in all cells and viruses."}, {"n": "Organelle", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/organelle/", "s": "Specialized subunit within a cell with a specific function"}, {"n": "Plasmid", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/plasmid/", "s": "Small, extrachromosomal DNA molecules that replicate independently within cells."}, {"n": "Plastid", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/plastid/", "s": "Membrane-bound organelles derived from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria."}, {"n": "Protein", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/protein/", "s": "Essential biomolecules that catalyze, structure, and regulate life."}, {"n": "Red blood cell", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/red-blood-cell/", "s": "The most common blood cell, responsible for oxygen transport via hemoglobin."}, {"n": "Ribosome", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/ribosome/", "s": "Cellular machine that synthesizes proteins from mRNA."}, {"n": "Sarcomere", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/sarcomere/", "s": "Smallest functional unit of striated muscle tissue."}, {"n": "RNA", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/rna/", "s": "RNA is a nucleic acid essential for genetic information and catalysis."}, {"n": "Stem cell", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/stem-cell/", "s": "Undifferentiated cells capable of self-renewal and differentiation into specialized cell types."}, {"n": "Transcription (biology)", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/transcription-biology/", "s": "The process of synthesizing an RNA copy of a specific DNA segment for gene expression."}, {"n": "Translation (biology)", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/translation-biology/", "s": "Ribosomes decode mRNA to assemble proteins from amino acids."}, {"n": "Vacuole", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/vacuole/", "s": "A versatile organelle for storage, waste, and pressure in cells."}, {"n": "White blood cell", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/white-blood-cell/", "s": "Nucleated immune cells that defend against infection and disease."}, {"n": "Tissue (biology)", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/tissue-biology/", "s": "Tissue is an assembly of similar cells with a specific function."}, {"n": "Peptide", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/peptide/", "s": "Short amino acid chains with diverse biological roles."}, {"n": "Peptidoglycan", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/peptidoglycan/", "s": "Mesh-like macromolecule giving bacterial cell walls strength and shape."}, {"n": "Phenylalanine", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/phenylalanine/", "s": "Essential amino acid, precursor to neurotransmitters and melanin."}, {"n": "Pheromone", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/pheromone/", "s": "Chemical messengers that trigger social responses within a species."}, {"n": "Phospholipid", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/phospholipid/", "s": "Amphiphilic lipids essential for cell membrane structure and brain function."}, {"n": "Photoreceptor cell", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/photoreceptor-cell/", "s": "Specialized retinal cells that convert light into biological signals."}, {"n": "Progesterone", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/progesterone/", "s": "Endogenous steroid hormone essential for reproduction and pregnancy."}, {"n": "Progestogen", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/progestogen/", "s": "Steroid hormones essential for pregnancy and reproductive regulation."}, {"n": "Proline", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/proline/", "s": "Proteinogenic amino acid with a unique cyclic structure."}, {"n": "Protein (nutrient)", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/protein-nutrient/", "s": "Essential nutrient providing amino acids for body structure and function."}, {"n": "Protein biosynthesis", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/protein-biosynthesis/", "s": "Core biological process producing proteins from DNA instructions."}, {"n": "Protein structure", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/protein-structure/", "s": "Three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in amino acid chains."}, {"n": "Lutein", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/lutein/", "s": "A carotenoid synthesized by plants, algae, and microorganisms, selectively deposited in the human retina."}, {"n": "Maltose", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/maltose/", "s": "A disaccharide sugar formed from two glucose units."}, {"n": "Melatonin", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/melatonin/", "s": "Hormone regulating sleep-wake cycles and acting as an antioxidant."}, {"n": "Oxytocin", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/oxytocin/", "s": "Hormone involved in childbirth, bonding, and social behavior."}, {"n": "Pectin", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/pectin/", "s": "Plant cell wall polymer used as a gelling agent in foods."}, {"n": "Polysaccharide", "u": "/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/polysaccharide/", "s": "Polysaccharides are abundant carbohydrates serving storage and structural roles."}]