{"/e/binary-and-multiple-stars/astrometric-binary/": {"t": "Astrometric binary", "s": "Some stars appear to circle an invisible point."}, "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/e/science-and-measurement/telescope/": {"t": "Telescope", "s": "Observing the universe across the electromagnetic spectrum", "i": "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/img/science-and-measurement/telescope.webp", "c": "Pelligton · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/separation-and-purification-techniques/e/separation-and-purification-techniques/spectroscopy/": {"t": "Spectroscopy", "s": "Spectroscopy measures and interprets electromagnetic spectra interacting with matter."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/e/planets-and-stellar-astronomy/stellar-evolution/": {"t": "Stellar evolution", "s": "Stars evolve from gas clouds to white dwarfs, neutron stars, or black holes."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-canis-major/e/stars-of-canis-major/sirius/": {"t": "Sirius", "s": "The brightest star in Earth's night sky."}, "https://codexery.com/black-holes/e/black-holes/black-hole/": {"t": "Black hole", "s": "An astronomical body from which nothing, not even light, can escape.", "i": "https://codexery.com/black-holes/img/black-holes/black-hole.webp", "c": "Event Horizon Telescope, uploader cropped and converted TIF to JPG · via Wikipedia: Black hole · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/planetary-nebulae/e/planetary-nebulae/planetary-nebula/": {"t": "Planetary nebula", "s": "Expanding shells of ionized gas from dying intermediate-mass stars."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/astronomy-and-space/nova/": {"t": "Nova", "s": "A stellar explosion on a white dwarf in a binary system."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-and-stellar-phenomena/e/stars-and-stellar-phenomena/double-star/": {"t": "Double star", "s": "A double star is a pair of stars that appear close together as viewed from Earth, either as a gravitationally bound binary or a chance optical alignment."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-ursa-major/e/stars-of-ursa-major/mizar/": {"t": "Mizar", "s": "Quadruple star system forming a naked-eye double with Alcor."}, "https://codexery.com/named-stars/e/named-stars/acrux/": {"t": "Acrux", "s": "The southernmost first-magnitude star, at the foot of the Southern Cross."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-ursa-major/e/stars-of-ursa-major/big-dipper/": {"t": "Big Dipper", "s": "Seven-star asterism in Ursa Major, used for navigation."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/ursa-major/": {"t": "Ursa Major", "s": "The Great Bear of the Northern Sky", "i": "https://codexery.com/constellations/img/constellations/ursa-major.webp", "c": "IAU and Sky & Telescope magazine (Roger Sinnott & Rick Fienberg) · via Wikipedia: Ursa Major · CC BY 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/crux/": {"t": "Crux", "s": "The smallest but most distinctive constellation of the southern sky."}, "https://codexery.com/messier-objects/e/messier-objects/pleiades/": {"t": "Pleiades", "s": "An open star cluster nearest to Earth and visible to the naked eye."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/e/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/william-herschel/": {"t": "William Herschel", "s": "Discoverer of Uranus and infrared radiation", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/img/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/william-herschel.webp", "c": "Lemuel Francis Abbott · via Wikipedia: William Herschel · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/named-stars/e/named-stars/xi-ursae-majoris/": {"t": "Xi Ursae Majoris", "s": "Quintuple star system and first visual binary with a calculated orbit."}, "https://codexery.com/economy-of-ancient-rome/e/economy-of-ancient-rome/comes/": {"t": "Comes", "s": "Roman title for imperial companions, later medieval counts."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/e/planets-and-stellar-astronomy/parallax/": {"t": "Parallax", "s": "Parallax measures distance through apparent shift in viewpoint."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/electromagnetic-radiation/": {"t": "Electromagnetic radiation", "s": "Self-propagating wave of the electromagnetic field carrying energy."}, "https://codexery.com/cosmic-mysteries/e/cosmic-mysteries/neutron-stars/": {"t": "Neutron stars", "s": "Gravitationally collapsed cores of massive stars, second only to black holes."}, "https://codexery.com/black-holes/e/black-holes/stellar-black-hole/": {"t": "Stellar black hole", "s": "Black hole formed by gravitational collapse of a star.", "i": "https://codexery.com/black-holes/img/black-holes/stellar-black-hole.webp", "c": "ESO/L. Calçada/M.Kornmesser · via Wikipedia: Stellar black hole · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/e/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/orbital-period/": {"t": "Orbital period", "s": "Time for one full orbit around a primary body."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/cygnus/": {"t": "Cygnus", "s": "A northern constellation shaped like a swan."}, "/e/binary-and-multiple-stars/binary-star/": {"t": "Binary star", "s": "Two stars gravitationally bound, orbiting a common center of mass."}, "/e/binary-and-multiple-stars/roche-lobe/": {"t": "Roche lobe", "s": "Boundary defining gravitational capture in binary star systems."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/classical-mechanics/gravity/": {"t": "Gravity", "s": "Gravity is the fundamental attraction between objects with mass.", "i": "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/img/classical-mechanics/gravity.webp", "c": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Nicoguaro · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/astronomy-and-space/orbit/": {"t": "Orbit", "s": "Curved trajectory of an object under an attracting force."}, "https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/e/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/orbital-elements/": {"t": "Orbital elements", "s": "Parameters that uniquely identify a specific orbit."}, "https://codexery.com/stellar-evolution/e/stellar-evolution/white-dwarf/": {"t": "White dwarf", "s": "A compact star supported by electron degeneracy pressure."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomical-x-ray-sources/e/astronomical-x-ray-sources/x-ray-binary/": {"t": "X-ray binary", "s": "Binary stars luminous in X-rays, powered by accretion onto a compact object.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomical-x-ray-sources/img/astronomical-x-ray-sources/x-ray-binary.webp", "c": "(Credit: NASA/CXC/M.Weiss) · Public domain"}, "/e/binary-and-multiple-stars/low-mass-x-ray-binary/": {"t": "Low-mass X-ray binary", "s": "Binary systems where a compact object accretes from a low-mass star."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-centaurus/e/stars-of-centaurus/alpha-centauri/": {"t": "Alpha Centauri", "s": "Nearest star system to the Sun, with three stars."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/e/planets-and-stellar-astronomy/star-system/": {"t": "Star system", "s": "Gravitationally bound groups of stars, from binaries to complex multiples."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-and-stellar-phenomena/e/stars-and-stellar-phenomena/light-curve/": {"t": "Light curve", "s": "Graph of celestial light intensity over time."}, "https://codexery.com/messier-objects/e/messier-objects/andromeda-galaxy/": {"t": "Andromeda Galaxy", "s": "Nearest major galaxy to the Milky Way."}, "https://codexery.com/messier-objects/e/messier-objects/triangulum-galaxy/": {"t": "Triangulum Galaxy", "s": "A spiral galaxy and third-largest member of the Local Group."}, "https://codexery.com/novels-by-robert-a-heinlein/e/novels-by-robert-a-heinlein/variable-star/": {"t": "Variable Star", "s": "A young musician flees romance aboard a starship colony mission."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-cosmologists/e/astronomers-and-cosmologists/johannes-kepler/": {"t": "Johannes Kepler", "s": "German polymath and father of modern astronomy", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-cosmologists/img/astronomers-and-cosmologists/johannes-kepler.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Johannes Kepler · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/classical-mechanics/friction/": {"t": "Friction", "s": "Force resisting relative motion of surfaces and fluid layers.", "i": "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/img/classical-mechanics/friction.webp", "c": "ترتيل سيد احمد · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/e/planets-and-stellar-astronomy/protostar/": {"t": "Protostar", "s": "Earliest phase of stellar evolution, gathering mass from a molecular cloud."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/electromagnetic-spectrum/": {"t": "Electromagnetic spectrum", "s": "The full range of electromagnetic radiation, from radio to gamma rays."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-and-stellar-objects/e/stars-and-stellar-objects/active-galactic-nucleus/": {"t": "Active galactic nucleus", "s": "Compact region at a galaxy's center emitting non-stellar radiation, powered by accretion onto a supermassive black hole."}, "https://codexery.com/black-holes/e/black-holes/astrophysical-jet/": {"t": "Astrophysical jet", "s": "Bipolar streams of ionised matter expelled at high velocity."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy/e/astronomy/event-horizon/": {"t": "Event horizon", "s": "A spacetime boundary beyond which no signal can reach an observer."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/astronomy-and-space/luminosity/": {"t": "Luminosity", "s": "Absolute measure of radiated electromagnetic energy per unit time."}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/particle-and-nuclear-physics/nuclear-fusion/": {"t": "Nuclear fusion", "s": "Nuclear fusion combines nuclei, releasing energy that powers stars and weapons."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/e/planets-and-stellar-astronomy/planetary-system/": {"t": "Planetary system", "s": "A star's family of orbiting worlds and debris."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/astronomy-and-space/molecular-cloud/": {"t": "Molecular cloud", "s": "Dense interstellar clouds where stars are born."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/classical-mechanics/viscosity/": {"t": "Viscosity", "s": "Viscosity quantifies a fluid's internal resistance to flow."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-and-continuum-mechanics/e/classical-and-continuum-mechanics/turbulence/": {"t": "Turbulence", "s": "Chaotic fluid motion with vortices, mixing, and unresolved physics."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy/e/astronomy/exoplanet/": {"t": "Exoplanet", "s": "An exoplanet, also called an extrasolar planet, is any planet that exists beyond our Solar System.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomy/img/astronomy/exoplanet.webp", "c": "European Space Agency · CC BY-SA 3.0 igo"}, "https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/e/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/orbital-inclination/": {"t": "Orbital inclination", "s": "Angle measuring tilt of an orbit relative to a reference plane."}, "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-gravitation/e/relativity-and-gravitation/gravitational-constant/": {"t": "Gravitational constant", "s": "Fundamental constant quantifying gravitational force strength.", "i": "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-gravitation/img/relativity-and-gravitation/gravitational-constant.webp", "c": "National Institute of Standards and Technology · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/e/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/orbital-eccentricity/": {"t": "Orbital eccentricity", "s": "Parameter measuring deviation of an orbit from a perfect circle."}, "https://codexery.com/black-holes/e/black-holes/tolman-oppenheimer-volkoff-limit/": {"t": "Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit", "s": "Upper bound to the mass of cold, non-rotating neutron stars."}, "https://codexery.com/exoplanets/e/exoplanets/the-transit-method/": {"t": "The transit method", "s": "Detects exoplanets by measuring starlight dimming during transit."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-centaurus/e/stars-of-centaurus/proxima-centauri/": {"t": "Proxima Centauri", "s": "The closest star to the Sun, a faint red dwarf."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/e/planets-and-stellar-astronomy/solar-system/": {"t": "Solar System", "s": "The Sun and all objects gravitationally bound to it.", "i": "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/img/planets-and-stellar-astronomy/solar-system.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Solar System · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/exoplanets/e/exoplanets/proxima-centauri-b/": {"t": "Proxima Centauri b", "s": "The closest known exoplanet to Earth, orbiting within the habitable zone of a red dwarf star."}, "https://codexery.com/brown-dwarfs/e/brown-dwarfs/brown-dwarf/": {"t": "Brown dwarf", "s": "Substellar objects fusing deuterium, bridging planets and stars.", "i": "https://codexery.com/brown-dwarfs/img/brown-dwarfs/brown-dwarf.webp", "c": "NASA/JPL-Caltech · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/e/planets-and-stellar-astronomy/stellar-classification/": {"t": "Stellar classification", "s": "System for classifying stars by spectral and luminosity characteristics."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/astronomy-and-space/nebular-hypothesis/": {"t": "Nebular hypothesis", "s": "Model explaining Solar System formation from gas and dust."}, "https://codexery.com/black-holes/e/black-holes/gravitational-wave/": {"t": "Gravitational wave", "s": "Ripples in spacetime carrying energy at light speed."}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-color/e/optics-and-color/speed-of-light/": {"t": "Speed of light", "s": "Universal constant defining the maximum speed in spacetime."}, "https://codexery.com/cosmology-concepts/e/cosmology-concepts/redshift/": {"t": "Redshift", "s": "Redshift measures the stretching of light from moving or distant sources."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy/e/astronomy/hubble-s-law/": {"t": "Hubble's law", "s": "Galaxies recede faster the farther they are from Earth."}, "https://codexery.com/black-holes/e/black-holes/supermassive-black-hole/": {"t": "Supermassive black hole", "s": "Supermassive black holes anchor the centers of most large galaxies.", "i": "https://codexery.com/black-holes/img/black-holes/supermassive-black-hole.webp", "c": "Event Horizon Telescope · via Wikipedia: Supermassive black hole · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/black-holes/e/black-holes/extreme-mass-ratio-inspiral/": {"t": "Extreme mass ratio inspiral", "s": "A compact object spiraling into a supermassive black hole.", "i": "https://codexery.com/black-holes/img/black-holes/extreme-mass-ratio-inspiral.webp", "c": "NASA · via Wikipedia: Extreme mass ratio inspiral · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-and-continuum-mechanics/e/classical-and-continuum-mechanics/tidal-force/": {"t": "Tidal force", "s": "Differential gravity stretches bodies and drives tides across the cosmos."}, "/e/binary-and-multiple-stars/contact-binary/": {"t": "Contact binary", "s": "Binary stars that touch or share gaseous envelopes."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/classical-mechanics/drag-physics/": {"t": "Drag (physics)", "s": "A force opposing motion through a fluid, dependent on velocity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/img/classical-mechanics/drag-physics.webp", "c": "Nubifer // Wiki LIC (Spanish translation) · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/variable-stars/e/variable-stars/cataclysmic-variable-star/": {"t": "Cataclysmic variable star", "s": "Binary stars that brighten dramatically via accretion-driven outbursts."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/astronomy-and-space/lagrange-point/": {"t": "Lagrange point", "s": "Equilibrium points for small objects in two-body gravitational systems."}, "https://codexery.com/stellar-phenomena/e/stellar-phenomena/red-supergiant/": {"t": "Red supergiant", "s": "Cool, large stars with supergiant luminosity class K or M."}, "https://codexery.com/stellar-phenomena/e/stellar-phenomena/luminous-red-nova/": {"t": "Luminous red nova", "s": "A stellar explosion from the merger of two stars."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/isaac-newton/": {"t": "Isaac Newton", "s": "English polymath who formulated laws of motion and universal gravitation."}, "https://codexery.com/stellar-evolution/e/stellar-evolution/mass-luminosity-relation/": {"t": "Mass–luminosity relation", "s": "Empirical and theoretical relation between stellar mass and luminosity."}, "https://codexery.com/the-exorcist/e/factions/society-of-jesus/": {"t": "Society of Jesus", "s": "The Jesuit order of Fathers Karras, Merrin and Dyer, and of the priest behind the real 1949 case."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/classical-mechanics/density/": {"t": "Density", "s": "Mass per unit volume, an intensive property of matter."}, "https://codexery.com/stellar-phenomena/e/stellar-phenomena/starspot/": {"t": "Starspot", "s": "Large, cool patches on stars, detected via brightness and magnetic methods."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-crux/e/stars-of-crux/w-crucis/": {"t": "W Crucis", "s": "Eclipsing binary with a hidden star and accretion disk."}, "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-gravitation/e/relativity-and-gravitation/gravitational-potential/": {"t": "Gravitational potential", "s": "Scalar potential representing work per unit mass in a gravitational field.", "i": "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-gravitation/img/relativity-and-gravitation/gravitational-potential.webp", "c": "MikeRun · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/e/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/horseshoe-orbit/": {"t": "Horseshoe orbit", "s": "A co-orbital motion tracing a horseshoe shape relative to a larger body."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/e/planets-and-stellar-astronomy/red-giant/": {"t": "Red giant", "s": "A late-phase, luminous giant star with an inflated atmosphere."}, "/e/binary-and-multiple-stars/accretion-disk/": {"t": "Accretion disk", "s": "Accretion disks are ubiquitous structures that drive mass onto central objects."}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/particle-and-nuclear-physics/nucleosynthesis/": {"t": "Nucleosynthesis", "s": "Process creating atomic nuclei from pre-existing nucleons and nuclei."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements/e/chemical-elements/tellurium/": {"t": "Tellurium", "s": "A rare, brittle metalloid with a garlicky breath and cosmic origins.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements/img/chemical-elements/tellurium.webp", "c": "Darla Sondrol · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/e/electricity-and-magnetism/electromagnetism/": {"t": "Electromagnetism", "s": "One of four fundamental forces governing atomic and molecular interactions."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/classical-mechanics/velocity/": {"t": "Velocity", "s": "A vector measure of speed with direction."}, "https://codexery.com/variable-stars/e/variable-stars/x-ray-burster/": {"t": "X-ray burster", "s": "X-ray bursters are neutron-star binaries emitting periodic X-ray flashes."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/e/chemistry-fundamentals/absorption-spectroscopy/": {"t": "Absorption spectroscopy", "s": "Technique measuring radiation absorption to identify and quantify substances.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/img/chemistry-fundamentals/absorption-spectroscopy.webp", "c": "MarsInSVG · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/radio-propagation/e/radio-propagation/doppler-effect/": {"t": "Doppler effect", "s": "Frequency shift due to relative motion between source and observer."}, "https://codexery.com/variable-stars/e/variable-stars/spica/": {"t": "Spica", "s": "Brightest star in Virgo, a close binary Beta Cephei variable."}, "/e/binary-and-multiple-stars/semidetached-binary/": {"t": "Semidetached binary", "s": "A binary where one star transfers mass to its companion."}, "/e/binary-and-multiple-stars/eclipsing-binary/": {"t": "Eclipsing binary", "s": "Binary stars that eclipse each other as they orbit."}, "https://codexery.com/named-stars/e/named-stars/algol/": {"t": "Algol", "s": "A bright multiple star and prototype of Algol variables."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/astronomy-and-space/main-sequence/": {"t": "Main sequence", "s": "Stars spend most of their lives on the main sequence."}, "https://codexery.com/omniscient-readers-viewpoint/e/world/earth/": {"t": "Earth", "s": "Kim Dokja's world, divided into scenario domes."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-virgo/e/stars-of-virgo/hw-virginis/": {"t": "HW Virginis", "s": "Eclipsing binary with disputed planetary claims."}, "https://codexery.com/named-stars/e/named-stars/epsilon-aurigae/": {"t": "Epsilon Aurigae", "s": "An eclipsing binary with a 27-year dimming cycle."}, "https://codexery.com/variable-stars/e/variable-stars/applegate-mechanism/": {"t": "Applegate mechanism", "s": "Explains orbital period changes via magnetic torque and spin-orbit coupling."}, "https://codexery.com/geometry-and-shapes/e/geometry-and-shapes/sphere/": {"t": "Sphere", "s": "A sphere is a set of points equidistant from a center in 3D space."}, "https://codexery.com/variable-stars/e/variable-stars/beta-lyrae-variable/": {"t": "Beta Lyrae variable", "s": "Close binary stars with smooth eclipses and mass flows."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/amplitude/": {"t": "Amplitude", "s": "Amplitude measures wave magnitude across multiple definitions."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomical-catalogues/e/astronomical-catalogues/bayer-designation/": {"t": "Bayer designation", "s": "Systematic stellar naming using Greek and Latin letters.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomical-catalogues/img/astronomical-catalogues/bayer-designation.webp", "c": "Easy n · via Wikipedia: Bayer designation · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/greek-myths/e/greek-myths/perseus/": {"t": "Perseus", "s": "Legendary Greek hero and slayer of the Gorgon Medusa."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-bo-tes/e/stars-of-bo-tes/cr-bo-tis/": {"t": "CR Boötis", "s": "An interacting binary system and AM Canum Venaticorum star."}, "https://codexery.com/variable-stars/e/variable-stars/superhump/": {"t": "Superhump", "s": "Periodic brightness variation near the orbital period in cataclysmic variables."}, "https://codexery.com/materials-and-states-of-matter/e/materials-and-states-of-matter/degenerate-matter/": {"t": "Degenerate matter", "s": "Matter governed by quantum exclusion at low temperature."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy/e/astronomy/giant-star/": {"t": "Giant star", "s": "Giant stars are luminous, expanded post-main-sequence stars."}, "/e/binary-and-multiple-stars/common-envelope/": {"t": "Common envelope", "s": "A short-lived phase where a binary system is engulfed in shared gas."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/astronomy-and-space/light-year/": {"t": "Light-year", "s": "A unit of distance, not time, used for astronomical scales."}, "https://codexery.com/units-measurement/e/units-and-measurement/watt/": {"t": "Watt", "s": "SI unit of power, equal to one joule per second."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/astronomy-and-space/observable-universe/": {"t": "Observable universe", "s": "The portion of the universe visible from Earth."}, "https://codexery.com/cosmology-concepts/e/cosmology-concepts/age-of-the-universe/": {"t": "Age of the universe", "s": "Age of the universe is 13.8 billion years."}, "https://codexery.com/cosmic-mysteries/e/cosmic-mysteries/dark-matter/": {"t": "Dark matter", "s": "Invisible matter inferred from gravitational effects on cosmic scales."}, "https://codexery.com/black-holes/e/black-holes/innermost-stable-circular-orbit/": {"t": "Innermost stable circular orbit", "s": "The smallest stable orbit around a massive object in general relativity."}, "https://codexery.com/black-holes/e/black-holes/kerr-metric/": {"t": "Kerr metric", "s": "Exact solution for rotating uncharged black holes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/black-holes/img/black-holes/kerr-metric.webp", "c": "Yukterez (Simon Tyran, Vienna) · via Wikipedia: Kerr metric · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/black-holes/e/black-holes/boyer-lindquist-coordinates/": {"t": "Boyer–Lindquist coordinates", "s": "Coordinates generalizing Schwarzschild metric for Kerr black holes."}, "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-spacetime/e/relativity-and-spacetime/retarded-time/": {"t": "Retarded time", "s": "Emission time accounting for light's finite speed."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-scorpius/e/stars-of-scorpius/psr-b1620-26/": {"t": "PSR B1620−26", "s": "A binary pulsar-white dwarf system with a confirmed exoplanet."}, "https://codexery.com/globular-clusters/e/globular-clusters/globular-cluster/": {"t": "Globular cluster", "s": "Spheroidal star clusters bound by gravity, found in galactic halos."}, "https://codexery.com/globular-clusters/e/globular-clusters/messier-4/": {"t": "Messier 4", "s": "The closest globular cluster to Earth, first resolved into stars."}, "https://codexery.com/exoplanets/e/exoplanets/the-kepler-space-telescope/": {"t": "The Kepler space telescope", "s": "NASA telescope that discovered thousands of exoplanets."}, "https://codexery.com/transiting-exoplanets/e/transiting-exoplanets/kepler-16b/": {"t": "Kepler-16b", "s": "First confirmed circumbinary planet, orbiting two stars.", "i": "https://codexery.com/transiting-exoplanets/img/transiting-exoplanets/kepler-16b.webp", "c": "Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) / NASA («Courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech») · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-astronomy/e/amateur-astronomy/ph1b/": {"t": "PH1b", "s": "First transiting circumbinary planet found in a quadruple star system."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-and-dwarf-planets/e/planets-and-dwarf-planets/jupiter/": {"t": "Jupiter", "s": "Largest planet in the Solar System, a gas giant with a Great Red Spot."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-sagittarius/e/stars-of-sagittarius/macho-1997-blg-41/": {"t": "MACHO-1997-BLG-41", "s": "Gravitational microlensing event in Sagittarius with a binary lens."}, "https://codexery.com/british-science-fiction-television-shows/e/british-science-fiction-television-shows/red-dwarf/": {"t": "Red Dwarf", "s": "A British sci-fi comedy about the last human in space."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-draco/e/stars-of-draco/cm-draconis/": {"t": "CM Draconis", "s": "Eclipsing binary red dwarfs used to test stellar models."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-cygnus/e/stars-of-cygnus/kepler-47/": {"t": "Kepler-47", "s": "First circumbinary multi-planet system discovered by Kepler."}, "https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/e/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/orbital-resonance/": {"t": "Orbital resonance", "s": "Orbital resonance shapes planetary systems through periodic gravitational interactions."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-radiation/e/electromagnetism-and-radiation/synchrotron-radiation/": {"t": "Synchrotron radiation", "s": "Radiation from relativistic charged particles accelerated perpendicular to velocity."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-sagittarius/e/stars-of-sagittarius/quintuplet-cluster/": {"t": "Quintuplet Cluster", "s": "A dense young star cluster near the Galactic Center."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-carina/e/stars-of-carina/eta-carinae/": {"t": "Eta Carinae", "s": "A massive binary system that erupted spectacularly in the 19th century."}, "https://codexery.com/spiral-galaxies/e/spiral-galaxies/milky-way/": {"t": "Milky Way", "s": "The barred spiral galaxy containing the Solar System."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-tucana/e/stars-of-tucana/hd-5980/": {"t": "HD 5980", "s": "A triple system in the SMC with a luminous blue variable primary."}, "https://codexery.com/elliptical-and-irregular-galaxies/e/elliptical-and-irregular-galaxies/small-magellanic-cloud/": {"t": "Small Magellanic Cloud", "s": "A dwarf irregular galaxy and naked-eye object near the Milky Way."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-and-stellar-phenomena/e/stars-and-stellar-phenomena/effective-temperature/": {"t": "Effective temperature", "s": "Black-body temperature matching a star or planet's radiated energy."}, "https://codexery.com/neutron-stars/e/neutron-stars/chandrasekhar-limit/": {"t": "Chandrasekhar limit", "s": "Maximum mass of a stable white dwarf star."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-canis-major/e/stars-of-canis-major/r-canis-majoris/": {"t": "R Canis Majoris", "s": "Eclipsing interacting binary with a low mass ratio."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-and-stellar-phenomena/e/stars-and-stellar-phenomena/helium-flash/": {"t": "Helium flash", "s": "A brief thermal runaway fusion of helium in the degenerate core of low-mass stars (between 0.8 solar masses () and 2.0 )."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-and-stellar-objects/e/stars-and-stellar-objects/constellation/": {"t": "Constellation", "s": "Patterns in the sky that guide stories and navigation."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/puppis/": {"t": "Puppis", "s": "Puppis is the largest remnant of the ancient Argo Navis constellation.", "i": "https://codexery.com/constellations/img/constellations/puppis.webp", "c": "(Credit: ROSAT: NASA/GSFC/S.Snowden et al.; Optical: NOAO/AURA/NSF/Middlebury Co · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/hydra-constellation/": {"t": "Hydra (constellation)", "s": "The largest constellation, a water snake straddling the celestial equator."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/monoceros/": {"t": "Monoceros", "s": "A faint equatorial constellation named for the unicorn."}, "https://codexery.com/stellar-evolution/e/stellar-evolution/red-clump/": {"t": "Red clump", "s": "Cool horizontal branch stars fusing helium in their cores."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-and-stellar-phenomena/e/stars-and-stellar-phenomena/horizontal-branch/": {"t": "Horizontal branch", "s": "A stage of stellar evolution powered by core helium fusion, following the red-giant branch."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomical-concepts-and-techniques/e/astronomical-concepts-and-techniques/stellar-parallax/": {"t": "Stellar parallax", "s": "Trigonometric method for measuring distances to nearby stars."}, "https://codexery.com/types-of-planet/e/types-of-planet/hot-neptune/": {"t": "Hot Neptune", "s": "A close-orbiting giant planet similar in mass to Neptune.", "i": "https://codexery.com/types-of-planet/img/types-of-planet/hot-neptune.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Hot Neptune · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/named-stars/e/named-stars/tau-ursae-majoris/": {"t": "Tau Ursae Majoris", "s": "A binary star in Ursa Major with an evolved Am primary."}, "https://codexery.com/named-stars/e/named-stars/upsilon-ursae-majoris/": {"t": "Upsilon Ursae Majoris", "s": "A binary star in Ursa Major, visible to the naked eye."}, "https://codexery.com/named-stars/e/named-stars/phi-ursae-majoris/": {"t": "Phi Ursae Majoris", "s": "A binary star system in Ursa Major, visible to the naked eye."}, "https://codexery.com/named-stars/e/named-stars/theta-ursae-majoris/": {"t": "Theta Ursae Majoris", "s": "A suspected binary star in Ursa Major."}, "/e/binary-and-multiple-stars/gamma-cassiopeiae/": {"t": "Gamma Cassiopeiae", "s": "First star observed with emission lines; prototype of Gamma Cassiopeiae variables."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/canis-major/": {"t": "Canis Major", "s": "The Greater Dog, home to Sirius, the brightest star in the night sky.", "i": "https://codexery.com/constellations/img/constellations/canis-major.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Canis Major · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/stars-and-stellar-phenomena/e/stars-and-stellar-phenomena/be-star/": {"t": "Be star", "s": "Non-supergiant B stars with Balmer emission lines, often surrounded by a gaseous disk."}, "https://codexery.com/variable-stars/e/variable-stars/beta-cephei-variable/": {"t": "Beta Cephei variable", "s": "Hot blue-white stars pulsating via iron-driven opacity changes."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/pisces-constellation/": {"t": "Pisces (constellation)", "s": "A zodiac constellation of two fishes connected by cords."}, "https://codexery.com/people-associated-with-astronomical/e/people-associated-with-astronomical-catalogues/sherburne-wesley-burnham/": {"t": "Sherburne Wesley Burnham", "s": "American astronomer who catalogued thousands of double stars."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/leo/": {"t": "Leo (constellation)", "s": "Zodiac constellation representing the Nemean Lion slain by Heracles."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy/e/astronomy/extinction-astronomy/": {"t": "Extinction (astronomy)", "s": "Extinction dims and reddens starlight via interstellar dust and gas."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/astronomy-and-space/magnitude-astronomy/": {"t": "Magnitude (astronomy)", "s": "Logarithmic scale measuring stellar brightness, with lower values for brighter objects."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-leo/e/stars-of-leo/omicron-leonis/": {"t": "Omicron Leonis", "s": "Binary star marking the lion's forepaw in Leo."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-leo/e/stars-of-leo/rho-leonis/": {"t": "Rho Leonis", "s": "A blue-white supergiant variable star near the ecliptic in Leo."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-bo-tes/e/stars-of-bo-tes/bo-tes/": {"t": "Boötes", "s": "A northern constellation featuring the bright star Arcturus."}, "https://codexery.com/astrophotography/e/astrophotography/x-ray-astronomy/": {"t": "X-ray astronomy", "s": "Observing the universe in X-rays from above Earth's atmosphere."}, "https://codexery.com/space-probes-of-esa-japan-china-india/e/space-probes-of-esa-japan-china-india-and-the-ussr/gaia-spacecraft/": {"t": "Gaia (spacecraft)", "s": "ESA astrometry mission mapping a billion stars."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/andromeda/": {"t": "Andromeda", "s": "Andromeda: a princess, a constellation, and a galaxy."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-cosmologists/e/astronomers-and-cosmologists/john-flamsteed/": {"t": "John Flamsteed", "s": "First Astronomer Royal and meticulous star cataloguer", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-cosmologists/img/astronomers-and-cosmologists/john-flamsteed.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Star · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/planets-and-dwarf-planets/e/planets-and-dwarf-planets/neptune/": {"t": "Neptune", "s": "The only planet discovered through mathematical prediction, not direct observation."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/serpens/": {"t": "Serpens", "s": "The only modern constellation split into two non-contiguous parts."}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-astronomy/e/amateur-astronomy/bortle-scale/": {"t": "Bortle scale", "s": "A nine-level scale quantifying night-sky brightness and light pollution."}, "https://codexery.com/space-telescopes/e/space-telescopes/akari-satellite/": {"t": "Akari (satellite)", "s": "Japanese infrared satellite that mapped the entire sky."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomical-concepts-and-techniques/e/astronomical-concepts-and-techniques/zodiac/": {"t": "Zodiac", "s": "A celestial coordinate system dividing the ecliptic into 12 signs."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-cancer/e/stars-of-cancer/cancer-constellation/": {"t": "Cancer (constellation)", "s": "The dimmest zodiac constellation, home to the Praesepe star cluster."}, "https://codexery.com/messier-objects-open-clusters/e/messier-objects-open-clusters/beehive-cluster/": {"t": "Beehive Cluster", "s": "An ancient open cluster in Cancer with over 1,000 stars."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/e/planets-and-stellar-astronomy/stellar-magnetic-field/": {"t": "Stellar magnetic field", "s": "Magnetic fields generated by plasma motion shape stellar activity."}, "https://codexery.com/star-clusters/e/star-clusters/blue-straggler/": {"t": "Blue straggler", "s": "Blue stragglers are luminous, hot stars defying standard stellar evolution."}, "https://codexery.com/named-stars/e/named-stars/sun/": {"t": "Sun", "s": "The Sun is the central star of the Solar System."}, "https://codexery.com/international-organizations-and-agreemen/e/international-organizations-and-agreements/international-astronomical-union/": {"t": "International Astronomical Union", "s": "Global authority for astronomical naming and cooperation."}, "https://codexery.com/prefectures-of-japan/e/prefectures-of-japan/okayama-prefecture/": {"t": "Okayama Prefecture", "s": "Land of Momotarō and the Seto Inland Sea"}, "https://codexery.com/metamorphoses-into-animals-in-greek/e/metamorphoses-into-animals-in-greek-mythology/arcas/": {"t": "Arcas", "s": "Hunter turned king of Arcadia, son of Callisto and Zeus."}, "https://codexery.com/mythological-rape-victims/e/mythological-rape-victims/callisto-mythology/": {"t": "Callisto (mythology)", "s": "Nymph turned bear, then constellation Ursa Major.", "i": "https://codexery.com/mythological-rape-victims/img/mythological-rape-victims/callisto-mythology.webp", "c": "Jean-Baptiste GREUZE · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-andromeda/e/stars-of-andromeda/14-andromedae/": {"t": "14 Andromedae", "s": "An orange giant star with a disputed exoplanet."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-draco/e/stars-of-draco/42-draconis/": {"t": "42 Draconis", "s": "A giant star with a disproven planet and a Venusian pole."}, "/e/binary-and-multiple-stars/atlas-star/": {"t": "Atlas (star)", "s": "Binary star in the Pleiades, named after the Titan Atlas."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/eridanus-constellation/": {"t": "Eridanus (constellation)", "s": "A sprawling river constellation in the southern sky."}, "https://codexery.com/discoverers-of-astronomical-objects/e/discoverers-of-astronomical-objects/johann-elert-bode/": {"t": "Johann Elert Bode", "s": "German astronomer who popularised the Titius–Bode law and named Uranus."}, "https://codexery.com/exoplanets-found-by-radial-velocity/e/exoplanets-found-by-radial-velocity/55-cancri-ab/": {"t": "55 Cancri Ab", "s": "A warm Jupiter discovered in 1996, later named Galileo."}, "https://codexery.com/exoplanets-found-by-radial-velocity/e/exoplanets-found-by-radial-velocity/55-cancri-ac/": {"t": "55 Cancri Ac", "s": "A Saturn-mass exoplanet in an eccentric 44.34-day orbit."}, "https://codexery.com/exoplanets/e/exoplanets/55-cancri-e/": {"t": "55 Cancri e", "s": "First super-Earth discovered around a main sequence star."}, "https://codexery.com/exoplanets-found-by-radial-velocity/e/exoplanets-found-by-radial-velocity/55-cancri-af/": {"t": "55 Cancri Af", "s": "First exoplanet found to orbit entirely in the habitable zone."}, "https://codexery.com/exoplanets-found-by-radial-velocity/e/exoplanets-found-by-radial-velocity/55-cancri-ad/": {"t": "55 Cancri Ad", "s": "A long-period gas giant whose existence remains unconfirmed."}, "https://codexery.com/band-of-brothers/e/world/holland-netherlands/": {"t": "Netherlands", "s": "Holland: Market Garden and 'the Island'."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/nicolaus-copernicus/": {"t": "Nicolaus Copernicus", "s": "Renaissance polymath who proposed the Sun-centered model of the universe."}, "https://codexery.com/exoplanets/e/exoplanets/the-habitable-zone/": {"t": "The habitable zone", "s": "The range of orbits around a star where liquid water could exist on a planetary surface."}, "https://codexery.com/space-telescopes/e/space-telescopes/space-telescope/": {"t": "Space telescope", "s": "Telescopes in space avoiding atmospheric interference for astronomical observation."}, "https://codexery.com/star-clusters/e/star-clusters/open-cluster/": {"t": "Open cluster", "s": "Open clusters are loose groups of young stars formed from the same cloud."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/ophiuchus/": {"t": "Ophiuchus", "s": "A large equatorial constellation representing a serpent-bearer."}, "https://codexery.com/discoverers-of-astronomical-objects/e/discoverers-of-astronomical-objects/john-herschel/": {"t": "John Herschel", "s": "English polymath who invented the blueprint and advanced astronomy."}, "/e/binary-and-multiple-stars/rs-canum-venaticorum-variable/": {"t": "RS Canum Venaticorum variable", "s": "Close binary stars with starspots causing brightness variations."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-greek-astronomers/e/ancient-greek-astronomers/ptolemy/": {"t": "Ptolemy", "s": "Greco-Roman scholar who authored the Almagest and Geography."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/e/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/newton-s-law-of-universal-gravitation/": {"t": "Newton's law of universal gravitation", "s": "Gravity as a universal force between all masses."}, "/e/binary-and-multiple-stars/66-ophiuchi/": {"t": "66 Ophiuchi", "s": "A Be star binary with a variable disk and a faint companion."}, "https://codexery.com/variable-stars/e/variable-stars/by-draconis-variable/": {"t": "BY Draconis variable", "s": "Rotating K and M dwarfs with starspot-driven brightness changes."}, "https://codexery.com/observatories-of-asia-africa-and-oceania/e/observatories-of-asia-africa-and-oceania/madras-observatory/": {"t": "Madras Observatory", "s": "British East India Company observatory for navigation and star cataloguing."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-cosmologists/e/astronomers-and-cosmologists/friedrich-wilhelm-bessel/": {"t": "Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel", "s": "German astronomer who first measured the distance to a star.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-cosmologists/img/astronomers-and-cosmologists/friedrich-wilhelm-bessel.webp", "c": "Christian Albrecht Jensen · via Wikipedia: Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/units-measurement/e/units-and-measurement/kelvin/": {"t": "Kelvin", "s": "British scientist who developed the absolute temperature scale."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/cetus-constellation/": {"t": "Cetus (constellation)", "s": "A water constellation home to the first known variable star."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-cetus/e/stars-of-cetus/alpha-ceti/": {"t": "Alpha Ceti", "s": "Red giant star in Cetus, second brightest in its constellation."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-cetus/e/stars-of-cetus/kappa1-ceti/": {"t": "Kappa1 Ceti", "s": "A young, rapidly rotating G dwarf in Cetus."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-cetus/e/stars-of-cetus/mu-ceti/": {"t": "Mu Ceti", "s": "A spectroscopic binary with a Gamma Doradus variable primary."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-cetus/e/stars-of-cetus/xi1-ceti/": {"t": "Xi1 Ceti", "s": "Binary star system with a barium giant and white dwarf."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-cetus/e/stars-of-cetus/gamma-ceti/": {"t": "Gamma Ceti", "s": "Triple star system in Cetus, visible to the naked eye."}, "https://codexery.com/variable-stars/e/variable-stars/delta-ceti/": {"t": "Delta Ceti", "s": "A Beta Cephei variable star with a candidate binary companion."}, "https://codexery.com/types-of-planet/e/types-of-planet/gas-giant/": {"t": "Gas giant", "s": "Giant planets composed mainly of hydrogen and helium."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-ursa-major/e/stars-of-ursa-major/ursa-major-moving-group/": {"t": "Ursa Major moving group", "s": "Closest stellar moving group, rich in Big Dipper stars."}, "https://codexery.com/animals/e/mammals/african-lion/": {"t": "African Lion", "s": "The pride-living apex predator of Africa's grasslands and savannahs, listed as Vulnerable since 1996."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-and-dwarf-planets/e/planets-and-dwarf-planets/saturn/": {"t": "Saturn", "s": "Saturn is a gas giant with rings and the lowest density in the Solar System."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/e/planets-and-stellar-astronomy/stellar-kinematics/": {"t": "Stellar kinematics", "s": "Observational study of star motions through space."}, "/e/binary-and-multiple-stars/albireo/": {"t": "Albireo", "s": "A striking double star in Cygnus, famous for its color contrast."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-hercules/e/stars-of-hercules/hercules-constellation/": {"t": "Hercules (constellation)", "s": "Fifth-largest constellation with no stars brighter than magnitude 2.5."}, "/e/binary-and-multiple-stars/circumbinary-planet/": {"t": "Circumbinary planet", "s": "A planet orbiting two stars, not just one."}, "https://codexery.com/people-associated-with-astronomical/e/people-associated-with-astronomical-catalogues/william-rutter-dawes/": {"t": "William Rutter Dawes", "s": "English astronomer known for double star measurements and Mars observations."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-and-stellar-objects/e/stars-and-stellar-objects/barycenter-astronomy/": {"t": "Barycenter (astronomy)", "s": "Dynamical point representing the center of mass of orbiting bodies."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-propagation/e/radio-propagation/line-of-sight-propagation/": {"t": "Line-of-sight propagation", "s": "Radio waves above 30 MHz travel in a direct visual path."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/carina-constellation/": {"t": "Carina (constellation)", "s": "Southern constellation representing the keel of the ship Argo."}, "https://codexery.com/asteroid-surveys/e/asteroid-surveys/iras/": {"t": "IRAS", "s": "First space telescope to survey the entire infrared sky."}, "https://codexery.com/caldwell-objects/e/caldwell-objects/carina-nebula/": {"t": "Carina Nebula", "s": "A vast southern nebula, larger and brighter than Orion."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-carina/e/stars-of-carina/westerlund-2/": {"t": "Westerlund 2", "s": "A young star cluster with some of the most massive stars known."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/astronomy-and-space/interstellar-medium/": {"t": "Interstellar medium", "s": "Matter and radiation between star systems in a galaxy."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-and-stellar-phenomena/e/stars-and-stellar-phenomena/herbig-ae-be-star/": {"t": "Herbig Ae/Be star", "s": "Pre-main-sequence stars of spectral types A or B, still embedded in gas and dust."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/scorpius/": {"t": "Scorpius", "s": "Zodiac constellation with bright stars and rich mythology.", "i": "https://codexery.com/constellations/img/constellations/scorpius.webp", "c": "Krzysztof Ziarnek, Kenraiz · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-centaurus/e/stars-of-centaurus/scorpius-centaurus-association/": {"t": "Scorpius–Centaurus association", "s": "Closest OB association to the Solar System, spanning over 50 degrees."}, "https://codexery.com/nebulae/e/nebulae/circumstellar-disc/": {"t": "Circumstellar disc", "s": "A circumstellar disc is a rotating ring of gas, dust, and debris around a star, key to planet formation."}, "https://codexery.com/astrophotography/e/astrophotography/spectro-polarimetric-high-contrast-exoplanet-research/": {"t": "Spectro-Polarimetric High-Contrast Exoplanet Research", "s": "Direct imaging facility for exoplanets at the Very Large Telescope.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astrophotography/img/astrophotography/spectro-polarimetric-high-contrast-exoplanet-research.webp", "c": "SPHERE Project/ESO/J.-L. Beuzit and J.-F. Sauvage. · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/radio-telescopes/e/radio-telescopes/atacama-large-millimeter-array/": {"t": "Atacama Large Millimeter Array", "s": "66-antenna interferometer observing millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/e/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/henrietta-swan-leavitt/": {"t": "Henrietta Swan Leavitt", "s": "Discovered the period-luminosity relation for Cepheid variable stars.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/img/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/henrietta-swan-leavitt.webp", "c": "Unknown authorUnknown author · via Wikipedia: Henrietta Swan Leavitt · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/e/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/edward-charles-pickering/": {"t": "Edward Charles Pickering", "s": "American astronomer who discovered the first spectroscopic binary stars and advanced stellar photography.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/img/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/edward-charles-pickering.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Edward Charles Pickering · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/space-missions/e/space-missions/the-hubble-space-telescope/": {"t": "The Hubble Space Telescope", "s": "A versatile space telescope observing ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared light."}, "https://codexery.com/astrophotography/e/astrophotography/ultraviolet-astronomy/": {"t": "Ultraviolet astronomy", "s": "Observing the hot, energetic universe in ultraviolet light."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/lanthanum/": {"t": "Lanthanum", "s": "Lanthanum, atomic number 57 and symbol La, is a silvery-white metal that is soft and ductile."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements/e/chemical-elements/zirconium/": {"t": "Zirconium", "s": "A corrosion-resistant transition metal used in nuclear and aerospace applications."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-cygnus/e/stars-of-cygnus/gamma-cygni/": {"t": "Gamma Cygni", "s": "Yellow-white supergiant at the heart of the Northern Cross."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-cygnus/e/stars-of-cygnus/delta-cygni/": {"t": "Delta Cygni", "s": "Triple star system in Cygnus, part of the Northern Cross."}, "/e/binary-and-multiple-stars/epsilon-cygni/": {"t": "Epsilon Cygni", "s": "Third-brightest star in Cygnus, a binary with a named primary."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-cygnus/e/stars-of-cygnus/deneb/": {"t": "Deneb", "s": "Blue supergiant, brightest star in Cygnus."}, "https://codexery.com/observatories-of-europe/e/observatories-of-europe/haute-provence-observatory/": {"t": "Haute-Provence Observatory", "s": "French national observatory where the first exoplanet was discovered."}, "https://codexery.com/optical-telescopes/e/optical-telescopes/navy-precision-optical-interferometer/": {"t": "Navy Precision Optical Interferometer", "s": "World's largest-baseline optical interferometer, operated by the Naval Research Laboratory."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/taurus/": {"t": "Taurus (constellation)", "s": "An ancient zodiac constellation featuring the Pleiades and the Crab Nebula."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy/e/astronomy/hyades-star-cluster/": {"t": "Hyades (star cluster)", "s": "Nearest open cluster, key rung on the cosmic distance ladder."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy/e/astronomy/hertzsprung-russell-diagram/": {"t": "Hertzsprung–Russell diagram", "s": "Scatter plot linking stellar luminosity and temperature."}, "https://codexery.com/variable-stars/e/variable-stars/general-catalogue-of-variable-stars/": {"t": "General Catalogue of Variable Stars", "s": "A catalogue of variable stars in the Milky Way, updated since 1948."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-orion/e/stars-of-orion/orion-s-belt/": {"t": "Orion's Belt", "s": "Three bright stars forming a line in Orion."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/edmond-halley/": {"t": "Edmond Halley", "s": "English astronomer who predicted the return of Halley's Comet."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/magnesium/": {"t": "Magnesium", "s": "Lightweight metal essential to life and industry."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-and-stellar-phenomena/e/stars-and-stellar-phenomena/asteroseismology/": {"t": "Asteroseismology", "s": "The study of stellar oscillations to probe the internal structure of stars."}, "/e/binary-and-multiple-stars/lhs-1678/": {"t": "LHS 1678", "s": "A nearby astrometric binary with three small exoplanets."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/caelum/": {"t": "Caelum", "s": "A faint southern constellation named for the engraver's chisel."}, "https://codexery.com/earth/e/earth/earth-mass/": {"t": "Earth mass", "s": "A standard astronomical unit equal to the mass of Earth."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-and-stellar-phenomena/e/stars-and-stellar-phenomena/flare-star/": {"t": "Flare star", "s": "A variable star that undergoes unpredictable dramatic increases in brightness, powered by magnetic energy."}, "https://codexery.com/optical-telescopes/e/optical-telescopes/small-telescope/": {"t": "Small telescope", "s": "Small telescopes dominate amateur astronomy and key research fields."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/e/planets-and-stellar-astronomy/parsec/": {"t": "Parsec", "s": "Unit of distance defined by one arcsecond of parallax.", "i": "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/img/planets-and-stellar-astronomy/parsec.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Parsec · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/e/planets-and-stellar-astronomy/star-cluster/": {"t": "Star cluster", "s": "Groups of stars sharing origin, held by gravity."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-cancer/e/stars-of-cancer/iota-cancri/": {"t": "Iota Cancri", "s": "Double star in Cancer with a mild barium giant."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/circinus/": {"t": "Circinus", "s": "A faint southern constellation representing a drafting compass."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements/e/chemical-elements/strontium/": {"t": "Strontium", "s": "A soft, reactive alkaline earth metal named after a Scottish village.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements/img/chemical-elements/strontium.webp", "c": "Stuttle2 · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/stars-and-stellar-phenomena/e/stars-and-stellar-phenomena/beta-centauri/": {"t": "Beta Centauri", "s": "Triple star system and pointer to the Southern Cross."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-virgo/e/stars-of-virgo/eta-virginis/": {"t": "Eta Virginis", "s": "Triple star system in Virgo, visible to the naked eye."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-virgo/e/stars-of-virgo/gamma-virginis/": {"t": "Gamma Virginis", "s": "Binary star system in Virgo with two nearly identical components."}, "https://codexery.com/brown-dwarfs/e/brown-dwarfs/delta-virginis/": {"t": "Delta Virginis", "s": "A red giant star in Virgo, also known as Minelauva."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-virgo/e/stars-of-virgo/epsilon-virginis/": {"t": "Epsilon Virginis", "s": "Third-brightest star in Virgo, a yellow giant."}, "https://codexery.com/bright-stars-by-bayer-designation/e/bright-stars-by-bayer-designation/beta-comae-berenices/": {"t": "Beta Comae Berenices", "s": "A solar-type star in Coma Berenices, slightly brighter than its alpha."}, "https://codexery.com/globular-clusters/e/globular-clusters/messier-53/": {"t": "Messier 53", "s": "A metal-poor globular cluster with first-generation red giants and tidal features."}, "https://codexery.com/globular-clusters/e/globular-clusters/ngc-5053/": {"t": "NGC 5053", "s": "A metal-poor globular cluster possibly stripped from a dwarf galaxy."}, "/e/binary-and-multiple-stars/beta-delphini/": {"t": "Beta Delphini", "s": "Brightest star in Delphinus, a binary with a 26.66-year orbit."}, "https://codexery.com/observatories-of-europe/e/observatories-of-europe/palermo-astronomical-observatory/": {"t": "Palermo Astronomical Observatory", "s": "Historic Sicilian observatory that discovered the first asteroid."}, "https://codexery.com/nakshatra/e/nakshatra/nakshatra/": {"t": "Nakshatra", "s": "Lunar mansions in Hindu and Buddhist astrology, tied to the Moon's path."}, "https://codexery.com/nakshatra/e/nakshatra/dhanishtha/": {"t": "Dhanishtha", "s": "The twenty-third nakshatra, ruled by Mars and linked to the Ashta Vasus."}, "https://codexery.com/astrophotography/e/astrophotography/speckle-imaging/": {"t": "Speckle imaging", "s": "High-resolution technique using short exposures to freeze atmospheric turbulence."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/mensa-constellation/": {"t": "Mensa (constellation)", "s": "The faintest constellation, named for Table Mountain near Cape Town."}, "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/e/lines-and-hemispheres/southern-hemisphere/": {"t": "Southern Hemisphere", "s": "The Southern Hemisphere is Earth's southern half, mostly ocean."}, "https://codexery.com/notable-mountains-and-peaks/e/notable-mountains-and-peaks/table-mountain/": {"t": "Table Mountain", "s": "Table Mountain (known in Khoekhoe as Huriǂoaxa, meaning \"sea-emerging,\" and in Afrikaans as Tafelberg) is a flat-topped mountain that stands as a defining landm", "i": "https://codexery.com/notable-mountains-and-peaks/img/notable-mountains-and-peaks/table-mountain.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: List of mountain peaks by prominence · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-hercules/e/stars-of-hercules/alpha-herculis/": {"t": "Alpha Herculis", "s": "A triple star system with a pulsating red giant primary."}, "https://codexery.com/stellar-phenomena/e/stellar-phenomena/gravity-darkening/": {"t": "Gravity darkening", "s": "Poles of a rotating star are brighter than its equator."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/reticulum/": {"t": "Reticulum", "s": "A faint southern constellation named for a telescope reticle."}, "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/e/lines-and-hemispheres/tropic-of-cancer/": {"t": "Tropic of Cancer", "s": "The northernmost circle where the Sun stands directly overhead."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/chinese-constellations/": {"t": "Chinese constellations", "s": "An independent system of Chinese asterisms dating from at least the 5th century BC."}, "https://codexery.com/variable-stars/e/variable-stars/sigma-scorpii/": {"t": "Sigma Scorpii", "s": "Multiple star system with a Beta Cephei variable primary."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-scorpius/e/stars-of-scorpius/tau-scorpii/": {"t": "Tau Scorpii", "s": "A bright B-type star in Scorpius, also known as Paikauhale."}, "https://codexery.com/star-clusters/e/star-clusters/stellar-association/": {"t": "Stellar association", "s": "Loose, gravitationally unbound star groups sharing common origin and motion."}, "https://codexery.com/nebulae/e/nebulae/rho-ophiuchi-cloud-complex/": {"t": "Rho Ophiuchi cloud complex", "s": "One of the closest star-forming regions to the Solar System."}, "https://codexery.com/notable-asteroids/e/notable-asteroids/asteroid-belt/": {"t": "Asteroid belt", "s": "A torus-shaped region between Mars and Jupiter containing many asteroids."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-and-dwarf-planets/e/planets-and-dwarf-planets/mars/": {"t": "Mars", "s": "The fourth planet from the Sun, a desert world with polar ice caps."}, "https://codexery.com/poets-of-the-ancient-world/e/poets-of-the-ancient-world/antarah-ibn-shaddad/": {"t": "Antarah ibn Shaddad", "s": "Pre-Islamic Arab poet and knight of the Banu Abs.", "i": "https://codexery.com/poets-of-the-ancient-world/img/poets-of-the-ancient-world/antarah-ibn-shaddad.webp", "c": "Abodi009 · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-astronomy/e/amateur-astronomy/american-association-of-variable-star-observers/": {"t": "American Association of Variable Star Observers", "s": "Coordinates amateur variable star observations for professional research."}, "https://codexery.com/named-stars/e/named-stars/betelgeuse/": {"t": "Betelgeuse", "s": "A red supergiant variable star in Orion, nearing supernova."}, "https://codexery.com/specific-languages/e/specific-languages/hawaiian-language/": {"t": "Hawaiian language", "s": "The historic native language of the Hawaiian people, critically endangered but undergoing revival."}, "https://codexery.com/stellar-phenomena/e/stellar-phenomena/supergiant/": {"t": "Supergiant", "s": "Massive, luminous stars at the top of the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/norma-constellation/": {"t": "Norma (constellation)", "s": "A small southern constellation representing a carpenter's square or level.", "i": "https://codexery.com/constellations/img/constellations/norma-constellation.webp", "c": "ESO, IAU and Sky & Telescope · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cosmic-mysteries/e/cosmic-mysteries/gamma-ray-bursts/": {"t": "Gamma-ray bursts", "s": "Extremely energetic explosions in distant galaxies."}, "https://codexery.com/solar-gods/e/solar-gods/solar-deity/": {"t": "Solar deity", "s": "A deity representing the Sun, often associated with power and strength."}, "https://codexery.com/egypt-myths/e/egyptian-myths/ra/": {"t": "Ra", "s": "Ancient Egyptian sun god, creator of life, and first pharaoh."}, "https://codexery.com/emission-dark-and-reflection-nebulae-2/e/emission-dark-and-reflection-nebulae/wr-104/": {"t": "WR 104", "s": "Triple star system with a pinwheel nebula and potential gamma-ray burst risk."}, "https://codexery.com/variable-stars/e/variable-stars/ez-canis-majoris/": {"t": "EZ Canis Majoris", "s": "A Wolf–Rayet binary with disputed neutron star companion."}, "https://codexery.com/space-telescopes/e/space-telescopes/chandra-x-ray-observatory/": {"t": "Chandra X-ray Observatory", "s": "Flagship X-ray telescope launched in 1999, still operating."}, "https://codexery.com/optical-telescopes/e/optical-telescopes/anglo-australian-telescope/": {"t": "Anglo-Australian Telescope", "s": "A 3.9-metre equatorial telescope at Siding Spring Observatory."}, "https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/e/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/ecliptic/": {"t": "Ecliptic", "s": "Apparent path of the Sun on the celestial sphere.", "i": "https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/img/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/ecliptic.webp", "c": "S.fonsi · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/astrophotography/e/astrophotography/very-long-baseline-interferometry/": {"t": "Very-long-baseline interferometry", "s": "VLBI combines radio telescopes to emulate a giant telescope."}, "https://codexery.com/psychoacoustics/e/psychoacoustics/beat-acoustics/": {"t": "Beat (acoustics)", "s": "Periodic volume variation from interference of two close frequencies."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/ara-constellation/": {"t": "Ara (constellation)", "s": "A southern constellation representing an altar, rich in star clusters."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomical-surveys/e/astronomical-surveys/all-sky-automated-survey-for-supernovae/": {"t": "All Sky Automated Survey for SuperNovae", "s": "Automated survey scanning the whole sky daily for supernovae."}, "/e/binary-and-multiple-stars/o-connell-effect/": {"t": "O'Connell effect", "s": "Asymmetry in light curves of close eclipsing binary stars."}, "https://codexery.com/messier-objects/e/messier-objects/messier-object/": {"t": "Messier object", "s": "A famous catalogue of deep-sky objects compiled by Charles Messier."}, "https://codexery.com/mythology-of-heracles/e/mythology-of-heracles/atlas-mythology/": {"t": "Atlas (mythology)", "s": "Titan condemned to hold up the heavens."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomical-myths/e/astronomical-myths/pleiades-greek-mythology/": {"t": "Pleiades (Greek mythology)", "s": "Seven sister-nymphs turned into a star cluster."}, "https://codexery.com/missions-to-the-sun/e/missions-to-the-sun/stereo/": {"t": "STEREO", "s": "Two spacecraft providing stereoscopic views of the Sun."}, "https://codexery.com/transiting-exoplanets/e/transiting-exoplanets/bd-05-4868ab/": {"t": "BD+05 4868Ab", "s": "A catastrophically evaporating lava planet with comet-like dust trails."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomical-catalogues/e/astronomical-catalogues/durchmusterung/": {"t": "Durchmusterung", "s": "Systematic star survey cataloguing 342,198 stars down to magnitude 9.5."}, "https://codexery.com/transiting-exoplanets/e/transiting-exoplanets/kepler-1520b/": {"t": "Kepler-1520b", "s": "A disintegrating rocky planet evaporating under its star's heat."}, "https://codexery.com/transiting-exoplanets/e/transiting-exoplanets/koi-2700b/": {"t": "KOI-2700b", "s": "A disintegrating rocky exoplanet with a comet-like dust tail."}, "https://codexery.com/transiting-exoplanets/e/transiting-exoplanets/k2-22b/": {"t": "K2-22b", "s": "Evaporating exoplanet with a comet-like dust tail."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-science/e/geology-and-earth-science/mineralogy/": {"t": "Mineralogy", "s": "Scientific study of minerals, their properties, and crystal structures."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/astronomy-and-space/mercury-planet/": {"t": "Mercury (planet)", "s": "Smallest planet and closest to the Sun."}, "https://codexery.com/materials-and-states-of-matter/e/materials-and-states-of-matter/evaporation/": {"t": "Evaporation", "s": "Surface vaporization process driven by heat and molecular kinetics."}, "https://codexery.com/transiting-exoplanets/e/transiting-exoplanets/kepler-37b/": {"t": "Kepler-37b", "s": "Smallest exoplanet found around a main-sequence star."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/pegasus/": {"t": "Pegasus", "s": "Constellation of the winged horse from Greek mythology."}, "https://codexery.com/caldwell-objects/e/caldwell-objects/ic-2391/": {"t": "IC 2391", "s": "A naked-eye open cluster of hot, young blue stars in Vela."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-pisces/e/stars-of-pisces/gliese-900/": {"t": "Gliese 900", "s": "Triple star system with a widely separated planetary-mass companion."}, "https://codexery.com/exoplanets/e/exoplanets/hot-jupiters/": {"t": "Hot Jupiters", "s": "Gas giants orbiting extremely close to their host stars.", "i": "https://codexery.com/exoplanets/img/exoplanets/hot-jupiters.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Hot Jupiter · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-cancer/e/stars-of-cancer/beta-cancri-b/": {"t": "Beta Cancri b", "s": "Gas giant exoplanet orbiting the brightest star in Cancer."}, "https://codexery.com/objects-in-greek-mythology/e/objects-in-greek-mythology/corona-borealis/": {"t": "Corona Borealis", "s": "A northern crown-shaped constellation linked to Ariadne's myth."}, "https://codexery.com/bright-stars-by-bayer-designation/e/bright-stars-by-bayer-designation/theta-coronae-borealis/": {"t": "Theta Coronae Borealis", "s": "A binary system with a rapidly spinning Be shell star."}, "https://codexery.com/named-stars/e/named-stars/alpha-coronae-borealis/": {"t": "Alpha Coronae Borealis", "s": "An eclipsing binary star system with a possible planetary disk."}, "https://codexery.com/named-stars/e/named-stars/gamma-coronae-borealis/": {"t": "Gamma Coronae Borealis", "s": "A binary star system with disputed variability class."}, "https://codexery.com/bright-stars-by-bayer-designation/e/bright-stars-by-bayer-designation/delta-coronae-borealis/": {"t": "Delta Coronae Borealis", "s": "A yellow giant star with a 59-day rotation period."}, "https://codexery.com/bright-stars-by-binary-and-multiple-st/e/bright-stars-by-bayer-designation-binary-and-multiple-stars/epsilon-coronae-borealis/": {"t": "Epsilon Coronae Borealis", "s": "Binary star system with a giant primary and an exoplanet."}, "https://codexery.com/named-stars/e/named-stars/iota-coronae-borealis/": {"t": "Iota Coronae Borealis", "s": "A binary star system with the proper name Aurwandilsta."}, "https://codexery.com/bright-stars-by-bayer-designation/e/bright-stars-by-bayer-designation/rho-coronae-borealis/": {"t": "Rho Coronae Borealis", "s": "Yellow subgiant star with three known exoplanets."}, "/e/binary-and-multiple-stars/alpha-delphini/": {"t": "Alpha Delphini", "s": "Multiple star system with the historical name Sualocin."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/draco/": {"t": "Draco", "s": "A northern constellation named for the Greco-Latin word for serpent or dragon."}, "https://codexery.com/stellar-evolution/e/stellar-evolution/dredge-up/": {"t": "Dredge-up", "s": "Convective mixing brings fusion products to a star's surface."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-and-stellar-phenomena/e/stars-and-stellar-phenomena/instability-strip/": {"t": "Instability strip", "s": "A region of the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram where pulsating variable stars are found, driven by the Kappa–mechanism involving doubly ionized helium."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-draco/e/stars-of-draco/gamma-draconis/": {"t": "Gamma Draconis", "s": "Brightest star in Draco, discovered aberration of light."}, "https://codexery.com/named-stars/e/named-stars/mu-draconis/": {"t": "Mu Draconis", "s": "A multiple star system near the head of Draco."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-draco/e/stars-of-draco/nu-draconis/": {"t": "Nu Draconis", "s": "A double star in Draco with a spectroscopic binary component."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-draco/e/stars-of-draco/xi-draconis/": {"t": "Xi Draconis", "s": "A binary star in Draco with the traditional name Grumium."}, "/e/binary-and-multiple-stars/iota-herculis/": {"t": "Iota Herculis", "s": "A binary star and former pole star in Hercules."}, "https://codexery.com/astrophotography/e/astrophotography/hale-telescope/": {"t": "Hale Telescope", "s": "A 200-inch reflecting telescope at Palomar Observatory, completed in 1949."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-libra/e/stars-of-libra/beta-librae/": {"t": "Beta Librae", "s": "The brightest star in Libra, historically seen as green."}, "https://codexery.com/named-stars/e/named-stars/capella/": {"t": "Capella", "s": "A quadruple star system and the sixth-brightest star in the night sky."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-canis-major/e/stars-of-canis-major/sirius-b/": {"t": "Sirius B", "s": "White dwarf companion to Sirius A, closest example to Earth."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-hercules/e/stars-of-hercules/gamma-herculis/": {"t": "Gamma Herculis", "s": "A white giant star in Hercules with suspected variability."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-serpens/e/stars-of-serpens/gamma-serpentis/": {"t": "Gamma Serpentis", "s": "An F-type main sequence star in Serpens Caput."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-serpens/e/stars-of-serpens/beta-serpentis/": {"t": "Beta Serpentis", "s": "Binary star system in Serpens Caput, also named Zhou."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-hercules/e/stars-of-hercules/kappa-herculis/": {"t": "Kappa Herculis", "s": "Optical double star in Hercules with a suspected variable component."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-serpens/e/stars-of-serpens/delta-serpentis/": {"t": "Delta Serpentis", "s": "Triple star system in Serpens Caput with a variable primary."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-serpens/e/stars-of-serpens/alpha-serpentis/": {"t": "Alpha Serpentis", "s": "Brightest star in Serpens, an orange giant about 74 light-years away."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-serpens/e/stars-of-serpens/epsilon-serpentis/": {"t": "Epsilon Serpentis", "s": "White-hued Am star in Serpens Caput."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-ophiuchus/e/stars-of-ophiuchus/delta-ophiuchi/": {"t": "Delta Ophiuchi", "s": "A red giant star in Ophiuchus, fourth-brightest in the constellation."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-ophiuchus/e/stars-of-ophiuchus/epsilon-ophiuchi/": {"t": "Epsilon Ophiuchi", "s": "Red giant star in Ophiuchus, optical double with Delta Ophiuchi."}, "https://codexery.com/variable-stars/e/variable-stars/zeta-ophiuchi/": {"t": "Zeta Ophiuchi", "s": "Nearest O-class star, a runaway with a bow shock."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/tang-dynasty/": {"t": "Tang dynasty", "s": "Imperial dynasty ruling China from 618 to 907."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-by-flamsteed-designation/e/stars-by-flamsteed-designation/46-leonis-minoris/": {"t": "46 Leonis Minoris", "s": "Brightest star in Leo Minor, a red clump giant."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/aquila/": {"t": "Aquila", "s": "The Eagle constellation"}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-lyra/e/stars-of-lyra/vega/": {"t": "Vega", "s": "Bright northern star, former pole star, surrounded by a dust disk."}, "https://codexery.com/nebulae/e/nebulae/interstellar-cloud/": {"t": "Interstellar cloud", "s": "Denser-than-average regions of the interstellar medium, where hydrogen can be neutral, ionized, or molecular."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/infrared/": {"t": "Infrared", "s": "Invisible electromagnetic radiation between visible light and microwaves."}, "https://codexery.com/stellar-phenomena/e/stellar-phenomena/convection-zone/": {"t": "Convection zone", "s": "Stellar layer where plasma convection transports energy."}, "/e/binary-and-multiple-stars/beta-draconis/": {"t": "Beta Draconis", "s": "Binary star system and third-brightest star in Draco."}, "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/e/lines-and-hemispheres/northern-hemisphere/": {"t": "Northern Hemisphere", "s": "The Northern Hemisphere contains most of the world's continents and major landmasses.", "i": "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/img/lines-and-hemispheres/northern-hemisphere.webp", "c": "Sean Baker ( Marvin01 | talk ) · via Wikipedia: Northern Hemisphere · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-and-fluid-mechanics/e/classical-and-fluid-mechanics/precession/": {"t": "Precession", "s": "A change in the orientation of a rotating body's rotational axis."}, "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/e/lines-and-hemispheres/north-pole/": {"t": "North Pole", "s": "Northernmost point on Earth, located in the Arctic Ocean."}, "https://codexery.com/named-stars/e/named-stars/polaris/": {"t": "Polaris", "s": "The current northern pole star and closest Cepheid variable."}, "https://codexery.com/satellites/e/satellites/satellite/": {"t": "Satellite", "s": "Artificial objects placed into orbit around a celestial body."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/cassiopeia/": {"t": "Cassiopeia", "s": "A northern constellation representing the queen of Ethiopia."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry/e/chemistry/cyanide/": {"t": "Cyanide", "s": "A highly toxic compound used industrially and found in nature.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemistry/img/chemistry/cyanide.webp", "c": "NegativeZ · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/lepus-constellation/": {"t": "Lepus (constellation)", "s": "A hare constellation south of Orion, listed by Ptolemy."}, "https://codexery.com/named-stars/e/named-stars/alpha-leporis/": {"t": "Alpha Leporis", "s": "Brightest star in Lepus, a dying yellow supergiant."}, "https://codexery.com/solar-phenomena/e/solar-phenomena/limb-darkening/": {"t": "Limb darkening", "s": "Central stellar disk appears brighter than the limb."}, "https://codexery.com/optical-telescopes/e/optical-telescopes/3-67-m-advanced-electro-optical-system-telescope/": {"t": "3.67 m Advanced Electro Optical System Telescope", "s": "Largest U.S. optical telescope for satellite tracking."}, "https://codexery.com/named-stars/e/named-stars/alpheratz/": {"t": "Alpheratz", "s": "Brightest mercury-manganese star and corner of the Great Square."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/latin/": {"t": "Latin", "s": "A classical language of the Italic branch, Latin evolved into the Romance languages and remained a key scholarly tongue into the early 19th century."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-andromeda/e/stars-of-andromeda/51-andromedae/": {"t": "51 Andromedae", "s": "An orange giant star, fifth brightest in Andromeda."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-andromeda/e/stars-of-andromeda/49-andromedae/": {"t": "49 Andromedae", "s": "An aging red-clump giant star drifting closer to the Sun."}, "/e/binary-and-multiple-stars/56-andromedae/": {"t": "56 Andromedae", "s": "A probable binary with a red clump giant primary."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/sagittarius/": {"t": "Sagittarius (constellation)", "s": "A zodiac constellation representing a centaur archer.", "i": "https://codexery.com/constellations/img/constellations/sagittarius.webp", "c": "John Flamsteed · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/stars-and-stellar-objects/e/stars-and-stellar-objects/cepheid-variable/": {"t": "Cepheid variable", "s": "Pulsating stars used as cosmic distance markers."}, "https://codexery.com/named-stars/e/named-stars/gamma2-sagittarii/": {"t": "Gamma2 Sagittarii", "s": "Orange giant star in the bow of Sagittarius."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-and-stellar-phenomena/e/stars-and-stellar-phenomena/classical-cepheid-variable/": {"t": "Classical Cepheid variable", "s": "Young, pulsating standard candles that measure the universe."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-andromeda/e/stars-of-andromeda/eta-andromedae/": {"t": "Eta Andromedae", "s": "A binary system of two evolved G-type stars drawing closer to Earth."}, "https://codexery.com/people-associated-with-astronomical/e/people-associated-with-astronomical-catalogues/johann-bayer/": {"t": "Johann Bayer", "s": "German lawyer and uranographer who created the first full-sky star atlas."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/libra-constellation/": {"t": "Libra (constellation)", "s": "Libra is a faint zodiac constellation representing weighing scales."}, "https://codexery.com/named-stars/e/named-stars/beta-scorpii/": {"t": "Beta Scorpii", "s": "A multiple star system in Scorpius with six orbiting components."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-and-stellar-phenomena/e/stars-and-stellar-phenomena/hypergiant/": {"t": "Hypergiant", "s": "The rarest and most luminous stars, teetering on the edge of stability."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-cassiopeia/e/stars-of-cassiopeia/hd-5408/": {"t": "HD 5408", "s": "A hierarchical multiple star system near γ Cassiopeiae."}, "https://codexery.com/named-stars/e/named-stars/kappa-cassiopeiae/": {"t": "Kappa Cassiopeiae", "s": "A runaway star with a vast bow shock in Cassiopeia."}, "https://codexery.com/named-stars/e/named-stars/beta-cassiopeiae/": {"t": "Beta Cassiopeiae", "s": "A Delta Scuti variable star in Cassiopeia."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-cassiopeia/e/stars-of-cassiopeia/alpha-cassiopeiae/": {"t": "Alpha Cassiopeiae", "s": "Alpha Cassiopeiae is the brightest star in Cassiopeia."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/chamaeleon/": {"t": "Chamaeleon", "s": "A small southern constellation named for the chameleon lizard."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/octans/": {"t": "Octans", "s": "A faint southern constellation housing the south celestial pole.", "i": "https://codexery.com/constellations/img/constellations/octans.webp", "c": "Octans · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/bright-stars-by-bayer-designation/e/bright-stars-by-bayer-designation/gamma-corvi/": {"t": "Gamma Corvi", "s": "Brightest star in Corvus, a binary with a mercury-manganese primary."}, "https://codexery.com/caldwell-objects/e/caldwell-objects/veil-nebula/": {"t": "Veil Nebula", "s": "Brightest visible part of the Cygnus Loop supernova remnant."}, "https://codexery.com/supernova-remnants/e/supernova-remnants/supernova-remnant/": {"t": "Supernova remnant", "s": "Expanding structures from stellar explosions, key sources of cosmic rays."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomical-catalogues/e/astronomical-catalogues/gaia-catalogues/": {"t": "Gaia catalogues", "s": "Star catalogues from the Gaia space telescope", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomical-catalogues/img/astronomical-catalogues/gaia-catalogues.webp", "c": "© ESA/Gaia/DPAC; · CC BY-SA 3.0 igo"}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/telescopium/": {"t": "Telescopium", "s": "A southern constellation depicting an aerial telescope."}, "https://codexery.com/people-associated-with-astronomical/e/people-associated-with-astronomical-catalogues/olin-j-eggen/": {"t": "Olin J. Eggen", "s": "American-Australian astronomer who pioneered moving groups and galactic collapse theory."}, "https://codexery.com/solar-phenomena/e/solar-phenomena/maunder-minimum/": {"t": "Maunder Minimum", "s": "A prolonged sunspot minimum from 1645 to 1715."}, "https://codexery.com/brown-dwarfs/e/brown-dwarfs/gliese-570-d/": {"t": "Gliese 570 D", "s": "One of the coolest brown dwarfs known, orbiting the Gliese 570 system."}, "/e/binary-and-multiple-stars/54-piscium-ab/": {"t": "54 Piscium Ab", "s": "A Saturn-mass exoplanet with a highly eccentric orbit."}, "/e/binary-and-multiple-stars/54-piscium/": {"t": "54 Piscium A", "s": "Orange dwarf with a planet and a brown dwarf companion."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-radiation/e/electromagnetism-and-radiation/ultraviolet/": {"t": "Ultraviolet", "s": "Electromagnetic radiation beyond violet, with both harmful and beneficial effects."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/lyra/": {"t": "Lyra", "s": "A small northern constellation representing the lyre of Orpheus, home to the brilliant star Vega and the Ring Nebula."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-cosmologists/e/astronomers-and-cosmologists/johannes-hevelius/": {"t": "Johannes Hevelius", "s": "Lunar topographer, comet discoverer, and brewer of Gdańsk.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-cosmologists/img/astronomers-and-cosmologists/johannes-hevelius.webp", "c": "Daniel Schultz · via Wikipedia: Johannes Hevelius · Public domain"}, "/e/binary-and-multiple-stars/53-eridani/": {"t": "53 Eridani", "s": "Binary star in Eridanus with a named primary component."}, "https://codexery.com/stellar-evolution/e/stellar-evolution/asymptotic-giant-branch/": {"t": "Asymptotic giant branch", "s": "Evolved cool luminous stars on the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/phoenix-constellation/": {"t": "Phoenix (constellation)", "s": "A southern constellation named after the mythical phoenix.", "i": "https://codexery.com/constellations/img/constellations/phoenix-constellation.webp", "c": "Photographer's Mate 2nd Class Felix Garza · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/crater-constellation/": {"t": "Crater (constellation)", "s": "A small cup-shaped constellation on the back of Hydra."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-hydra/e/stars-of-hydra/kappa-hydrae/": {"t": "Kappa Hydrae", "s": "A B-type star in Hydra, possibly variable."}, "https://codexery.com/named-stars/e/named-stars/alpha-crateris/": {"t": "Alpha Crateris", "s": "Orange-hued giant star in the constellation Crater."}, "https://codexery.com/bright-stars-by-binary-and-multiple-st/e/bright-stars-by-bayer-designation-binary-and-multiple-stars/gamma-crateris/": {"t": "Gamma Crateris", "s": "Binary star divisible with a small amateur telescope."}, "https://codexery.com/bright-stars-by-binary-and-multiple-st/e/bright-stars-by-bayer-designation-binary-and-multiple-stars/zeta-crateris/": {"t": "Zeta Crateris", "s": "Binary star in Crater, a red clump giant with a fainter companion."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-hydra/e/stars-of-hydra/nu-hydrae/": {"t": "Nu Hydrae", "s": "Orange giant star in Hydra near Crater."}, "/e/binary-and-multiple-stars/iota-crateris/": {"t": "Iota Crateris", "s": "Triple star system with a candidate technosignature signal."}, "https://codexery.com/named-stars/e/named-stars/beta1-sagittarii/": {"t": "Beta1 Sagittarii", "s": "Binary star system in Sagittarius with the primary named Arkab Prior."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-sagittarius/e/stars-of-sagittarius/alpha-sagittarii/": {"t": "Alpha Sagittarii", "s": "A blue dwarf star with a debris disk and a spectroscopic companion."}, "https://codexery.com/people-associated-with-astronomical/e/people-associated-with-astronomical-catalogues/harold-alden/": {"t": "Harold Alden", "s": "American astronomer known for stellar parallax and proper motion measurements."}, "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/e/lines-and-hemispheres/azimuth/": {"t": "Azimuth", "s": "Horizontal angle from north used in navigation and astronomy."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-aquila/e/stars-of-aquila/eta-aquilae/": {"t": "Eta Aquilae", "s": "A triple Cepheid variable star in Aquila, once part of Antinous."}, "/e/binary-and-multiple-stars/epsilon-aquilae/": {"t": "Epsilon Aquilae", "s": "A binary star system with a disputed barium-star classification."}, "https://codexery.com/named-stars/e/named-stars/lambda-aquilae/": {"t": "Lambda Aquilae", "s": "A binary star with a red dwarf companion, resolved by interferometry."}, "/e/binary-and-multiple-stars/altair/": {"t": "Altair", "s": "Altair is a rapidly rotating, oblate A-type star in Aquila."}, "/e/binary-and-multiple-stars/gaia-bh3/": {"t": "Gaia BH3", "s": "Most massive known stellar black hole in the Milky Way."}, "/e/binary-and-multiple-stars/gaia-bh2/": {"t": "Gaia BH2", "s": "Third-closest known black hole system, discovered via Gaia astrometry."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-monoceros/e/stars-of-monoceros/a0620-00/": {"t": "A0620-00", "s": "Binary system containing one of the nearest known stellar-mass black holes."}, "https://codexery.com/black-holes/e/black-holes/schwarzschild-radius/": {"t": "Schwarzschild radius", "s": "Radius defining the event horizon of a non-rotating black hole."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomical-radio-sources/e/astronomical-radio-sources/lb-1/": {"t": "LB-1", "s": "Binary system initially thought to contain an unusually massive black hole."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-telescopium/e/stars-of-telescopium/hr-6819/": {"t": "HR 6819", "s": "A binary star system once thought to contain a black hole."}, "/e/binary-and-multiple-stars/gaia-bh1/": {"t": "Gaia BH1", "s": "Nearest known black hole system as of 2026."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/centaurus/": {"t": "Centaurus", "s": "A large southern constellation with the nearest star system to Earth."}, "/e/binary-and-multiple-stars/binary-black-hole/": {"t": "Binary black hole", "s": "Two black holes in close orbit, confirmed by gravitational waves."}, "https://codexery.com/globular-clusters/e/globular-clusters/messier-92/": {"t": "Messier 92", "s": "An old, bright globular cluster often overlooked near M13."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/tucana/": {"t": "Tucana", "s": "A southern constellation featuring a bright globular cluster and the Small Magellanic Cloud."}, "https://codexery.com/units-measurement/e/units-and-measurement/year/": {"t": "Year", "s": "A unit of time based on Earth's orbit around the Sun."}, "https://codexery.com/stellar-evolution/e/stellar-evolution/stellar-isochrone/": {"t": "Stellar isochrone", "s": "A curve on the HR diagram for stars of equal age."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-camelopardalis/e/stars-of-camelopardalis/beta-camelopardalis/": {"t": "Beta Camelopardalis", "s": "The brightest star in Camelopardalis, a yellow supergiant 840 light-years away."}, "/e/binary-and-multiple-stars/dynamical-parallax/": {"t": "Dynamical parallax", "s": "Distance to visual binaries via orbital and brightness data."}, "https://codexery.com/communication-and-media/e/communication-and-media/signal-to-noise-ratio/": {"t": "Signal-to-noise ratio", "s": "Measure comparing signal power to background noise power."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/virgo/": {"t": "Virgo", "s": "Largest zodiac constellation, rich in galaxies and exoplanets."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-virgo/e/stars-of-virgo/phi-virginis/": {"t": "Phi Virginis", "s": "A binary star in Virgo, visible to the naked eye."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-virgo/e/stars-of-virgo/lambda-virginis/": {"t": "Lambda Virginis", "s": "Binary star system in Virgo with chemically peculiar components."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/gemini/": {"t": "Gemini", "s": "A zodiac constellation representing the twins Castor and Pollux."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/japanese-language/": {"t": "Japanese language", "s": "The principal language of the Japonic family, spoken by over 123 million people, primarily in Japan."}, "/e/binary-and-multiple-stars/alpha-caeli/": {"t": "Alpha Caeli", "s": "Brightest star in Caelum, a binary with a debris disk."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy/e/astronomy/giant-planet/": {"t": "Giant planet", "s": "A massive planet composed mainly of volatiles, not solid matter."}, "https://codexery.com/globular-clusters/e/globular-clusters/ngc-1850/": {"t": "NGC 1850", "s": "A young double cluster in the Large Magellanic Cloud."}, "https://codexery.com/elliptical-and-irregular-galaxies/e/elliptical-and-irregular-galaxies/large-magellanic-cloud/": {"t": "Large Magellanic Cloud", "s": "A dwarf satellite galaxy of the Milky Way, rich in gas and star formation."}, "https://codexery.com/stellar-evolution/e/stellar-evolution/main-sequence-turnoff/": {"t": "Main sequence turnoff", "s": "The point where a star leaves the main sequence after fuel exhaustion."}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-photonics/e/optics-and-photonics/optical-depth/": {"t": "Optical depth", "s": "Dimensionless measure of radiant power attenuation through a material."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/capricornus/": {"t": "Capricornus", "s": "The smallest zodiac constellation, depicted as a sea goat."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-sagittarius/e/stars-of-sagittarius/62-sagittarii/": {"t": "62 Sagittarii", "s": "A red giant variable star in the Terebellum asterism."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/astronomy-and-space/omega-centauri/": {"t": "Omega Centauri", "s": "Largest and most massive globular cluster in the Milky Way."}, "https://codexery.com/exoplanets/e/exoplanets/the-james-webb-space-telescope/": {"t": "The James Webb Space Telescope", "s": "The largest space telescope, observing the infrared universe from beyond Earth's orbit."}, "https://codexery.com/named-stars/e/named-stars/eta-piscium/": {"t": "Eta Piscium", "s": "Brightest star in Pisces, a binary system with an 850-year orbit."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-pisces/e/stars-of-pisces/pi-piscium/": {"t": "Pi Piscium", "s": "Spectroscopic binary in Pisces, possibly part of Ursa Major association."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-ursa-major/e/stars-of-ursa-major/merak-star/": {"t": "Merak (star)", "s": "Pointer star in the Big Dipper, white-hued subgiant."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/aries/": {"t": "Aries", "s": "A mid-sized zodiac constellation representing a ram since late Babylonian times."}, "https://codexery.com/named-stars/e/named-stars/delta-arietis/": {"t": "Delta Arietis", "s": "An orange-hued giant star in Aries, officially named Botein."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-aries/e/stars-of-aries/zeta-arietis/": {"t": "Zeta Arietis", "s": "A white-hued A-type main sequence star in Aries."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-aries/e/stars-of-aries/pi-arietis/": {"t": "Pi Arietis", "s": "A multiple star system in Aries, faintly visible to the naked eye."}, "https://codexery.com/optical-telescopes/e/optical-telescopes/southern-astrophysical-research-telescope/": {"t": "Southern Astrophysical Research Telescope", "s": "Modern 4.1-meter telescope on Cerro Pachón, Chile, commissioned in 2003."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/apus/": {"t": "Apus", "s": "A southern constellation named for the footless bird-of-paradise."}, "/e/binary-and-multiple-stars/alpha-circini/": {"t": "Alpha Circini", "s": "Brightest star in Circinus, a rapidly oscillating Ap variable."}, "https://codexery.com/named-stars/e/named-stars/omicron-sagittarii/": {"t": "Omicron Sagittarii", "s": "A yellow giant star in Sagittarius, also known as Alqiladah."}, "https://codexery.com/named-stars/e/named-stars/pi-sagittarii/": {"t": "Pi Sagittarii", "s": "Triple star system in Sagittarius, visible to the naked eye."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-sagittarius/e/stars-of-sagittarius/upsilon-sagittarii/": {"t": "Upsilon Sagittarii", "s": "Prototypical hydrogen-deficient binary in Sagittarius."}, "/e/binary-and-multiple-stars/oph-162225-240515/": {"t": "Oph 162225-240515", "s": "Wide brown dwarf binary in Scorpius, first of its kind reported."}, "/e/binary-and-multiple-stars/uscoctio-108/": {"t": "UScoCTIO 108", "s": "A wide binary of two brown dwarfs in Upper Scorpius."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements-metals/e/chemical-elements-and-metals/potassium/": {"t": "Potassium", "s": "Soft alkali metal essential to life and widely used in fertilizers."}, "https://codexery.com/optical-telescopes/e/optical-telescopes/speculoos/": {"t": "SPECULOOS", "s": "Searching for Earth-sized exoplanets around ultra-cool stars and brown dwarfs."}, "/e/binary-and-multiple-stars/2mass-j05352184-0546085/": {"t": "2MASS J05352184−0546085", "s": "First eclipsing binary brown dwarf system discovered."}, "https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/e/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/polar-orbit/": {"t": "Polar orbit", "s": "Satellite orbit passing near both poles each revolution.", "i": "https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/img/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/polar-orbit.webp", "c": "NOAA · Public domain"}, "/e/binary-and-multiple-stars/2m1510/": {"t": "2M1510", "s": "A triple brown dwarf system with an eclipsing binary and a planet candidate."}, "https://codexery.com/messier-objects/e/messier-objects/orion-nebula/": {"t": "Orion Nebula", "s": "The closest massive star-forming region to Earth."}, "https://codexery.com/brown-dwarfs/e/brown-dwarfs/corot-3b/": {"t": "CoRoT-3b", "s": "A massive transiting brown dwarf with a density greater than osmium."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/magnetic-field/": {"t": "Magnetic field", "s": "A vector field quantifying magnetic influence at a given location."}, "https://codexery.com/brown-dwarfs/e/brown-dwarfs/l-dwarf/": {"t": "L dwarf", "s": "L dwarfs bridge the gap between stars and brown dwarfs."}, "https://codexery.com/brown-dwarfs/e/brown-dwarfs/t-dwarf/": {"t": "T dwarf", "s": "T dwarfs are methane-rich substellar objects cooler than L dwarfs."}, "https://codexery.com/rocks-and-minerals/e/rocks-and-minerals/enstatite/": {"t": "Enstatite", "s": "Magnesium-rich pyroxene mineral found in rocks, meteorites, and space."}, "https://codexery.com/rocks-and-minerals/e/rocks-and-minerals/forsterite/": {"t": "Forsterite", "s": "Magnesium-rich end-member of the olivine solid solution series."}, "https://codexery.com/brown-dwarfs/e/brown-dwarfs/wise-1828-2650/": {"t": "WISE 1828+2650", "s": "Archetypal Y-class brown dwarf or free-floating planet."}, "https://codexery.com/optical-telescopes/e/optical-telescopes/canada-france-hawaii-telescope/": {"t": "Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope", "s": "3.58-meter optical/infrared telescope on Mauna Kea since 1979."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/hawaii/": {"t": "Hawaii", "s": "Island state with a tropical climate and diverse heritage."}, "/e/binary-and-multiple-stars/wise-j0336-0143/": {"t": "WISE J0336−0143", "s": "Binary Y-type brown dwarfs with masses near the deuterium fusion threshold."}, "https://codexery.com/exoplanets/e/exoplanets/rogue-planets/": {"t": "Rogue planets", "s": "Wandering worlds unbound to any star: rogue planets, free-floating planets, and isolated planetary-mass objects."}, "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/e/science-and-measurement/machine-learning/": {"t": "Machine learning", "s": "Statistical algorithms that learn from data without explicit programming."}, "https://codexery.com/nasa-space-probes/e/nasa-space-probes/wide-field-infrared-survey-explorer/": {"t": "Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer", "s": "NASA infrared survey that mapped the entire sky."}, "https://codexery.com/engineering-disciplines/e/engineering-disciplines/security-engineering/": {"t": "Security engineering", "s": "Integrating security controls into system operations to prevent misuse and malicious behavior."}, "https://codexery.com/brown-dwarfs/e/brown-dwarfs/y-dwarf/": {"t": "Y dwarf", "s": "Coldest brown dwarfs bridging T dwarfs and giant planets."}, "https://codexery.com/meteorology/e/meteorology/water-vapor/": {"t": "Water vapor", "s": "The gaseous phase of water, a key greenhouse gas and component of Earth's hydrosphere."}, "https://codexery.com/inorganic-compounds-materials/e/inorganic-compounds-and-materials/hydrogen-sulfide/": {"t": "Hydrogen sulfide", "s": "Colorless, toxic gas with a rotten-egg odor.", "i": "https://codexery.com/inorganic-compounds-materials/img/inorganic-compounds-and-materials/hydrogen-sulfide.webp", "c": "Jynto ( talk ) · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/e/science-and-measurement/radio-telescope/": {"t": "Radio telescope", "s": "Detecting the invisible universe through radio waves.", "i": "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/img/science-and-measurement/radio-telescope.webp", "c": "Photograph by Mike Peel ( www.mikepeel.net ). · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/moons-of-saturn/e/moons-of-saturn/enceladus/": {"t": "Enceladus", "s": "A small, icy moon with active geysers and a subsurface ocean.", "i": "https://codexery.com/moons-of-saturn/img/moons-of-saturn/enceladus.webp", "c": "Justin Cowart · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/astronomy-and-space/io-moon/": {"t": "Io (moon)", "s": "Io is Jupiter's innermost Galilean moon, the most volcanically active body known."}, "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/e/electricity-and-magnetism/joule-heating/": {"t": "Joule heating", "s": "Electric current through a conductor generates heat.", "i": "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/img/electricity-and-magnetism/joule-heating.webp", "c": "Acosta.eu · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/indus-constellation/": {"t": "Indus (constellation)", "s": "Southern constellation introduced by Keyser and de Houtman in 1598."}, "https://codexery.com/exoplanets-detected-by-direct-imaging/e/exoplanets-detected-by-direct-imaging/epsilon-indi-ab/": {"t": "Epsilon Indi Ab", "s": "Nearest directly imaged exoplanet, coolest at 275 K.", "i": "https://codexery.com/exoplanets-detected-by-direct-imaging/img/exoplanets-detected-by-direct-imaging/epsilon-indi-ab.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Epsilon Indi Ab · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/exoplanets-found-by-radial-velocity/e/exoplanets-found-by-radial-velocity/epsilon-eridani-b/": {"t": "Epsilon Eridani b", "s": "A nearby Jupiter analog with a contested history.", "i": "https://codexery.com/exoplanets-found-by-radial-velocity/img/exoplanets-found-by-radial-velocity/epsilon-eridani-b.webp", "c": "Mark Booth · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/discoverers-of-astronomical-objects/e/discoverers-of-astronomical-objects/heinrich-louis-d-arrest/": {"t": "Heinrich Louis d'Arrest", "s": "German astronomer who helped discover Neptune and found a periodic comet."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/cape-of-good-hope/": {"t": "Cape of Good Hope", "s": "Rocky headland on the Cape Peninsula, key to the Cape Route.", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/img/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/cape-of-good-hope.webp", "c": "Dietmar Rabich · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/washington-d-c/": {"t": "Washington, D.C.", "s": "The federal capital city of the United States, anchored on the Potomac River."}, "https://codexery.com/astrophotography/e/astrophotography/blink-comparator/": {"t": "Blink comparator", "s": "A device for blinking between sky photos to spot changes."}, "https://codexery.com/brown-dwarfs/e/brown-dwarfs/gd-165/": {"t": "GD 165", "s": "First dwarf cooler than M-type stars, later reclassified as L4 brown dwarf."}, "https://codexery.com/periodic-table-elements/e/periodic-table-and-elements/lithium/": {"t": "Lithium", "s": "Lightest metal, key to batteries and mood stabilization."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-dorado/e/stars-of-dorado/ab-doradus/": {"t": "AB Doradus", "s": "A quadruple star system with a fast-spinning primary and a near-brown-dwarf companion."}, "/e/binary-and-multiple-stars/epsilon-indi/": {"t": "Epsilon Indi", "s": "A nearby K-dwarf system with brown dwarfs and a Jovian planet."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-telescopes/e/radio-telescopes/very-large-array/": {"t": "Very Large Array", "s": "A versatile interferometer array for centimeter-wavelength radio astronomy."}, "https://codexery.com/rosat-objects/e/rosat-objects/toi-2119/": {"t": "TOI-2119", "s": "Binary system with a brown dwarf and measured spin-orbit obliquity."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/vela-constellation/": {"t": "Vela (constellation)", "s": "Vela is the southern constellation of the ship's sails."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomical-catalogues/e/astronomical-catalogues/digitized-sky-survey/": {"t": "Digitized Sky Survey", "s": "Digitized photographic surveys of the night sky for astronomy."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-leo/e/stars-of-leo/wolf-359/": {"t": "Wolf 359", "s": "One of the nearest and faintest red dwarf stars."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-hydra/e/stars-of-hydra/wise-0855-0714/": {"t": "WISE 0855−0714", "s": "Coldest known brown dwarf, a planetary-mass object in Hydra."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/e/chemistry-fundamentals/ammonia/": {"t": "Ammonia", "s": "A colourless gas with a pungent smell, vital for fertilizers."}, "https://codexery.com/astrology/e/astrology/astrology/": {"t": "Astrology", "s": "Divinatory practice interpreting celestial positions to discern earthly events."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-hercules/e/stars-of-hercules/delta-herculis/": {"t": "Delta Herculis", "s": "Third-brightest star in Hercules, a spectroscopic binary."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-hercules/e/stars-of-hercules/lambda-herculis/": {"t": "Lambda Herculis", "s": "A red giant star in Hercules, formerly thought near the solar apex."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-hercules/e/stars-of-hercules/mu-herculis/": {"t": "Mu Herculis", "s": "Quadruple star system with a G-type subgiant primary."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-hercules/e/stars-of-hercules/112-herculis/": {"t": "112 Herculis", "s": "Binary system with a mercury-manganese primary star."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-serpens/e/stars-of-serpens/eta-serpentis/": {"t": "Eta Serpentis", "s": "Brightest star in Serpens Cauda, an evolved K-type giant."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-ophiuchus/e/stars-of-ophiuchus/eta-ophiuchi/": {"t": "Eta Ophiuchi", "s": "Binary star system and second-brightest star in Ophiuchus."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-capricornus/e/stars-of-capricornus/zeta-capricorni/": {"t": "Zeta Capricorni", "s": "Binary star system with a barium supergiant and white dwarf companion."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/new-mexico/": {"t": "New Mexico", "s": "Land of diverse cultures, history, and high desert."}, "https://codexery.com/atmosphere/e/atmosphere/atmosphere/": {"t": "Atmosphere", "s": "A layer of gases enveloping an astronomical object, retained by gravity."}, "https://codexery.com/star-clusters/e/star-clusters/ob-association/": {"t": "OB association", "s": "Loose, unbound groups of young, massive O and B stars."}, "https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/e/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/escape-velocity/": {"t": "Escape velocity", "s": "Minimum speed to escape a body's gravitational pull.", "i": "https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/img/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/escape-velocity.webp", "c": "Richard West · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/corvus-constellation/": {"t": "Corvus (constellation)", "s": "A small southern constellation depicting a raven on Hydra's back."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-and-dwarf-planets/e/planets-and-dwarf-planets/uranus/": {"t": "Uranus", "s": "The seventh planet, a tilted ice giant with extreme seasons."}, "https://codexery.com/graphs-and-data-visualization/e/graphs-and-data-visualization/time-series/": {"t": "Time series", "s": "A sequence of data points ordered chronologically.", "i": "https://codexery.com/graphs-and-data-visualization/img/graphs-and-data-visualization/time-series.webp", "c": "HilberTraum · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/e/chemistry-fundamentals/chemical-equilibrium/": {"t": "Chemical equilibrium", "s": "State where forward and reverse reaction rates are equal."}, "https://codexery.com/periodic-table-elements/e/periodic-table-and-elements/hydrogen/": {"t": "Hydrogen", "s": "The lightest and most abundant element in the universe."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/e/chemistry-fundamentals/chemical-reaction/": {"t": "Chemical reaction", "s": "Process rearranging atoms with energy change, yielding new substances.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/img/chemistry-fundamentals/chemical-reaction.webp", "c": "Д.Ильин : translation, optimization · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/exoplanets-detected-by-direct-imaging/e/exoplanets-detected-by-direct-imaging/coconuts-2b/": {"t": "COCONUTS-2b", "s": "A widely orbiting gas giant imaged directly near Earth."}, "https://codexery.com/brown-dwarfs/e/brown-dwarfs/wise-1405-5534/": {"t": "WISE 1405+5534", "s": "First Y-dwarf with detected variability, a nearby brown dwarf."}, "https://codexery.com/units-measurement/e/units-and-measurement/inch/": {"t": "Inch", "s": "A unit of length in Imperial and US customary systems."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-and-dwarf-planets/e/planets-and-dwarf-planets/venus/": {"t": "Venus", "s": "Earth's twin, hottest planet, shrouded in sulfuric acid clouds."}, "https://codexery.com/inorganic-compounds-materials/e/inorganic-compounds-and-materials/hydrogen-cyanide/": {"t": "Hydrogen cyanide", "s": "A highly toxic, flammable liquid and key industrial precursor.", "i": "https://codexery.com/inorganic-compounds-materials/img/inorganic-compounds-and-materials/hydrogen-cyanide.webp", "c": "Apotashg · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/exoplanets-found-by-radial-velocity/e/exoplanets-found-by-radial-velocity/hd-209458-b/": {"t": "HD 209458 b", "s": "First transiting exoplanet; milestone in atmospheric and direct detection studies."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/methane/": {"t": "Methane", "s": "Simplest alkane, main component of natural gas, potent greenhouse gas."}, "/e/binary-and-multiple-stars/sdss-j141624-08-134826-7/": {"t": "SDSS J141624.08+134826.7", "s": "A nearby wide binary of two brown dwarfs in Boötes."}, "/e/binary-and-multiple-stars/2mass-j11011926-7732383/": {"t": "2MASS J11011926−7732383", "s": "First brown dwarf binary found with separation over 20 au."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/e/planets-and-stellar-astronomy/star-formation/": {"t": "Star formation", "s": "Process by which dense molecular cloud regions collapse into stars."}, "https://codexery.com/brown-dwarfs/e/brown-dwarfs/sub-brown-dwarf/": {"t": "Sub-brown dwarf", "s": "A failed star of planetary mass, formed like a star.", "i": "https://codexery.com/brown-dwarfs/img/brown-dwarfs/sub-brown-dwarf.webp", "c": "NASA/JPL-Caltech/Calar Alto Obsv./Caltech Sub. Obsv. · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/thermodynamics-and-statistical-mechanics/e/thermodynamics-and-statistical-mechanics/temperature/": {"t": "Temperature", "s": "Temperature measures average particle kinetic energy and thermal energy distribution."}, "https://codexery.com/brown-dwarfs/e/brown-dwarfs/wise-j0830-2837/": {"t": "WISE J0830+2837", "s": "Candidate Y dwarf, one of the reddest known."}, "https://codexery.com/astrophotography/e/astrophotography/radio-astronomy/": {"t": "Radio astronomy", "s": "Passive observation of celestial objects using radio waves.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astrophotography/img/astrophotography/radio-astronomy.webp", "c": "Maksym Kozlenko · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/meteorology/e/meteorology/hertz/": {"t": "Hertz", "s": "German physicist who proved electromagnetic waves exist."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-telescopes/e/radio-telescopes/low-frequency-array/": {"t": "Low-Frequency Array", "s": "A European low-frequency radio interferometer with software-based beamforming."}, "https://codexery.com/telescope-types/e/telescope-types/infrared-telescope/": {"t": "Infrared telescope", "s": "Telescope using infrared light to detect celestial bodies."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/cepheus/": {"t": "Cepheus", "s": "Northern constellation named after a mythical king of Aethiopia."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomical-catalogues/e/astronomical-catalogues/star-catalogue/": {"t": "Star catalogue", "s": "Mapping the heavens: from clay tablets to billions of stars.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomical-catalogues/img/astronomical-catalogues/star-catalogue.webp", "c": "CielProfond · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/e/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/equatorial-coordinate-system/": {"t": "Equatorial coordinate system", "s": "A geocentric system for locating celestial objects.", "i": "https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/img/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/equatorial-coordinate-system.webp", "c": "Anskar · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements-metals/e/chemical-elements-and-metals/sodium/": {"t": "Sodium", "s": "Soft, reactive alkali metal essential for life."}, "https://codexery.com/periodic-table-elements/e/periodic-table-and-elements/helium/": {"t": "Helium", "s": "A noble gas essential for cryogenics and cosmology."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/carl-friedrich-gauss/": {"t": "Carl Friedrich Gauss", "s": "German mathematician, astronomer, geodesist, and physicist"}, "https://codexery.com/stellar-phenomena/e/stellar-phenomena/stellar-mass-loss/": {"t": "Stellar mass loss", "s": "Stars lose mass via winds, binary interactions, and eruptions."}, "https://codexery.com/stellar-evolution/e/stellar-evolution/color-color-diagram/": {"t": "Color–color diagram", "s": "Plot comparing stellar colors to infer temperature and population."}, "https://codexery.com/neutron-stars/e/neutron-stars/atoll-source/": {"t": "Atoll source", "s": "A low-luminosity LMXB with a weakly magnetized neutron star."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/radio-wave/": {"t": "Radio wave", "s": "Electromagnetic waves with the longest wavelengths and lowest frequencies."}, "https://codexery.com/neutron-stars/e/neutron-stars/z-source/": {"t": "Z source", "s": "Neutron star LMXB with Z-shaped color-color diagram."}, "https://codexery.com/periodic-table-elements/e/periodic-table-and-elements/neon/": {"t": "Neon", "s": "A noble gas known for its bright red-orange glow."}}