[{"n": "Laminariales", "u": "/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/kelp/", "s": "Large brown algae forming dense underwater forests."}, {"n": "Chorda filum", "u": "/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/chorda-filum/", "s": "A brown alga with rope-like fronds, notable for a 2025 cultivation breakthrough."}, {"n": "Bifurcaria galapagensis", "u": "/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/bifurcaria-galapagensis/", "s": "Endemic Galapagos brown algae, possibly extinct since 1983."}, {"n": "Cystophora (alga)", "u": "/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/cystophora-alga/", "s": "Brown algae genus with zigzag branches, dominant in southern Australia."}, {"n": "Durvillaea", "u": "/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/durvillaea/", "s": "Southern bull kelp that raft vast distances, shaping ecosystems."}, {"n": "Durvillaea antarctica", "u": "/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/durvillaea-antarctica/", "s": "A robust bull kelp that floats via honeycomb blades."}, {"n": "Durvillaea poha", "u": "/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/durvillaea-poha/", "s": "A robust southern bull kelp with broad, honeycomb blades."}, {"n": "Durvillaea willana", "u": "/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/durvillaea-willana/", "s": "A non-buoyant, chocolate-brown bull kelp endemic to New Zealand."}, {"n": "Gongolaria baccata", "u": "/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/gongolaria-baccata/", "s": "A brown seaweed with berry-like air bladders, found in Atlantic and Mediterranean waters."}, {"n": "Sargassum fusiforme", "u": "/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/hijiki/", "s": "A brown seaweed from East Asia with culinary and health significance."}, {"n": "Himanthalia elongata", "u": "/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/himanthalia-elongata/", "s": "A brown alga, the sole species in its genus and family."}, {"n": "Hormosira", "u": "/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/hormosira/", "s": "Monotypic brown alga with buoyant beads, native to Australia and New Zealand."}, {"n": "Notheia anomala", "u": "/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/notheia-anomala/", "s": "Obligate epiphyte of Hormosira banksii, native to Australasia."}, {"n": "Phyllospora comosa", "u": "/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/phyllospora-comosa/", "s": "Crayweed forms temperate seaweed forests vital for marine habitat and carbon capture."}, {"n": "Sargassum", "u": "/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/sargassum/", "s": "Brown macroalgae forming vast drifting mats in tropical oceans."}, {"n": "Sargassum aquifolium", "u": "/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/sargassum-aquifolium/", "s": "Endemic Hawaiian brown alga, used in food and sacred ceremonies."}, {"n": "Sargassum horneri", "u": "/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/sargassum-horneri/", "s": "Brown macroalgae native to Japan and Korea, invasive in the Pacific."}, {"n": "Sargassum johnsonii", "u": "/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/sargassum-johnsonii/", "s": "Endemic brown seaweed of the Three Kings Islands."}, {"n": "Sargassum muticum", "u": "/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/sargassum-muticum/", "s": "A large brown seaweed invasive in some non-native regions."}, {"n": "Turbinaria (alga)", "u": "/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/turbinaria-alga/", "s": "A brown algal genus with high thermal tolerance and alginate value."}, {"n": "Turbinaria ornata", "u": "/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/turbinaria-ornata/", "s": "A tropical brown alga that can rapidly colonize coral reefs."}, {"n": "Wrack (seaweed)", "u": "/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/wrack-seaweed/", "s": "Wrack refers to seaweeds and seagrasses cast up on shore."}, {"n": "Alaria marginata", "u": "/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/alaria-marginata/", "s": "A dominant intertidal kelp with chemical defenses and seasonal spore release."}, {"n": "Desmarestia", "u": "/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/desmarestia/", "s": "Brown algae genus that stores sulfuric acid in vacuoles."}, {"n": "Dictyota sandvicensis", "u": "/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/dictyota-sandvicensis/", "s": "A brown seaweed endemic to the Hawaiian Islands."}, {"n": "Ectocarpales", "u": "/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/ectocarpales/", "s": "A large brown algal order with diverse tissue organization."}, {"n": "Fucophycidae", "u": "/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/fucophycidae/", "s": "Subclass of brown algae with complex, evolved orders."}, {"n": "Fucus ceranoides", "u": "/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/fucus-ceranoides/", "s": "Brown algae restricted to estuarine intertidal habitats with fluctuating salinities."}, {"n": "Leathesia marina", "u": "/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/leathesia-marina/", "s": "A brown alga that breaks into filaments when squeezed."}, {"n": "Alaria (alga)", "u": "/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/alaria-alga/", "s": "A brown kelp genus eaten worldwide and sensitive to ocean temperature."}, {"n": "Kjellmaniella", "u": "/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/kjellmaniella/", "s": "A monotypic kelp genus noted for its fucoidan profile."}, {"n": "Laminaria", "u": "/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/laminaria/", "s": "A genus of brown kelp with economic and ecological importance."}, {"n": "Lessonia (alga)", "u": "/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/lessonia-alga/", "s": "A southern-hemisphere kelp genus with economic and ecological importance."}, {"n": "Macrocystis", "u": "/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/macrocystis/", "s": "The largest brown alga, forming vast kelp forests in cool oceans."}, {"n": "Nereocystis", "u": "/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/nereocystis/", "s": "A monotypic kelp forming subtidal beds and important in kelp forests."}, {"n": "Postelsia", "u": "/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/postelsia/", "s": "A kelp that lives out of water, neither plant nor animal."}, {"n": "Pterygophora californica", "u": "/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/pterygophora/", "s": "A dominant understory kelp with a woody stipe and annual rings."}, {"n": "Saccharina", "u": "/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/saccharina/", "s": "A genus of 24 brown algae species in northern oceans."}, {"n": "Alaria esculenta", "u": "/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/alaria-esculenta/", "s": "Edible winged kelp of the far north Atlantic coasts."}, {"n": "Pleurophycus gardneri", "u": "/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/pleurophycus-gardneri/", "s": "A deciduous kelp overlooked beneath giant kelp forests."}, {"n": "Wakame", "u": "/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/undaria-pinnatifida/", "s": "A kelp native to East Asia, now a globally invasive species."}, {"n": "Aquaculture of giant kelp", "u": "/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/aquaculture-of-giant-kelp/", "s": "Cultivation of giant kelp for food, supplements, and potash."}, {"n": "Kombu", "u": "/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/kombu/", "s": "Edible kelp used for dashi, source of umami, and rich in iodine."}, {"n": "Laminaria abyssalis", "u": "/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/laminaria-abyssalis/", "s": "A Brazilian brown kelp tied to rhodolith beds."}, {"n": "Laminaria agardhii", "u": "/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/laminaria-agardhii/", "s": "A brown kelp with finger-like blades and a strong holdfast."}, {"n": "Laminaria digitata", "u": "/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/laminaria-digitata/", "s": "A large brown alga with a hand-shaped blade, common in the North Atlantic."}, {"n": "Laminaria hyperborea", "u": "/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/laminaria-hyperborea/", "s": "A dominant northeast Atlantic kelp forming dense forests and rich habitats."}, {"n": "Laminaria nigripes", "u": "/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/laminaria-nigripes/", "s": "A kelp species with disputed taxonomy and climate vulnerability."}, {"n": "Laminaria ochroleuca", "u": "/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/laminaria-ochroleuca/", "s": "Golden kelp, a large brown alga with antimicrobial and antioxidant qualities."}, {"n": "Laminaria sinclairii", "u": "/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/laminaria-sinclairii/", "s": "A perennial kelp that survives seasonal sand burial in the intertidal zone."}, {"n": "Saccharina dentigera", "u": "/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/saccharina-dentigera/", "s": "A dominant brown kelp of the northeastern Pacific shallow subtidal zone."}, {"n": "Saccharina japonica", "u": "/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/saccharina-japonica/", "s": "A cultivated brown kelp widely eaten in East Asia."}, {"n": "Saccharina latissima", "u": "/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/saccharina-latissima/", "s": "A brown kelp used as kombu and a key coastal habitat."}, {"n": "Eisenia bicyclis", "u": "/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/arame/", "s": "A kelp species used in Japanese cuisine, known for mild flavor."}, {"n": "Ascophyllum", "u": "/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/ascophyllum/", "s": "A single-species genus of dominant intertidal brown algae."}, {"n": "Fucus", "u": "/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/fucus/", "s": "Brown algae genus dominant on rocky shores worldwide."}, {"n": "Pelvetia", "u": "/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/pelvetia/", "s": "Monotypic genus of upper shore brown algae, named after French naturalist Pelvet."}, {"n": "Fucus gardneri", "u": "/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/fucus-gardneri/", "s": "A brown alga of Pacific North American shores."}, {"n": "Fucus radicans", "u": "/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/fucus-radicans/", "s": "A recently evolved brown alga endemic to the Baltic Sea."}, {"n": "Fucus serratus", "u": "/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/fucus-serratus/", "s": "A robust olive-brown seaweed with serrated fronds and no air vesicles."}, {"n": "Fucus spiralis", "u": "/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/fucus-spiralis/", "s": "A brown alga of Atlantic shores, also called spiral wrack."}, {"n": "Fucus vesiculosus", "u": "/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/fucus-vesiculosus/", "s": "Brown alga that was the original source of iodine."}, {"n": "Silvetia compressa", "u": "/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/silvetia-compressa/", "s": "A foundational brown alga of the California intertidal zone."}, {"n": "Lessonia corrugata", "u": "/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/lessonia-corrugata/", "s": "A poorly studied Tasmanian kelp vulnerable to ocean warming."}, {"n": "Lessonia trabeculata", "u": "/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/lessonia-trabeculata/", "s": "Subtidal kelp of Peru and Chile, important for alginate."}, {"n": "Ecklonia cava", "u": "/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/ecklonia-cava/", "s": "Edible brown alga used in herbal extracts and traditional cuisine."}]