{"https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/france/": {"t": "France", "s": "A global centre of art, science, cuisine and philosophy."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/e/revolutions-and-uprisings/french-revolution/": {"t": "French Revolution", "s": "The 1789–1799 upheaval that toppled the French monarchy and shaped liberal democracy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/img/revolutions-and-uprisings/french-revolution.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: French Revolution · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/mothers-of-emperors/e/mothers-of-emperors/hortense-de-beauharnais/": {"t": "Hortense de Beauharnais", "s": "Queen of Holland and mother of Emperor Napoleon III."}, "https://codexery.com/european-folklore/e/european-folklore/devil-s-bridge/": {"t": "Devil's Bridge", "s": "Ancient bridges linked to Devil-related myths across Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/monarchs-and-nobility/e/monarchs-and-nobility/louis-xviii/": {"t": "Louis XVIII", "s": "The constitutional monarch who restored the Bourbon dynasty after Napoleon."}, "/e/castles-in-france/ch-telet-du-cr-doz/": {"t": "Châtelet du Crédoz", "s": "A 13th-century fortress and castellany seat in Haute-Savoie."}, "https://codexery.com/castle-architecture/e/castle-architecture/drawbridge/": {"t": "Drawbridge", "s": "A defensive bridge raised to deny entry to attackers."}, "https://codexery.com/olympic-alpine-skiing-venues/e/olympic-alpine-skiing-venues/chamrousse/": {"t": "Chamrousse", "s": "1968 Winter Olympics alpine skiing venue in southeastern France."}, "/e/castles-in-france/ch-teau-de-faucigny/": {"t": "Château de Faucigny", "s": "Ruined 11th-century castle, original seat of the lords of Faucigny."}, "https://codexery.com/castles-by-type/e/castles-by-type/motte-and-bailey-castle/": {"t": "Motte-and-bailey castle", "s": "A medieval fortification of mound and courtyard, built with unskilled labour."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/louis-the-pious/": {"t": "Louis the Pious", "s": "The only surviving son of Charlemagne who ruled the Franks and faced civil war among his sons."}, "/e/castles-in-france/ch-teau-de-ch-tillon-sur-cluses/": {"t": "Château de Châtillon-sur-Cluses", "s": "Ruins of a 12th-century castle in Haute-Savoie."}, "https://codexery.com/rocks-and-minerals/e/rocks-and-minerals/dolomite-rock/": {"t": "Dolomite (rock)", "s": "A sedimentary carbonate rock rich in the mineral dolomite."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/manorialism/": {"t": "Manorialism", "s": "Medieval land tenure system centred on manor and serf labour."}, "/e/castles-in-france/ch-teau-de-monthoux/": {"t": "Château de Monthoux", "s": "Mid-13th-century castle overlooking the Arve Valley."}, "https://codexery.com/construction-materials/e/construction-and-materials/defensive-wall/": {"t": "Defensive wall", "s": "Fortifications enclosing settlements from ancient to modern times."}, "https://codexery.com/castle-architecture/e/castle-architecture/buttress/": {"t": "Buttress", "s": "Architectural structure built against or projecting from a wall.", "i": "https://codexery.com/castle-architecture/img/castle-architecture/buttress.webp", "c": "Acroterion · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/castle-architecture/e/castle-architecture/bergfried/": {"t": "Bergfried", "s": "A free-standing fighting tower not designed for permanent habitation.", "i": "https://codexery.com/castle-architecture/img/castle-architecture/bergfried.webp", "c": "Stefan Oemisch · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/duchies-and-electorates-of-the-holy-roma/e/duchies-and-electorates-of-the-holy-roman-empire/duchy-of-savoy/": {"t": "Duchy of Savoy", "s": "A composite monarchy of the Holy Roman Empire, from 1416 to 1847."}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/e/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/neoclassical-architecture/": {"t": "Neoclassical architecture", "s": "A return to pure classical forms adapted to modern purposes."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/louis-xvi/": {"t": "Louis XVI", "s": "Last king of France before the fall of the monarchy."}, "https://codexery.com/overseas-empires/e/overseas-empires/sovereign-military-order-of-malta/": {"t": "Sovereign Military Order of Malta", "s": "Sovereign Catholic order with global humanitarian mission."}, "https://codexery.com/olympic-equestrian-venues/e/olympic-equestrian-venues/palace-of-versailles/": {"t": "Palace of Versailles", "s": "Former royal residence and UNESCO World Heritage site near Paris."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/louis-xv/": {"t": "Louis XV", "s": "King of France from 1 September 1715 until his death in 1774; second longest reign in French history."}, "https://codexery.com/construction-materials/e/construction-and-materials/concrete/": {"t": "Concrete", "s": "Second-most-used substance after water; most-manufactured material worldwide."}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/e/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/french-renaissance-architecture/": {"t": "French Renaissance architecture", "s": "Italian style adapted by French kings and architects after the Hundred Years' War."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/toulouse/": {"t": "Toulouse", "s": "The Pink City"}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-france/e/world-heritage-sites-in-france/albi/": {"t": "Albi", "s": "Commune in southern France, prefecture of Tarn, UNESCO World Heritage site."}, "https://codexery.com/french-regions/e/french-regions/languedoc/": {"t": "Languedoc", "s": "Former province of France, with no single capital and a complex history of integration."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/middle-ages/": {"t": "Middle Ages", "s": "The middle epoch between classical antiquity and the modern period.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/img/historical-eras/middle-ages.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Middle Ages · see source"}, "/e/castles-in-france/ch-teau-de-boringe/": {"t": "Château de Boringe", "s": "Ruined 13th-century castle on the Arve in Reignier-Ésery."}, "https://codexery.com/castle-architecture/e/castle-architecture/curtain-wall-fortification/": {"t": "Curtain wall (fortification)", "s": "Defensive wall between fortified towers or bastions."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/elizabeth-i/": {"t": "Elizabeth I", "s": "The Virgin Queen who presided over the Elizabethan era."}, "https://codexery.com/sons-of-emperors/e/sons-of-emperors/albert-vii-of-austria/": {"t": "Albert VII of Austria", "s": "Archduke of Austria and co-sovereign of the Habsburg Netherlands."}, "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/e/other-european-regions/flanders/": {"t": "Flanders", "s": "Dutch-speaking northern region of Belgium with rich medieval history.", "i": "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/img/other-european-regions/flanders.webp", "c": "Tom Lemmens · via Wikipedia: Flanders · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/monarchs-and-nobility/e/monarchs-and-nobility/louis-xiii/": {"t": "Louis XIII", "s": "King of France and Navarre, known for ending noble revolts and establishing the Académie française with Cardinal Richelieu."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/louis-xiv/": {"t": "Louis XIV", "s": "The Sun King who defined absolute monarchy and led France to European dominance."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/english-channel/": {"t": "English Channel", "s": "The busiest shipping area in the world, separating Southern England from northern France."}, "https://codexery.com/polish-inventors/e/polish-inventors/bruno-abakanowicz/": {"t": "Bruno Abakanowicz", "s": "Polish mathematician and inventor of the integraph."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/second-world-war/": {"t": "Second World War", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Axis, deadliest in history."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/s-bastien-le-prestre-marquis-of-vauban/": {"t": "Sébastien Le Prestre, Marquis of Vauban", "s": "The engineer who shaped France's borders and pioneered modern economics.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/s-bastien-le-prestre-marquis-of-vauban.webp", "c": "Studio of Hyacinthe Rigaud · via Wikipedia: Sébastien Le Prestre, Marquis of Vauban · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/roman-empire/": {"t": "Roman Empire", "s": "Medieval and early modern empire claiming direct Roman succession, dissolved in 1806."}, "https://codexery.com/castle-architecture/e/castle-architecture/fortified-tower/": {"t": "Fortified tower", "s": "Defensive tower used in castles and fortifications."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-france/e/world-heritage-sites-in-france/aulnay-charente-maritime/": {"t": "Aulnay, Charente-Maritime", "s": "Commune on the Via Turonensis with a UNESCO-listed Romanesque church."}, "https://codexery.com/french-regions/e/french-regions/aquitaine/": {"t": "Aquitaine", "s": "Historical region of southwestern France, former kingdom and duchy."}, "https://codexery.com/narrative-techniques-genres/e/narrative-techniques-and-genres/allegory/": {"t": "Allegory", "s": "A narrative device using symbolism for moral or political meaning."}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-elements/e/architectural-styles-and-elements/romanesque-architecture/": {"t": "Romanesque architecture", "s": "First pan-European architectural style since Imperial Roman architecture.", "i": "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-elements/img/architectural-styles-and-elements/romanesque-architecture.webp", "c": "Txllxt TxllxT · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/castle-architecture/e/castle-architecture/battlement/": {"t": "Battlement", "s": "A parapet with gaps for defense and a symbol of status.", "i": "https://codexery.com/castle-architecture/img/castle-architecture/battlement.webp", "c": "Werner Richner · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/castles/e/castles/the-tower-of-london/": {"t": "The Tower of London", "s": "A historic citadel and castle on the north bank of the River Thames, founded in 1066."}, "https://codexery.com/construction-and-engineering/e/construction-and-engineering/stairs/": {"t": "Stairs", "s": "Ancient structure for vertical passage via steps.", "i": "https://codexery.com/construction-and-engineering/img/construction-and-engineering/stairs.webp", "c": "Petar Milošević · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/aphrodite/e/aphrodite/venus-mythology/": {"t": "Venus (mythology)", "s": "Roman goddess of love, beauty, desire, and ancestral mother of Rome."}, "https://codexery.com/architects/e/architects/andr-le-n-tre/": {"t": "André Le Nôtre", "s": "French landscape architect who designed the gardens of Versailles.", "i": "https://codexery.com/architects/img/architects/andr-le-n-tre.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: André Le Nôtre · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/french-colonization-of-the-americas/e/french-colonization-of-the-americas/new-france/": {"t": "New France", "s": "French colonial territory in mainland North America, 1534–1763.", "i": "https://codexery.com/french-colonization-of-the-americas/img/french-colonization-of-the-americas/new-france.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: New France · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-elements/e/architectural-styles-and-elements/renaissance-architecture/": {"t": "Renaissance architecture", "s": "Revival of classical Greek and Roman architectural principles.", "i": "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-elements/img/architectural-styles-and-elements/renaissance-architecture.webp", "c": "Txllxt TxllxT · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/culture-of-ancient-rome/e/culture-of-ancient-rome/gallo-roman-culture/": {"t": "Gallo-Roman culture", "s": "The fusion of Roman and Gaulish cultures under imperial rule."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/hundred-years-war/": {"t": "Hundred Years' War", "s": "The Hundred Years' War was not a single continuous battle but a long, stop-start series of conflicts between England and France, lasting from 1337 to 1453."}, "https://codexery.com/european-medieval-monarchs/e/european-medieval-monarchs/charles-vii-of-france/": {"t": "Charles VII of France", "s": "King of France who ended the Hundred Years' War."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/french-wars-of-religion/": {"t": "French Wars of Religion", "s": "The French Wars of Religion were a series of civil wars fought between French Catholics and Protestant Huguenots from 1562 to 1598."}, "https://codexery.com/spanish-inventions/e/spanish-inventions/rib-vault/": {"t": "Rib vault", "s": "Arched ribs support thin panels, enabling lighter, taller structures."}, "https://codexery.com/french-regions/e/french-regions/centre-val-de-loire/": {"t": "Centre-Val de Loire", "s": "An inland French region straddling the middle Loire Valley in north-central France."}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-elements/e/architectural-styles-and-elements/renaissance-revival-architecture/": {"t": "Renaissance Revival architecture", "s": "A 19th-century revival stitching Italian, French, and Flemish Renaissance forms into one working language.", "i": "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-elements/img/architectural-styles-and-elements/renaissance-revival-architecture.webp", "c": "Bmzuckerman · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/castle-architecture/e/castle-architecture/castle-chapel/": {"t": "Castle chapel", "s": "Chapels built within castles for religious and symbolic purposes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/castle-architecture/img/castle-architecture/castle-chapel.webp", "c": "DimiTalen · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/lazarus-of-bethany/e/lazarus-of-bethany/autun-cathedral/": {"t": "Autun Cathedral", "s": "Romanesque cathedral famed for Gislebertus's sculptures and Cluniac design."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/protestantism/": {"t": "Protestantism", "s": "Christian movement originating in the 16th-century Protestant Reformation."}, "https://codexery.com/music-genres-styles/e/music-genres-and-styles/baroque/": {"t": "Baroque", "s": "A Western artistic style flourishing from the early 1600s to 1750s."}, "https://codexery.com/castor-and-pollux/e/castor-and-pollux/leda-and-the-swan/": {"t": "Leda and the Swan", "s": "Myth of Zeus as a swan raping Leda."}, "https://codexery.com/greek-myths/e/greek-myths/zeus/": {"t": "Zeus", "s": "King of the gods, sky and thunder deity."}, "https://codexery.com/trees-shrubs/e/trees-and-shrubs/hornbeam/": {"t": "Hornbeam", "s": "Hardwood trees known for tough timber and distinctive fluted trunks."}, "https://codexery.com/agriculture-food/e/agriculture-and-food/barn/": {"t": "Barn", "s": "An agricultural building for livestock, storage, and farm work."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/e/geology-and-earth-surface/slate/": {"t": "Slate", "s": "Fine-grained metamorphic rock with slaty cleavage, used for roofing and writing."}, "https://codexery.com/entering-heaven-alive/e/entering-heaven-alive/assumption-of-mary/": {"t": "Assumption of Mary", "s": "Catholic dogma of Mary's bodily assumption into heaven."}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/e/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/gothic-revival-architecture/": {"t": "Gothic Revival architecture", "s": "A movement reviving medieval Gothic architecture in the 19th century."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-practices-and-symbols/e/religious-practices-and-symbols/altar/": {"t": "Altar", "s": "A table or platform for religious offerings, sacrifices, or ritualistic purposes, found in many faiths worldwide.", "i": "https://codexery.com/religious-practices-and-symbols/img/religious-practices-and-symbols/altar.webp", "c": "Dietmar Rabich · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/visual-arts-and-crafts/e/visual-arts-and-crafts/stained-glass/": {"t": "Stained glass", "s": "Coloured glass used in windows and decorative art."}}