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Lipoprotein

Lipoproteins transport fats and cholesterol in blood plasma.

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Lipoprotein

High-density lipoproteins.svg : Rfch derivative work: Miguelferig · CC0

Lipoproteins are complex particles with a hydrophobic core of non-polar lipids surrounded by a hydrophilic membrane.[1] Based on size, lipid composition, and apolipoprotein content, plasma lipoprotein particles are sorted into five primary groups.[2] From smallest to largest, the five classes are HDL, LDL, IDL, VLDL, and chylomicrons.[2]

Quick Facts

Field
Biochemistry, Lipid Transport

Facts from the source article.

Key facts and history

Some transmembrane proteolipids in bacteria are also called lipoproteins but are unrelated to these plasma particles.[3] Plasma lipoproteins may carry oxygen gas due to the crystalline hydrophobic structure of lipids.[4] Five principal categories of plasma lipoproteins exist: HDL, LDL, IDL, VLDL, and chylomicrons, distinguished by their size, lipid makeup, and apolipoprotein composition.[1] An increased proportion of fat relative to protein makes lipoproteins both larger and less dense.[5]

Newly made triglycerides are moved from the liver to adipose tissue by very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL).[5] Between 3,000 and 6,000 fat molecules are transported throughout the body by low-density lipoproteins (LDL).[5] Glycerol and fatty acids are freed by hepatic lipase hydrolysis, which yields IDL remnants that become low-density lipoproteins (LDL).[6] Atherosclerosis is primarily driven or modulated by subgroups of these plasma particles.[2]

What the research sources say

The same source notes that HDL has the ability to bind LPS and lipoteichoic acid, creating complexes to neutralize harmful effects.[7][8] Under abnormal conditions such as sepsis, HDL components become altered, leading to decreased HDL cholesterol and increased Serum amyloid A.[9][8] This altered acute-phase HDL can lose its ability to inhibit LDL oxidation and is associated with increased mortality in sepsis patients.[9][8]

References

  1. Wikipedia, "Lipoprotein" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Feingold, "Introduction to Lipids and Lipoproteins", Endotext, 2000 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  2. Wikipedia, "Lipoprotein" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "Blood lipids and human atherosclerosis", Circulation, August 1950, p. 161–78 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  3. Wikipedia, "Lipoprotein" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "Microbial Proteolipids and Lipopeptides - glycopeptidolipids, surfactin, iturnins, polymyxins, daptomycin", The LipidWeb (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  4. Wikipedia, "Lipoprotein" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Petyaev, "Plasma oxygen during cardiopulmonary bypass: a comparison of blood oxygen levels with oxygen present in plasma lipid", Clinical Science, 1998, p. 35–41; Bacić, "Electron spin resonance imaging of tissues with lipid-rich areas", Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, October 1988, p. 209–219 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  5. Wikipedia, "Lipoprotein" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "Vantera Clinical Analyzer - MDEA 2013 Finalist", YouTube.com, 26 March 2013 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  6. Wikipedia, "Lipoprotein" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "Three-dimensional cryoEM reconstruction of native LDL particles to 16Å resolution at physiological body temperature", PLOS ONE, May 2011 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  7. Wikipedia, "Lipoprotein" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "High Density Lipoproteins", Springer, 2015, p. 483–508; "High Density Lipoproteins", Springer, 2015, p. 483–508 (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  8. Open Library record, ISBN 9783319096643 ("High Density Lipoproteins"). CC0 (metadata); book content not read. openlibrary.org
  9. Wikipedia, "Lipoprotein" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "High Density Lipoproteins", Springer, 2015, p. 483–508; "Emerging role of high density lipoproteins as a player in the immune system", Atherosclerosis, January 2012, p. 11–21; "High Density Lipoproteins", Springer, 2015, p. 483–508; "Emerging role of high density lipoproteins as a player in the immune system", Atherosclerosis, January 2012, p. 11–21; "The dual nature of HDL: Anti-Inflammatory and pro-Inflammatory", BioFactors, May 2015, p. 153–9; "High Density Lipoproteins", Springer, 2015, p. 483–508 (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org

Each numbered sentence above was checked against the source it cites before publication. Sentences citing Wikipedia adapt text from the English Wikipedia article Lipoprotein (contributors), used under CC BY-SA 4.0; this entry is available under the same licence. Other sources were used for facts only; no text or images are copied from them.

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Sources

Compiled from Wikipedia and the sources listed below. Text from Wikipedia is available under CC BY-SA 4.0; this entry is adapted from it.

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