{"/e/black-holes/supermassive-black-hole/": {"t": "Supermassive black hole", "s": "Supermassive black holes anchor the centers of most large galaxies.", "i": "https://codexery.com/black-holes/img/black-holes/supermassive-black-hole.webp", "c": "Event Horizon Telescope · via Wikipedia: Supermassive black hole · CC BY 4.0"}, "/e/black-holes/gravitational-wave/": {"t": "Gravitational wave", "s": "Ripples in spacetime carrying energy at light speed."}, "/e/black-holes/black-hole/": {"t": "Black hole", "s": "An astronomical body from which nothing, not even light, can escape.", "i": "https://codexery.com/black-holes/img/black-holes/black-hole.webp", "c": "Event Horizon Telescope, uploader cropped and converted TIF to JPG · via Wikipedia: Black hole · CC BY 4.0"}, "/e/black-holes/stellar-black-hole/": {"t": "Stellar black hole", "s": "Black hole formed by gravitational collapse of a star.", "i": "https://codexery.com/black-holes/img/black-holes/stellar-black-hole.webp", "c": "ESO/L. Calçada/M.Kornmesser · via Wikipedia: Stellar black hole · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/binary-and-multiple-stars/e/part-1/astrometric-binary/": {"t": "astrometric-binary", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/part-1/electromagnetic-radiation/": {"t": "electromagnetic-radiation", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/part-1/light-year/": {"t": "light-year", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/part-1/observable-universe/": {"t": "observable-universe", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/cosmology-concepts/e/part-1/age-of-the-universe/": {"t": "age-of-the-universe", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/cosmic-mysteries/e/part-1/dark-matter/": {"t": "dark-matter", "s": ""}, "/e/black-holes/extreme-mass-ratio-inspiral/": {"t": "Extreme mass ratio inspiral", "s": "A compact object spiraling into a supermassive black hole.", "i": "https://codexery.com/black-holes/img/black-holes/extreme-mass-ratio-inspiral.webp", "c": "NASA · via Wikipedia: Extreme mass ratio inspiral · Public domain"}, "/e/black-holes/kerr-metric/": {"t": "Kerr metric", "s": "Exact solution for rotating uncharged black holes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/black-holes/img/black-holes/kerr-metric.webp", "c": "Yukterez (Simon Tyran, Vienna) · via Wikipedia: Kerr metric · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/black-holes/boyer-lindquist-coordinates/": {"t": "Boyer–Lindquist coordinates", "s": "Coordinates generalizing Schwarzschild metric for Kerr black holes."}, "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-spacetime/e/part-1/retarded-time/": {"t": "Retarded time", "s": "Emission time accounting for light's finite speed."}, "/e/black-holes/event-horizon/": {"t": "Event horizon", "s": "A spacetime boundary from which no signal can escape.", "i": "https://codexery.com/black-holes/img/black-holes/event-horizon.webp", "c": "Sandstorm de · via Wikipedia: Event horizon · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/black-holes/black-hole-greybody-factors/": {"t": "Hawking radiation", "s": "Theoretical radiation emitted by black holes due to quantum effects."}, "/e/black-holes/black-hole-thermodynamics/": {"t": "Black hole thermodynamics", "s": "A model linking black holes to thermodynamics via entropy and temperature."}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/part-1/supersymmetry/": {"t": "Supersymmetry", "s": "A theoretical symmetry between bosons and fermions, unconfirmed by experiment."}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/part-1/string-theory/": {"t": "String theory", "s": "Theoretical framework replacing point particles with vibrating strings."}, "/e/black-holes/accretion-disk/": {"t": "Accretion disk", "s": "Accretion disks are ubiquitous structures of orbiting material around massive bodies."}, "https://codexery.com/spiral-galaxies-part-2/e/part-1/milky-way/": {"t": "milky-way", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/spiral-galaxies/e/part-1/spiral-galaxy/": {"t": "spiral-galaxy", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/elliptical-and-irregular-galaxies-part-5/e/part-1/ngc-4395/": {"t": "ngc-4395", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/e/part-1/star-formation/": {"t": "Star formation", "s": "Process by which dense molecular cloud regions collapse into stars."}, "https://codexery.com/star-clusters/e/part-1/gcirs-13e/": {"t": "GCIRS 13E", "s": "A small cluster near the Galactic Center, possibly hosting an intermediate-mass black hole."}, "https://codexery.com/cosmic-mysteries/e/part-1/sagittarius-a/": {"t": "sagittarius-a", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/e/part-1/red-giant/": {"t": "Red giant", "s": "A late-phase, luminous giant star with an inflated atmosphere."}, "https://codexery.com/globular-clusters/e/part-1/globular-cluster/": {"t": "globular-cluster", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/globular-clusters/e/part-1/47-tucanae/": {"t": "47-tucanae", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/globular-clusters/e/part-1/messier-4/": {"t": "messier-4", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/part-1/omega-centauri/": {"t": "omega-centauri", "s": ""}, "/e/black-holes/gravitational-collapse/": {"t": "Gravitational collapse", "s": "Gravitational collapse shapes stars, remnants, and black holes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/black-holes/img/black-holes/gravitational-collapse.webp", "c": "Illustration by R.J. Hall. Redrawn in Inkscape by Magasjukur2 · via Wikipedia: Gravitational collapse · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/star-clusters/e/part-1/star-cluster/": {"t": "Star cluster", "s": "Groups of stars bound by gravity, formed at similar times."}, "/e/black-holes/primordial-black-hole/": {"t": "Primordial black hole", "s": "Hypothetical black holes formed moments after the Big Bang."}, "/e/black-holes/schwarzschild-radius/": {"t": "Schwarzschild radius", "s": "Radius defining the event horizon of a non-rotating black hole."}, "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-gravitation/e/part-1/gravitational-singularity/": {"t": "Gravitational singularity", "s": "A point where spacetime breaks down catastrophically.", "i": "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-gravitation/img/part-1/gravitational-singularity.webp", "c": "Yukterez (Simon Tyran, Vienna) . Source material for the Milky way background (a · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/e/part-1/seismology/": {"t": "seismology", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry/e/part-1/electronvolt/": {"t": "electronvolt", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/part-1/large-hadron-collider/": {"t": "Large Hadron Collider", "s": "World's largest and highest-energy particle accelerator."}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/part-1/proton/": {"t": "Proton", "s": "Proton: stable subatomic particle, building block of atomic nuclei."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/part-1/lead/": {"t": "lead", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-spacetime/e/part-1/spacetime/": {"t": "Spacetime", "s": "A four-dimensional continuum fusing space and time."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy/e/part-1/cosmic-ray/": {"t": "cosmic-ray", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/cosmic-mysteries/e/part-1/neutron-stars/": {"t": "neutron-stars", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/european-scientific-pioneers/e/part-1/stephen-hawking/": {"t": "stephen-hawking", "s": ""}, "/e/black-holes/astrophysical-jet/": {"t": "Astrophysical jet", "s": "Bipolar streams of ionised matter expelled at high velocity."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/part-1/friction/": {"t": "friction", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/e/part-1/protostar/": {"t": "Protostar", "s": "Earliest phase of stellar evolution, gathering mass from a molecular cloud."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/part-1/electromagnetic-spectrum/": {"t": "electromagnetic-spectrum", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/stars-and-stellar-objects/e/part-1/active-galactic-nucleus/": {"t": "Active galactic nucleus", "s": "Compact region at a galaxy's center emitting non-stellar radiation, powered by accretion onto a supermassive black hole."}, "https://codexery.com/cosmic-mysteries/e/part-1/gamma-ray-bursts/": {"t": "gamma-ray-bursts", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/part-1/luminosity/": {"t": "luminosity", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/part-1/nuclear-fusion/": {"t": "Nuclear fusion", "s": "Nuclear fusion combines nuclei, releasing energy that powers stars and weapons."}, "https://codexery.com/binary-and-multiple-stars/e/part-1/roche-lobe/": {"t": "roche-lobe", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/stars-and-stellar-phenomena/e/part-1/herbig-ae-be-star/": {"t": "Herbig Ae/Be star", "s": "Pre-main-sequence stars of spectral types A or B, still embedded in gas and dust."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/e/part-1/planetary-system/": {"t": "Planetary system", "s": "A star's family of orbiting worlds and debris."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/part-1/molecular-cloud/": {"t": "molecular-cloud", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/mechanics-and-fluid-dynamics/e/part-1/laminar-flow/": {"t": "laminar-flow", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/e/part-1/fluid-dynamics/": {"t": "fluid-dynamics", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/part-1/viscosity/": {"t": "viscosity", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/classical-and-continuum-mechanics/e/part-1/turbulence/": {"t": "turbulence", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/mechanics-and-fluid-dynamics/e/part-1/hydrostatic-equilibrium/": {"t": "hydrostatic-equilibrium", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/geometry-and-topology/e/part-1/torus/": {"t": "torus", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/part-1/interstellar-medium/": {"t": "interstellar-medium", "s": ""}, "/e/black-holes/ads-black-hole/": {"t": "AdS black hole", "s": "Black hole solution with negative cosmological constant, asymptotic to anti-de Sitter space."}, "/e/black-holes/black-brane/": {"t": "Black brane", "s": "Extended, translationally symmetric solution of Einstein field equations."}, "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-gravitation/e/part-1/einstein-field-equations/": {"t": "Einstein field equations", "s": "Tensor equations linking spacetime geometry to matter-energy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-gravitation/img/part-1/einstein-field-equations.webp", "c": "Hendrik Lorentz · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy/e/part-1/cosmological-constant/": {"t": "cosmological-constant", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-spacetime/e/part-1/minkowski-spacetime/": {"t": "Minkowski spacetime", "s": "Four-dimensional model unifying space and time in special relativity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-spacetime/img/part-1/minkowski-spacetime.webp", "c": "Simon Tyran, Vienna (Yukterez) · CC BY 4.0"}, "/e/black-holes/bkl-singularity/": {"t": "BKL singularity", "s": "An anisotropic, chaotic model of the universe near the singularity."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations-part-2/e/part-1/virgo-constellation/": {"t": "virgo-constellation", "s": ""}, "/e/black-holes/blandford-znajek-process/": {"t": "Blandford–Znajek process", "s": "Mechanism for extracting energy from rotating black holes."}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/part-1/ionization/": {"t": "Ionization", "s": "Process by which atoms or molecules gain or lose electrons to become ions."}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-color/e/part-1/speed-of-light/": {"t": "Speed of light", "s": "Universal constant defining the maximum speed in spacetime."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/part-1/magnetic-field/": {"t": "magnetic-field", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/variable-stars/e/part-1/cataclysmic-variable-star/": {"t": "cataclysmic-variable-star", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/astronomical-x-ray-sources/e/part-1/x-ray-binary/": {"t": "x-ray-binary", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/emission-dark-and-reflection-nebulae/e/part-1/herbig-haro-object/": {"t": "herbig-haro-object", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/planetary-nebulae/e/part-1/planetary-nebula/": {"t": "planetary-nebula", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/astronomical-radio-sources/e/part-1/radio-galaxy/": {"t": "radio-galaxy", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/astronomical-radio-sources/e/part-1/microquasar/": {"t": "microquasar", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/variable-stars-part-4/e/part-1/ss-433/": {"t": "ss-433", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/part-1/positron/": {"t": "Positron", "s": "First antimatter particle, predicted by Dirac, discovered by Anderson."}, "https://codexery.com/supernova-remnants/e/part-1/igr-j11014-6103/": {"t": "IGR J11014−6103", "s": "A neutron star with the Milky Way's longest relativistic jet."}, "https://codexery.com/galaxy-clusters-and-groups-part-3/e/part-1/centaurus-a/": {"t": "centaurus-a", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-radiation/e/part-1/radio-frequency/": {"t": "radio-frequency", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-radiation/e/part-1/ultraviolet/": {"t": "ultraviolet", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/ngc-objects-part-7/e/part-1/ngc-3862/": {"t": "ngc-3862", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/emission-dark-and-reflection-nebulae/e/part-1/hh-24-26/": {"t": "hh-24-26", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/variable-stars-part-2/e/part-1/kx-andromedae/": {"t": "kx-andromedae", "s": ""}, "/e/black-holes/holographic-principle/": {"t": "Holographic principle", "s": "The universe may be a hologram encoded on a distant surface."}, "https://codexery.com/probability-and-stochastic-processes/e/part-1/entropy-information-theory/": {"t": "Entropy (information theory)", "s": "Measure of average uncertainty in a random variable's outcomes."}, "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-spacetime/e/part-1/mass-energy-equivalence/": {"t": "Mass–energy equivalence", "s": "Mass and energy are equivalent, related by the speed of light squared."}, "https://codexery.com/quantum-mechanics-and-foundations/e/part-1/planck-constant/": {"t": "Planck constant", "s": "Fundamental constant linking energy and frequency in quantum mechanics."}, "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-gravitation/e/part-1/gravitational-constant/": {"t": "Gravitational constant", "s": "Fundamental constant quantifying gravitational force strength.", "i": "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-gravitation/img/part-1/gravitational-constant.webp", "c": "National Institute of Standards and Technology · Public domain"}, "/e/black-holes/bousso-s-holographic-bound/": {"t": "Bousso's holographic bound", "s": "Formulated the covariant entropy bound in theoretical physics."}, "https://codexery.com/thermodynamics-and-statistical-mechanics/e/part-1/laws-of-thermodynamics/": {"t": "Laws of thermodynamics", "s": "Fundamental laws governing energy, heat, and entropy."}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/part-1/quantum-field-theory/": {"t": "Quantum field theory", "s": "Framework combining field theory, relativity, and quantum mechanics."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/part-1/lorentz-transformation/": {"t": "lorentz-transformation", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/cosmology-concepts/e/part-1/big-crunch/": {"t": "big-crunch", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/geometry-and-topology/e/part-1/coordinate-system/": {"t": "coordinate-system", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/sets-and-logic/e/part-1/subset/": {"t": "Subset", "s": "A set whose elements all belong to another set."}, "https://codexery.com/cosmology-concepts/e/part-1/physical-cosmology/": {"t": "physical-cosmology", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/e/part-1/frame-of-reference/": {"t": "frame-of-reference", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-gravitation/e/part-1/gravitational-field/": {"t": "Gravitational field", "s": "A vector field explaining gravitational influences around a body.", "i": "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-gravitation/img/part-1/gravitational-field.webp", "c": "MikeRun · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-spacetime/e/part-1/proper-time/": {"t": "Proper time", "s": "Proper time is the time measured by a clock along its world line."}, "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-spacetime/e/part-1/penrose-hawking-singularity-theorems/": {"t": "Penrose–Hawking singularity theorems", "s": "Theorems proving gravitational singularities are inevitable under general relativity."}, "https://codexery.com/sets-and-logic/e/part-1/set-mathematics/": {"t": "Set (mathematics)", "s": "A set is a collection of different things, typically mathematical objects."}, "https://codexery.com/mechanics-and-fluid-dynamics/e/part-1/galilean-transformation/": {"t": "galilean-transformation", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/e/part-1/oscillation/": {"t": "oscillation", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/mathematics-and-cryptography/e/part-1/roger-penrose/": {"t": "roger-penrose", "s": ""}, "/e/black-holes/black-hole-information-paradox/": {"t": "Black hole information paradox", "s": "A paradox questioning information loss in black hole evaporation."}, "/e/black-holes/schwarzschild-metric/": {"t": "Schwarzschild metric", "s": "Exact solution to Einstein's equations for a spherical mass."}, "https://codexery.com/cosmology-concepts/e/part-1/scale-factor-cosmology/": {"t": "scale-factor-cosmology", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/cosmology-concepts/e/part-1/multiverse/": {"t": "multiverse", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/cosmology-concepts/e/part-1/horizon-problem/": {"t": "horizon-problem", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/part-1/fermion/": {"t": "Fermion", "s": "Subatomic particles with half-integer spin obeying Pauli exclusion."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy/e/part-1/cosmic-inflation/": {"t": "cosmic-inflation", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/astronomical-radio-sources/e/part-1/cosmic-microwave-background/": {"t": "cosmic-microwave-background", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/exoplanets/e/part-1/the-james-webb-space-telescope/": {"t": "the-james-webb-space-telescope", "s": ""}, "/e/black-holes/micro-black-hole/": {"t": "Micro black hole", "s": "Hypothetical tiny black holes where quantum effects dominate."}, "https://codexery.com/astrophotography-part-2/e/part-1/telescope/": {"t": "telescope", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-cosmologists/e/part-1/karl-schwarzschild/": {"t": "karl-schwarzschild", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/e/part-1/escape-velocity/": {"t": "Escape velocity", "s": "Minimum speed to escape a body's gravitational pull.", "i": "https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/img/part-1/escape-velocity.webp", "c": "Richard West · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/geometry-and-shapes/e/part-1/surface-area/": {"t": "surface-area", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/thermodynamics-and-statistical-mechanics/e/part-1/temperature/": {"t": "Temperature", "s": "Temperature measures average particle kinetic energy and thermal energy distribution."}, "https://codexery.com/quantum-mechanics-and-foundations/e/part-1/path-integral-formulation/": {"t": "Path-integral formulation", "s": "A formulation summing over all possible quantum trajectories."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/part-1/electric-charge/": {"t": "electric-charge", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/e/part-1/determinism/": {"t": "Determinism", "s": "The view that all events occur in only one possible way."}, "https://codexery.com/combinatorics/e/part-1/bijection/": {"t": "bijection", "s": ""}, "/e/black-holes/no-hair-theorem/": {"t": "No-hair theorem", "s": "Black holes are described by only three classical parameters."}, "/e/black-holes/fuzzball-string-theory/": {"t": "Fuzzball (string theory)", "s": "Hypothetical string-theory objects replacing black hole singularities."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-and-continuum-mechanics/e/part-1/tidal-force/": {"t": "tidal-force", "s": ""}, "/e/black-holes/bekenstein-bound/": {"t": "Bekenstein bound", "s": "Upper limit on entropy in a finite region of space."}, "/e/black-holes/binary-black-hole/": {"t": "Binary black hole", "s": "Two black holes in close orbit, confirmed by gravitational waves."}, "https://codexery.com/separation-and-purification-techniques/e/part-1/spectroscopy/": {"t": "Spectroscopy", "s": "Spectroscopy measures and interprets electromagnetic spectra interacting with matter."}, "/e/black-holes/naked-singularity/": {"t": "Naked singularity", "s": "A hypothetical singularity without an event horizon, potentially observable."}, "/e/black-holes/gw250114/": {"t": "GW250114", "s": "Clearest gravitational wave signal, confirming Hawking's area theorem."}, "https://codexery.com/thermodynamics-and-statistical-mechanics/e/part-1/statistical-mechanics/": {"t": "Statistical mechanics", "s": "Statistical mechanics links microscopic particle behavior to macroscopic properties."}, "/e/black-holes/extremal-black-hole/": {"t": "Extremal black hole", "s": "Hypothetical black hole with minimum mass and zero temperature."}, "https://codexery.com/thermodynamics-and-statistical-mechanics/e/part-1/heat-capacity/": {"t": "Heat capacity", "s": "Heat capacity measures heat needed to change an object's temperature."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-and-fluid-mechanics/e/part-1/mechanical-equilibrium/": {"t": "mechanical-equilibrium", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/part-1/electric-potential/": {"t": "electric-potential", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/part-1/quantum-electrodynamics/": {"t": "Quantum electrodynamics", "s": "Relativistic quantum field theory of light and matter interaction."}, "https://codexery.com/mechanics-and-fluid-dynamics/e/part-1/free-fall/": {"t": "free-fall", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/part-1/velocity/": {"t": "velocity", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/part-1/electromagnetic-field/": {"t": "electromagnetic-field", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/part-1/standard-model/": {"t": "Standard Model", "s": "Theory of three fundamental forces and elementary particles."}, "https://codexery.com/mechanics-and-fluid-dynamics/e/part-1/hamiltonian-mechanics/": {"t": "hamiltonian-mechanics", "s": ""}, "/e/black-holes/carter-constant/": {"t": "Carter constant", "s": "Conserved quantity for black hole motion in general relativity."}, "https://codexery.com/algebra/e/part-1/quadratic-equation/": {"t": "quadratic-equation", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/topology-and-abstract-spaces/e/part-1/covering-space/": {"t": "Covering space", "s": "A space that locally projects multiple copies onto a base space."}, "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-gravitation/e/part-1/four-momentum/": {"t": "Four-momentum", "s": "Four-vector combining energy and momentum in special relativity."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/augustin-louis-cauchy/": {"t": "Augustin-Louis Cauchy", "s": "Pioneer of real and complex analysis, prolific mathematician and engineer."}, "/e/black-holes/mass-inflation/": {"t": "Mass inflation", "s": "Phenomenon of unbounded mass growth at a black hole's Cauchy horizon."}, "https://codexery.com/aircraft-components-part-3/e/part-1/boundary-layer/": {"t": "boundary-layer", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/e/part-1/kinetic-energy/": {"t": "kinetic-energy", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/part-1/particle/": {"t": "Particle", "s": "A particle is a separate part of a larger system."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-and-fluid-mechanics/e/part-1/normal-mode/": {"t": "normal-mode", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/named-stars-part-4/e/part-1/sun/": {"t": "sun", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/astronomical-radio-sources/e/part-1/astronomical-radio-source/": {"t": "astronomical-radio-source", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/part-1/messier-87/": {"t": "messier-87", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy/e/part-1/elliptical-galaxy/": {"t": "elliptical-galaxy", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/part-1/density/": {"t": "density", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/planets-and-dwarf-planets/e/part-1/uranus/": {"t": "Uranus", "s": "The seventh planet, a tilted ice giant with extreme seasons."}, "https://codexery.com/galaxy-clusters-and-groups-part-3/e/part-1/ngc-6166/": {"t": "ngc-6166", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/galaxy-clusters-and-groups-part-3/e/part-1/ngc-4889/": {"t": "ngc-4889", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/astronomical-radio-sources/e/part-1/phoenix-cluster/": {"t": "phoenix-cluster", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/stars-and-stellar-objects/e/part-1/3c-273/": {"t": "3C 273", "s": "First identified quasar and brightest in the sky."}, "https://codexery.com/cosmology-concepts/e/part-1/redshift/": {"t": "redshift", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy/e/part-1/hubble-s-law/": {"t": "hubble-s-law", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-cosmologists/e/part-1/fred-hoyle/": {"t": "fred-hoyle", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/messier-objects/e/part-1/andromeda-galaxy/": {"t": "andromeda-galaxy", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/messier-objects-part-3/e/part-1/sombrero-galaxy/": {"t": "sombrero-galaxy", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-radiation/e/part-1/synchrotron-radiation/": {"t": "synchrotron-radiation", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/space-missions/e/part-1/the-hubble-space-telescope/": {"t": "The Hubble Space Telescope", "s": "A versatile space telescope observing ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared light."}, "https://codexery.com/messier-objects-part-3/e/part-1/messier-106/": {"t": "messier-106", "s": ""}, "/e/black-holes/photon-sphere/": {"t": "Photon sphere", "s": "Region of unstable circular photon orbits around a black hole."}, "/e/black-holes/intermediate-mass-black-hole/": {"t": "Intermediate-mass black hole", "s": "A class of black hole with mass between 100 and 100,000 solar masses."}, "https://codexery.com/astrophotography-part-2/e/part-1/x-ray-astronomy/": {"t": "x-ray-astronomy", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/part-1/orbit/": {"t": "orbit", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/stars-and-stellar-phenomena/e/part-1/hypergiant/": {"t": "Hypergiant", "s": "The rarest and most luminous stars, teetering on the edge of stability."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/part-1/gamma-ray/": {"t": "gamma-ray", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/astronomical-radio-sources/e/part-1/lb-1/": {"t": "lb-1", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/caldwell-objects/e/part-1/ngc-6946/": {"t": "ngc-6946", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/albert-einstein/": {"t": "Albert Einstein", "s": "Theoretical physicist who developed relativity and E=mc²"}, "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-gravitation/e/part-1/gravitational-time-dilation/": {"t": "Gravitational time dilation", "s": "Time passes slower nearer a massive body.", "i": "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-gravitation/img/part-1/gravitational-time-dilation.webp", "c": "Prokaryotic Caspase Homolog · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/part-1/edward-teller/": {"t": "Edward Teller", "s": "Hungarian-American physicist, father of the hydrogen bomb."}, "https://codexery.com/computing-digital/e/part-1/computer-simulation/": {"t": "computer-simulation", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/astrophotography-part-2/e/part-1/radio-telescope/": {"t": "radio-telescope", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/e/part-1/pulsar/": {"t": "Pulsar", "s": "Rotating neutron stars emitting regular electromagnetic pulses."}, "https://codexery.com/space-telescopes/e/part-1/chandra-x-ray-observatory/": {"t": "Chandra X-ray Observatory", "s": "Flagship X-ray telescope launched in 1999, still operating."}, "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-gravitation/e/part-1/geodesics-in-general-relativity/": {"t": "Geodesics in general relativity", "s": "Geodesics describe the paths of freely falling particles in curved spacetime."}, "https://codexery.com/variable-stars-part-4/e/part-1/grs-1915-105/": {"t": "grs-1915-105", "s": ""}, "/e/black-holes/oppenheimer-snyder-model/": {"t": "Oppenheimer–Snyder model", "s": "Model of stellar collapse into a black hole."}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-photonics/e/part-1/ray-optics/": {"t": "Ray (optics)", "s": "Geometrical model of light propagation used in optical analysis."}, "https://codexery.com/mechanics-and-fluid-dynamics/e/part-1/fluid/": {"t": "fluid", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/classical-and-fluid-mechanics/e/part-1/precession/": {"t": "precession", "s": ""}, "/e/black-holes/cauchy-horizon/": {"t": "Cauchy horizon", "s": "Light-like boundary of a Cauchy problem's domain."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/e/part-1/equations-of-motion/": {"t": "equations-of-motion", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/part-1/scientific-american/": {"t": "scientific-american", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/e/part-1/william-blake/": {"t": "william-blake", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/claude-shannon/": {"t": "Claude Shannon", "s": "Father of information theory and founder of the digital age"}, "https://codexery.com/dutch-inventions/e/part-1/dvd/": {"t": "dvd", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/part-1/ludwig-boltzmann/": {"t": "Ludwig Boltzmann", "s": "Austrian physicist who developed statistical mechanics and the statistical explanation of entropy."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/part-1/electric-field/": {"t": "electric-field", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/part-1/gravity/": {"t": "gravity", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/part-1/pierre-simon-laplace/": {"t": "Pierre-Simon Laplace", "s": "French polymath who advanced celestial mechanics, probability, and the nebular hypothesis."}, "https://codexery.com/european-scientific-pioneers/e/part-1/thomas-young-scientist/": {"t": "thomas-young-scientist", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/e/part-1/electromagnetism/": {"t": "electromagnetism", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/isaac-newton/": {"t": "Isaac Newton", "s": "English polymath who formulated laws of motion and universal gravitation."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-cosmologists/e/part-1/arthur-eddington/": {"t": "arthur-eddington", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/part-1/cygnus/": {"t": "cygnus", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/e/part-1/newton-s-law-of-universal-gravitation/": {"t": "newton-s-law-of-universal-gravitation", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/part-1/classical-mechanics/": {"t": "classical-mechanics", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/cosmology-concepts/e/part-1/chronology-of-the-universe/": {"t": "chronology-of-the-universe", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/optical-telescopes/e/part-1/optical-telescope/": {"t": "optical-telescope", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/cosmology-concepts/e/part-1/recombination-cosmology/": {"t": "recombination-cosmology", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/part-1/gluon/": {"t": "Gluon", "s": "Massless vector boson mediating the strong interaction."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/part-1/photon/": {"t": "photon", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/elliptical-and-irregular-galaxies-part-4/e/part-1/ngc-4993/": {"t": "ngc-4993", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/part-1/coulomb-s-law/": {"t": "coulomb-s-law", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/mathematicians/e/part-1/henri-poincar/": {"t": "henri-poincar", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/mathematicians/e/part-1/hermann-weyl/": {"t": "hermann-weyl", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/physical-chemistry-and-thermodynamics/e/part-1/thermodynamic-equilibrium/": {"t": "Thermodynamic equilibrium", "s": "State with no net flows and no tendency toward change."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/e/part-1/potential-energy/": {"t": "potential-energy", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/e/part-1/stellar-evolution/": {"t": "Stellar evolution", "s": "Stars evolve from gas clouds to white dwarfs, neutron stars, or black holes."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/e/part-1/stellar-magnetic-field/": {"t": "Stellar magnetic field", "s": "Magnetic fields generated by plasma motion shape stellar activity."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/part-1/nova/": {"t": "nova", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/part-1/subatomic-particle/": {"t": "Subatomic particle", "s": "Particles smaller than atoms, studied in particle physics."}, "https://codexery.com/materials-and-states-of-matter/e/part-1/phase-transition/": {"t": "phase-transition", "s": ""}, "/e/black-holes/little-red-dots/": {"t": "Little Red Dots", "s": "Enigmatic early-universe objects observed by the James Webb Space Telescope.", "i": "https://codexery.com/black-holes/img/black-holes/little-red-dots.webp", "c": "Jorryt Matthee, Rohan P. Naidu, Gabriel Brammer, John Chisholm, Anna-Christina Eilers, Andy Goulding, Jenny Greene, Daichi Kashino, Ivo Labbe, Simon J. Lilly, R · via Wikipedia: Little Red Dots · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/e/part-1/solar-system/": {"t": "Solar System", "s": "The Sun and all objects gravitationally bound to it.", "i": "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/img/part-1/solar-system.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Solar System · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/elliptical-and-irregular-galaxies/e/part-1/dwarf-spheroidal-galaxy/": {"t": "dwarf-spheroidal-galaxy", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/cosmology-concepts/e/part-1/structure-formation/": {"t": "structure-formation", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/part-1/kuiper-belt/": {"t": "kuiper-belt", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/hypothetical-astronomical-objects/e/part-1/planet-nine/": {"t": "planet-nine", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/part-1/quantum-chromodynamics/": {"t": "Quantum chromodynamics", "s": "Quantum field theory of the strong force binding quarks."}, "/e/black-holes/direct-collapse-black-hole/": {"t": "Direct collapse black hole", "s": "Massive black hole seeds from direct gas collapse."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy/e/part-1/galaxy-formation-and-evolution/": {"t": "galaxy-formation-and-evolution", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/star-clusters/e/part-1/nuclear-star-cluster/": {"t": "Nuclear star cluster", "s": "Dense, luminous star clusters at galactic centers, often coexisting with supermassive black holes."}, "https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/e/part-1/orbital-eccentricity/": {"t": "Orbital eccentricity", "s": "Parameter measuring deviation of an orbit from a perfect circle."}, "https://codexery.com/probability-statistics/e/part-1/random-walk/": {"t": "Random walk", "s": "A stochastic process of successive random steps."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy/e/part-1/giant-star/": {"t": "giant-star", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/cosmology-concepts/e/part-1/particle-horizon/": {"t": "particle-horizon", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/cosmology-concepts/e/part-1/expansion-of-the-universe/": {"t": "expansion-of-the-universe", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-gravitation/e/part-1/inertial-frame-of-reference/": {"t": "Inertial frame of reference", "s": "Frame where objects obey inertia and laws are simplest."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-and-dwarf-planets/e/part-1/earth/": {"t": "Earth", "s": "The only known planet with liquid surface water and life."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-traditions/e/part-1/causality/": {"t": "Causality", "s": "Causality is the influence by which a cause produces an effect."}, "/e/black-holes/black-star-semiclassical-gravity/": {"t": "Black star (semiclassical gravity)", "s": "Theoretical alternative to black holes without an event horizon."}, "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-gravitation/e/part-1/faster-than-light/": {"t": "Faster-than-light", "s": "Hypothetical travel or communication faster than the speed of light."}, "https://codexery.com/narrative-forms-and-devices/e/part-1/space-opera/": {"t": "Space opera", "s": "Epic outer space adventures with faster-than-light travel."}, "https://codexery.com/television-series-set-in-the-23rd/e/part-1/star-trek-the-original-series/": {"t": "Star Trek: The Original Series", "s": "Set in the 23rd century, it follows the USS Enterprise crew."}, "https://codexery.com/christopher-nolan/e/works/interstellar/": {"t": "Interstellar", "s": "Humanity's last hope lies beyond a wormhole, but the real journey is home."}, "https://codexery.com/science-fiction-and-fantasy-writers/e/part-1/george-r-r-martin/": {"t": "George R.R. Martin", "s": "American author of A Song of Ice and Fire."}, "https://codexery.com/binary-and-multiple-stars/e/part-1/circumbinary-planet/": {"t": "circumbinary-planet", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/japanese-inventions/e/part-1/anime/": {"t": "anime", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/cosmic-horror-films/e/part-1/event-horizon-film/": {"t": "event-horizon-film", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/space-1999-episodes/e/part-1/black-sun-space-1999/": {"t": "Black Sun (Space: 1999)", "s": "The Alphans face a black hole and a cosmic entity."}, "https://codexery.com/nebulae/e/part-1/interstellar-cloud/": {"t": "interstellar-cloud", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/e/part-1/mechanics/": {"t": "mechanics", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/magazines/e/part-1/life-magazine/": {"t": "life-magazine", "s": ""}, "/e/black-holes/quasi-star/": {"t": "Quasi-star", "s": "Hypothetical star powered by a central black hole."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy/e/part-1/extinction-astronomy/": {"t": "extinction-astronomy", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/radio-spectrum/e/part-1/spectral-density/": {"t": "spectral-density", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy/e/part-1/galaxy-morphological-classification/": {"t": "galaxy-morphological-classification", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/galaxies-and-their-properties/e/part-1/interacting-galaxy/": {"t": "interacting-galaxy", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/classical-and-continuum-mechanics/e/part-1/stress-energy-tensor/": {"t": "stress-energy-tensor", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/cosmology-concepts/e/part-1/cosmological-horizon/": {"t": "cosmological-horizon", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/spiral-galaxies/e/part-1/barred-spiral-galaxy/": {"t": "barred-spiral-galaxy", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/ngc-objects-part-3/e/part-1/ngc-2293/": {"t": "ngc-2293", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/satellite-navigation-and-gps/e/part-1/global-positioning-system/": {"t": "global-positioning-system", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/part-1/world-war-i/": {"t": "World War I", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Central Powers, 1914–1918."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/david-hilbert/": {"t": "David Hilbert", "s": "German mathematician and philosopher of mathematics"}, "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/e/part-1/georges-lema-tre/": {"t": "georges-lema-tre", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/geometry-and-topology/e/part-1/differential-geometry/": {"t": "differential-geometry", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/communication-and-media/e/part-1/signal-to-noise-ratio/": {"t": "signal-to-noise-ratio", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/part-1/centripetal-force/": {"t": "centripetal-force", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/e/part-1/polar-orbit/": {"t": "Polar orbit", "s": "Satellite orbit passing near both poles each revolution."}, "https://codexery.com/notable-mountains-and-peaks/e/part-1/mount-everest/": {"t": "Mount Everest", "s": "Earth's highest mountain above sea level, on the China–Nepal border.", "i": "https://codexery.com/notable-mountains-and-peaks/img/part-1/mount-everest.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: 1996 Mount Everest disaster · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cosmology-concepts/e/part-1/universe/": {"t": "universe", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/e/part-1/parsec/": {"t": "Parsec", "s": "Unit of distance defined by one arcsecond of parallax.", "i": "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/img/part-1/parsec.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Parsec · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/e/part-1/harvard-university/": {"t": "Harvard University", "s": "Oldest institution of higher learning in the United States.", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/img/part-1/harvard-university.webp", "c": "Daderot · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/part-1/infrared/": {"t": "infrared", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-radiation/e/part-1/radiation/": {"t": "radiation", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-spacetime/e/part-1/principle-of-locality/": {"t": "Principle of locality", "s": "An object is influenced directly only by its immediate surroundings.", "i": "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-spacetime/img/part-1/principle-of-locality.webp", "c": "Elowe86 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-radiation/e/part-1/radiation-pressure/": {"t": "radiation-pressure", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/galaxies-and-their-properties/e/part-1/dark-matter-halo/": {"t": "dark-matter-halo", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/part-1/particle-physics/": {"t": "Particle physics", "s": "Study of fundamental particles and forces that constitute matter and radiation."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-propagation/e/part-1/doppler-effect/": {"t": "doppler-effect", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/units-measurement/e/part-1/kelvin/": {"t": "Kelvin", "s": "British scientist who developed the absolute temperature scale."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-bonding-and-structure/e/part-1/chemical-composition/": {"t": "chemical-composition", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/e/part-1/absorption-spectroscopy/": {"t": "absorption-spectroscopy", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-color/e/part-1/focus-optics/": {"t": "Focus (optics)", "s": "Point where light rays converge in optical systems.", "i": "https://codexery.com/optics-and-color/img/part-1/focus-optics.webp", "c": "Ermell · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-photonics/e/part-1/optical-depth/": {"t": "Optical depth", "s": "Dimensionless measure of radiant power attenuation through a material."}, "https://codexery.com/galaxy-clusters-and-groups-part-4/e/part-1/ngc-1365/": {"t": "ngc-1365", "s": ""}}