{"https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/astronomy-and-space/lunar-eclipse/": {"t": "Lunar eclipse", "s": "A lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes through Earth's shadow."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-and-dwarf-planets/e/planets-and-dwarf-planets/earth/": {"t": "Earth", "s": "The only known planet with liquid surface water and life."}, "https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/e/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/eclipse-cycle/": {"t": "Eclipse cycle", "s": "Intervals after which eclipses repeat under similar conditions.", "i": "https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/img/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/eclipse-cycle.webp", "c": "CTIO/NOIRLab/NSF/AURA/P. 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"https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/edmond-halley/": {"t": "Edmond Halley", "s": "English astronomer who predicted the return of Halley's Comet."}, "https://codexery.com/discoverers-of-astronomical-objects/e/discoverers-of-astronomical-objects/guillaume-le-gentil/": {"t": "Guillaume Le Gentil", "s": "French astronomer who missed both Venus transits on an 11-year journey."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-mysteries/e/ancient-mysteries/the-antikythera-mechanism/": {"t": "The Antikythera Mechanism", "s": "The Antikythera mechanism is an ancient Greek hand-powered orrery, the oldest known analogue computer, used to predict astronomical positions and eclipses."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-greek-astronomy/e/ancient-greek-astronomy/metonic-cycle/": {"t": "Metonic cycle", "s": "19-year cycle aligning lunar phases with the solar year."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-greek-astronomy/e/ancient-greek-astronomy/exeligmos/": {"t": "Exeligmos", "s": "A 54-year, 33-day cycle for predicting similar eclipses."}, "https://codexery.com/phantom-places-discovery/e/phantom-places-and-discovery/geography/": {"t": "Geography", "s": "Geography is the study of Earth's lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/democritus/": {"t": "Democritus", "s": "The laughing philosopher who developed atomism from Leucippus's ideas."}, "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/e/science-and-measurement/telescope/": {"t": "Telescope", "s": "Observing the universe across the electromagnetic spectrum", "i": "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/img/science-and-measurement/telescope.webp", "c": "Pelligton · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/e/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/libration/": {"t": "Libration", "s": "Cyclic variation in Moon's apparent position revealing extra lunar surface."}, "https://codexery.com/geometry-and-topology/e/geometry-and-topology/coordinate-system/": {"t": "Coordinate system", "s": "A system using numbers to determine positions in space."}, "https://codexery.com/physical-geography-elevation/e/physical-geography-and-elevation/topography/": {"t": "Topography", "s": "Study of land surface forms and features.", "i": "https://codexery.com/physical-geography-elevation/img/physical-geography-and-elevation/topography.webp", "c": "NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Carnegie Institution of · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/soviet-union/": {"t": "Soviet Union", "s": "The world's flagship communist state and a superpower spanning Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/successful-space-missions/e/successful-space-missions/luna-3/": {"t": "Luna 3", "s": "First spacecraft to photograph the Moon's far side."}, "https://codexery.com/nasa-space-probes-of-the-1960s/e/nasa-space-probes-of-the-1960s/surveyor-program/": {"t": "Surveyor program", "s": "First American spacecraft to soft-land on the Moon."}, "https://codexery.com/moon-missions/e/moon-missions/lunokhod-2/": {"t": "Lunokhod 2", "s": "Second Soviet uncrewed lunar rover, deployed in January 1973."}, "https://codexery.com/spacecraft-that-orbited-the-moon/e/spacecraft-that-orbited-the-moon/clementine-spacecraft/": {"t": "Clementine (spacecraft)", "s": "Joint U.S. mission that mapped the Moon but failed to reach its asteroid target."}, "https://codexery.com/lunar-craters/e/lunar-craters/south-pole-aitken-basin/": {"t": "South Pole–Aitken basin", "s": "The Moon's largest, oldest, and deepest impact basin."}, "https://codexery.com/physical-geography-elevation/e/physical-geography-and-elevation/elevation/": {"t": "Elevation", "s": "Height of Earth's surface above a reference geoid."}, "https://codexery.com/lunar-craters/e/lunar-craters/mare-imbrium/": {"t": "Mare Imbrium", "s": "A large lunar mare formed by a protoplanet impact."}, "https://codexery.com/inventors/e/great-inventors/leonardo-da-vinci/": {"t": "Leonardo da Vinci", "s": "Italian polymath of the High Renaissance.", "i": "https://codexery.com/inventors/img/great-inventors/leonardo-da-vinci.webp", "c": "Attributed to Francesco Melzi · via Wikipedia: Leonardo da Vinci · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/creators-of-writing-systems/e/creators-of-writing-systems/thomas-harriot/": {"t": "Thomas Harriot", "s": "English astronomer, mathematician, and ethnographer of the Roanoke expedition."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/latin/": {"t": "Latin", "s": "A classical language of the Italic branch, Latin evolved into the Romance languages and remained a key scholarly tongue into the early 19th century."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-cosmologists/e/astronomers-and-cosmologists/johannes-hevelius/": {"t": "Johannes Hevelius", "s": "Lunar topographer, comet discoverer, and brewer of Gdańsk.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-cosmologists/img/astronomers-and-cosmologists/johannes-hevelius.webp", "c": "Daniel Schultz · via Wikipedia: Johannes Hevelius · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/ancient-rome/": {"t": "Ancient Rome", "s": "Ancient Rome spanned from 753 BC to 476 AD."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/italy/": {"t": "Italy", "s": "A cultural superpower with the eighth-largest economy and the most UNESCO sites."}, "https://codexery.com/lunar-craters/e/lunar-craters/clavius-crater/": {"t": "Clavius (crater)", "s": "One of the grandest cavities on the Moon's near side."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/e/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/plato/": {"t": "Plato", "s": "Foundational 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star of the Solar System."}, "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/e/lines-and-hemispheres/great-circle/": {"t": "Great circle", "s": "The largest circle on a sphere, analogous to a straight line."}, "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/e/lines-and-hemispheres/celestial-pole/": {"t": "Celestial pole", "s": "Fixed points in the sky around which all stars appear to rotate."}, "https://codexery.com/units-measurement/e/units-and-measurement/international-system-of-units/": {"t": "International System of Units", "s": "The modern metric system used worldwide for measurement."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/e/planets-and-stellar-astronomy/parallax/": {"t": "Parallax", "s": "Parallax measures distance through apparent shift in viewpoint."}, "https://codexery.com/geology/e/geology/geodesy/": {"t": "Geodesy", "s": "Science of measuring Earth's geometry, gravity, and spatial orientation."}, "/e/astronomical-concepts-and-techniques/tropical-year/": {"t": "Tropical year", "s": "Time for Sun to return to same seasonal position."}, "https://codexery.com/people-associated-with-astronomical/e/people-associated-with-astronomical-catalogues/andr-louis-danjon/": {"t": "André-Louis Danjon", "s": "French astronomer who devised the Danjon scale for lunar eclipses."}, "https://codexery.com/astrophotography/e/astrophotography/radio-astronomy/": {"t": "Radio astronomy", "s": "Passive observation of celestial objects using radio waves.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astrophotography/img/astrophotography/radio-astronomy.webp", "c": "Maksym Kozlenko · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/astrophotography/e/astrophotography/very-long-baseline-interferometry/": {"t": "Very-long-baseline interferometry", "s": "VLBI combines radio telescopes to emulate a giant telescope."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-and-dwarf-planets/e/planets-and-dwarf-planets/venus/": {"t": "Venus", "s": "Earth's twin, hottest planet, shrouded in sulfuric acid clouds."}, "/e/astronomical-concepts-and-techniques/zodiacal-light/": {"t": "Zodiacal light", "s": "A faint glow of sunlight scattered by interplanetary dust."}, "https://codexery.com/sensory-systems/e/sensory-systems/visual-perception/": {"t": "Visual perception", "s": "Visual perception is the active process of interpreting light to form meaningful representations of the environment."}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-photonics/e/optics-and-photonics/rayleigh-scattering/": {"t": "Rayleigh scattering", "s": "Rayleigh scattering explains why the sky is blue.", "i": "https://codexery.com/optics-and-photonics/img/optics-and-photonics/rayleigh-scattering.webp", "c": "Hibiscus Rosa Sinensis · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-radiation/e/electromagnetism-and-radiation/ultraviolet/": {"t": "Ultraviolet", "s": "Electromagnetic radiation beyond violet, with both harmful and beneficial effects."}, "https://codexery.com/atmosphere/e/atmosphere/sodium-layer/": {"t": "Sodium layer", "s": "A mesospheric layer of sodium atoms from meteors."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-propagation/e/radio-propagation/ionosphere/": {"t": "Ionosphere", "s": "Ionized upper atmosphere enabling long-distance radio propagation."}, "https://codexery.com/spiral-galaxies/e/spiral-galaxies/milky-way/": {"t": "Milky Way", "s": "The barred spiral galaxy containing the Solar System."}, "https://codexery.com/solar-phenomena/e/solar-phenomena/maunder-minimum/": {"t": "Maunder Minimum", "s": "A prolonged sunspot minimum from 1645 to 1715."}, "https://codexery.com/women-in-science/e/women-in-science/annie-s-d-maunder/": {"t": "Annie S. 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Maunder", "s": "Irish astronomer who revealed sunspot motion and co-created the butterfly diagram."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/e/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/george-ellery-hale/": {"t": "George Ellery Hale", "s": "Astrophysicist who discovered magnetic fields in sunspots and built major observatories.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/img/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/george-ellery-hale.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: George Ellery Hale · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/solar-phenomena/e/solar-phenomena/hale-s-law/": {"t": "Hale's law", "s": "Empirical law for magnetic polarity in solar active regions."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/dipole/": {"t": "Dipole", "s": "Electromagnetic phenomenon with electric and magnetic forms."}, "https://codexery.com/solar-phenomena/e/solar-phenomena/babcock-model/": {"t": "Babcock model", "s": "A model explaining the Sun's magnetic and sunspot cycles."}, "https://codexery.com/missions-to-the-sun/e/missions-to-the-sun/solar-and-heliospheric-observatory/": {"t": "Solar and Heliospheric Observatory", "s": "ESA-NASA solar observatory that discovered over 5,000 comets."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/magnetic-field/": {"t": "Magnetic field", "s": "A vector field quantifying magnetic influence at a given location."}, "https://codexery.com/solar-phenomena/e/solar-phenomena/coronal-mass-ejection/": {"t": "Coronal mass ejection", "s": "A massive ejection of solar plasma into space."}, "/e/astronomical-concepts-and-techniques/space-weather/": {"t": "Space weather", "s": "Study of solar wind effects on the Solar System."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-propagation/e/radio-propagation/geomagnetic-storm/": {"t": "Geomagnetic storm", "s": "A temporary disturbance of Earth's magnetosphere driven by solar plasma structures."}, "https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/e/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/equinox/": {"t": "Equinox", "s": "Twice-yearly moment when day and night are nearly equal worldwide.", "i": "https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/img/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/equinox.webp", "c": "江戸村のとくぞう · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/middle-english/": {"t": "Middle English", "s": "Middle English was the language of England after the Norman Conquest.", "i": "https://codexery.com/languages/img/languages/middle-english.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Middle English · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/e/lines-and-hemispheres/north-pole/": {"t": "North Pole", "s": "Northernmost point on Earth, located in the Arctic Ocean."}, "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/e/lines-and-hemispheres/south-pole/": {"t": "South Pole", "s": "Southernmost point on Earth, marked by shifting ice and historic expeditions."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/roman-republic/": {"t": "Roman Republic", "s": "Elective oligarchy that dominated the Mediterranean through near-constant war."}, "https://codexery.com/nonfiction-and-reference/e/part-1/natural-history-pliny/": {"t": "Natural History (Pliny)", "s": "The ancient encyclopedia that shaped natural history."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/e/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/frame-of-reference/": {"t": "Frame of reference", "s": "Abstract coordinate system for describing physical space and motion."}, "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-gravitation/e/relativity-and-gravitation/inertial-frame-of-reference/": {"t": "Inertial frame of reference", "s": "Frame where objects obey inertia and laws are simplest."}, "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/e/lines-and-hemispheres/tropic-of-cancer/": {"t": "Tropic of Cancer", "s": "The northernmost circle where the Sun stands directly overhead."}, "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/e/lines-and-hemispheres/tropic-of-capricorn/": {"t": "Tropic of Capricorn", "s": "The southernmost latitude where the Sun can be seen directly overhead."}, "https://codexery.com/mythological-aquatic-creatures/e/mythological-aquatic-creatures/cancer-astrology/": {"t": "Cancer (astrology)", "s": "Fourth zodiac sign, ruled by the Moon, represented by the crab."}, "/e/astronomical-concepts-and-techniques/space-physics/": {"t": "Space physics", "s": "Study of natural plasmas in Earth's upper atmosphere and Solar System."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/e/planets-and-stellar-astronomy/solar-system/": {"t": "Solar System", "s": "The Sun and all objects gravitationally bound to it.", "i": "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/img/planets-and-stellar-astronomy/solar-system.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Solar System · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/atmosphere/e/atmosphere/exosphere/": {"t": "Exosphere", "s": "The tenuous, collision-less uppermost atmospheric layer merging with space."}, "https://codexery.com/climate/e/climate/atmosphere-of-earth/": {"t": "Atmosphere of Earth", "s": "The gaseous envelope surrounding Earth, essential for life and climate."}, "https://codexery.com/climate/e/climate/space-climate/": {"t": "Space climate", "s": "Long-term solar variability and its effects on Earth's environment."}, "https://codexery.com/satellite-meteorology/e/satellite-meteorology/weather-satellite/": {"t": "Weather satellite", "s": "Satellites monitoring Earth's weather and climate from orbit."}, "https://codexery.com/satellite-navigation-and-gps/e/satellite-navigation-and-gps/global-positioning-system/": {"t": "Global Positioning System", "s": "A satellite navigation system providing global positioning and timing."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-radiation/e/electromagnetism-and-radiation/radiation/": {"t": "Radiation", "s": "Energy emitted as waves or particles through space or matter."}, "https://codexery.com/nasa-space-probes/e/nasa-space-probes/explorer-1/": {"t": "Explorer 1", "s": "First U.S. satellite and discoverer of the Van Allen radiation belt."}, "https://codexery.com/satellites/e/satellites/satellite/": {"t": "Satellite", "s": "Artificial objects placed into orbit around a celestial body."}, "https://codexery.com/satellite-operators/e/satellite-operators/national-oceanic-and-atmospheric-administration/": {"t": "National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration", "s": "U.S. agency for weather, oceans, and atmosphere."}, "https://codexery.com/international-organizations-and-agreemen/e/international-organizations-and-agreements/international-civil-aviation-organization/": {"t": "International Civil Aviation Organization", "s": "UN specialized agency for safe and orderly international air transport."}, "https://codexery.com/materials-and-states-of-matter/e/materials-and-states-of-matter/plasma-physics/": {"t": "Plasma (physics)", "s": "Plasma is the fourth state of matter, consisting of ionized gas."}, "https://codexery.com/earth/e/earth/substorm/": {"t": "Substorm", "s": "A brief magnetospheric disturbance that brightens auroral arcs in polar regions."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy/e/astronomy/cosmic-ray/": {"t": "Cosmic ray", "s": "High-energy particles from space, discovered via balloon flights in 1912.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomy/img/astronomy/cosmic-ray.webp", "c": "Vahram Mekhitarian · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/atmosphere/e/atmosphere/atmosphere/": {"t": "Atmosphere", "s": "A layer of gases enveloping an astronomical object, retained by gravity."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/astronomy-and-space/interstellar-medium/": {"t": "Interstellar medium", "s": "Matter and radiation between star systems in a galaxy."}, "https://codexery.com/science-and-technology/e/science-and-technology/meteorology/": {"t": "Meteorology", "s": "Study of Earth's atmosphere and weather forecasting."}, "https://codexery.com/solar-phenomena/e/solar-phenomena/magnetic-reconnection/": {"t": "Magnetic reconnection", "s": "Magnetic reconnection converts magnetic energy in plasmas, driving solar flares and aurorae."}, "https://codexery.com/phantom-places-discovery/e/phantom-places-and-discovery/remote-sensing/": {"t": "Remote sensing", "s": "Acquiring information about objects without physical contact."}, "https://codexery.com/solar-phenomena/e/solar-phenomena/astrophysical-plasma/": {"t": "Astrophysical plasma", "s": "Plasma outside the Solar System, studied in astrophysics."}, "https://codexery.com/geology/e/geology/earth-s-magnetic-field/": {"t": "Earth's magnetic field", "s": "Earth's magnetic field, generated by a geodynamo in the outer core, protects the planet from solar wind and cosmic rays."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-cosmologists/e/astronomers-and-cosmologists/anders-celsius/": {"t": "Anders Celsius", "s": "Swedish astronomer who founded the Uppsala Observatory and proposed the Celsius temperature scale."}, "https://codexery.com/nasa-space-probes-of-the-1960s/e/nasa-space-probes-of-the-1960s/explorer-10/": {"t": "Explorer 10", "s": "First satellite to measure a solar flare shock wave."}, "https://codexery.com/missions-to-the-sun/e/missions-to-the-sun/advanced-composition-explorer/": {"t": "Advanced Composition Explorer", "s": "NASA satellite studying solar wind and cosmic particles."}, "https://codexery.com/missions-to-the-sun/e/missions-to-the-sun/ulysses-spacecraft/": {"t": "Ulysses (spacecraft)", "s": "Solar probe that studied the Sun from all latitudes."}, "https://codexery.com/space-missions/e/space-missions/parker-solar-probe/": {"t": "Parker Solar Probe", "s": "First spacecraft to fly into the Sun's low corona.", "i": "https://codexery.com/space-missions/img/space-missions/parker-solar-probe.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Parker Solar Probe · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/missions-to-the-sun/e/missions-to-the-sun/stereo/": {"t": "STEREO", "s": "Two spacecraft providing stereoscopic views of the Sun."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/frequency/": {"t": "Frequency", "s": "Frequency measures repeating events per unit time."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/electromagnetic-spectrum/": {"t": "Electromagnetic spectrum", "s": "The full range of electromagnetic radiation, from radio to gamma rays."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/e/chemistry-fundamentals/absorption-spectroscopy/": {"t": "Absorption spectroscopy", "s": "Technique measuring radiation absorption to identify and quantify substances.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/img/chemistry-fundamentals/absorption-spectroscopy.webp", "c": "MarsInSVG · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-radiation/e/electromagnetism-and-radiation/synchrotron-radiation/": {"t": "Synchrotron radiation", "s": "Radiation from relativistic charged particles accelerated perpendicular to velocity."}, "https://codexery.com/scottish-inventions/e/scottish-inventions/logarithm/": {"t": "Logarithm", "s": "The inverse operation of exponentiation, simplifying multiplication into addition."}, "https://codexery.com/astrology/e/astrology/astrology/": {"t": "Astrology", "s": "Divinatory practice interpreting celestial positions to discern earthly events."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/e/philosophical-concepts/time/": {"t": "Time", "s": "Time is the fourth dimension, measured by clocks and calendars."}, "https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/e/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/equatorial-coordinate-system/": {"t": "Equatorial coordinate system", "s": "A geocentric system for locating celestial objects.", "i": "https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/img/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/equatorial-coordinate-system.webp", "c": "Anskar · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/astronomical-catalogues/e/astronomical-catalogues/star-catalogue/": {"t": "Star catalogue", "s": "Mapping the heavens: from clay tablets to billions of stars.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomical-catalogues/img/astronomical-catalogues/star-catalogue.webp", "c": "CielProfond · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/astrology/e/astrology/ephemeris/": {"t": "Ephemeris", "s": "Tables of celestial positions used in astronomy and astrology."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-and-stellar-objects/e/stars-and-stellar-objects/constellation/": {"t": "Constellation", "s": "Patterns in the sky that guide stories and navigation."}, "https://codexery.com/named-stars/e/named-stars/polaris/": {"t": "Polaris", "s": "The current northern pole star and closest Cepheid variable."}, "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/e/lines-and-hemispheres/northern-hemisphere/": {"t": "Northern Hemisphere", "s": "The Northern Hemisphere contains most of the world's continents and major landmasses.", "i": "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/img/lines-and-hemispheres/northern-hemisphere.webp", "c": "Sean Baker ( Marvin01 | talk ) · via Wikipedia: Northern Hemisphere · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-cosmologists/e/astronomers-and-cosmologists/friedrich-wilhelm-bessel/": {"t": "Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel", "s": "German astronomer who first measured the distance to a star.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-cosmologists/img/astronomers-and-cosmologists/friedrich-wilhelm-bessel.webp", "c": "Christian Albrecht Jensen · via Wikipedia: Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-centaurus/e/stars-of-centaurus/alpha-centauri/": {"t": "Alpha Centauri", "s": "Nearest star system to the Sun, with three stars."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-lyra/e/stars-of-lyra/vega/": {"t": "Vega", "s": "Bright northern star, former pole star, surrounded by a dust disk."}, "https://codexery.com/variable-stars/e/variable-stars/61-cygni/": {"t": "61 Cygni", "s": "Binary star system with the highest proper motion visible to the naked eye."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-greek-astronomy/e/ancient-greek-astronomy/heliocentrism/": {"t": "Heliocentrism", "s": "Superseded model placing Sun at universe's center."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/euclid/": {"t": "Euclid", "s": "Ancient Greek mathematician, author of the Elements."}, "https://codexery.com/european-scientific-pioneers/e/european-scientific-pioneers/tycho-brahe/": {"t": "Tycho Brahe", "s": "The greatest pre-telescopic astronomer", "i": "https://codexery.com/european-scientific-pioneers/img/european-scientific-pioneers/tycho-brahe.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Tycho Brahe · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/european-scientific-pioneers/e/european-scientific-pioneers/robert-hooke/": {"t": "Robert Hooke", "s": "English polymath and pioneer of microscopy", "i": "https://codexery.com/european-scientific-pioneers/img/european-scientific-pioneers/robert-hooke.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Robert Hooke · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-cosmologists/e/astronomers-and-cosmologists/johannes-kepler/": {"t": "Johannes Kepler", "s": "German polymath and father of modern astronomy", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-cosmologists/img/astronomers-and-cosmologists/johannes-kepler.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Johannes Kepler · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/discoverers-of-astronomical-objects/e/discoverers-of-astronomical-objects/james-bradley/": {"t": "James Bradley", "s": "English astronomer and priest, third Astronomer Royal."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/cape-town/": {"t": "Cape Town", "s": "Legislative capital of South Africa, oldest city, and gateway to the Cape Floristic Region."}, "https://codexery.com/telescope-types/e/telescope-types/heliometer/": {"t": "Heliometer", "s": "A telescope that splits its lens to measure angular distances."}, "https://codexery.com/astrophotography/e/astrophotography/astrograph/": {"t": "Astrograph", "s": "A telescope designed exclusively for astrophotography and sky surveys."}, "https://codexery.com/astrophotography/e/astrophotography/charge-coupled-device/": {"t": "Charge-coupled device", "s": "An integrated circuit that converts light into electric charge for imaging."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-and-stellar-objects/e/stars-and-stellar-objects/cosmic-distance-ladder/": {"t": "Cosmic distance ladder", "s": "A sequence of methods for measuring distances to celestial objects."}, "https://codexery.com/flight-instruments-and-avionics/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/radar/": {"t": "Radar", "s": "Radio waves detect and track objects by reflection."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/astronomy-and-space/light-year/": {"t": "Light-year", "s": "A unit of distance, not time, used for astronomical scales."}, "https://codexery.com/space-missions/e/space-missions/new-horizons/": {"t": "New Horizons", "s": "The first spacecraft to explore Pluto and the Kuiper belt.", "i": "https://codexery.com/space-missions/img/space-missions/new-horizons.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: New Horizons · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-centaurus/e/stars-of-centaurus/proxima-centauri/": {"t": "Proxima Centauri", "s": "The closest star to the Sun, a faint red dwarf."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-leo/e/stars-of-leo/wolf-359/": {"t": "Wolf 359", "s": "One of the nearest and faintest red dwarf stars."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/e/planets-and-stellar-astronomy/parsec/": {"t": "Parsec", "s": "Unit of distance defined by one arcsecond of parallax.", "i": "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/img/planets-and-stellar-astronomy/parsec.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Parsec · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/geometry-and-shapes/e/geometry-and-shapes/solid-angle/": {"t": "Solid 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star", "s": "A variable star that undergoes unpredictable dramatic increases in brightness, powered by magnetic energy."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-and-stellar-objects/e/stars-and-stellar-objects/active-galactic-nucleus/": {"t": "Active galactic nucleus", "s": "Compact region at a galaxy's center emitting non-stellar radiation, powered by accretion onto a supermassive black hole."}, "https://codexery.com/optical-telescopes/e/optical-telescopes/pan-starrs/": {"t": "Pan-STARRS", "s": "Surveying the sky for moving or variable objects continually."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomical-surveys/e/astronomical-surveys/all-sky-automated-survey/": {"t": "All Sky Automated Survey", "s": "Polish automated survey monitoring 20 million stars for variability."}, "https://codexery.com/observatories-of-asia-africa-and-oceania/e/observatories-of-asia-africa-and-oceania/wide-angle-search-for-planets/": {"t": "Wide Angle Search for Planets", "s": "Robotic observatories searching for exoplanets via transit photometry."}, "https://codexery.com/optical-telescopes/e/optical-telescopes/goto-telescope-array/": {"t": "GOTO (telescope array)", "s": "Robotic optical array for gravitational-wave and multi-messenger follow-up."}, "https://codexery.com/optical-telescopes/e/optical-telescopes/vera-c-rubin-observatory/": {"t": "Vera C. 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Copyright page indicates this page was one of those by US N · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/greek-language/": {"t": "Greek language", "s": "Greek is the world's oldest recorded living language."}, "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/e/lines-and-hemispheres/latitude/": {"t": "Latitude", "s": "Latitude specifies north-south position on Earth or celestial bodies.", "i": "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/img/lines-and-hemispheres/latitude.webp", "c": "source: Pearson Scott Foresman, donated to the Wikimedia Foundation\nsvg conversion: Gregors\nColor: Jahobr · via Wikipedia: Latitude · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/e/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/ecliptic/": {"t": "Ecliptic", "s": "Apparent path of the Sun on the celestial sphere.", "i": "https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/img/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/ecliptic.webp", "c": "S.fonsi · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/isaac-newton/": {"t": "Isaac Newton", "s": "English polymath who formulated laws of motion and universal gravitation."}, "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/e/lines-and-hemispheres/longitude/": {"t": "Longitude", "s": "The east-west coordinate that, with latitude, pinpoints any location on Earth.", "i": "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/img/lines-and-hemispheres/longitude.webp", "c": "Original:  Pearson Scott Forman Vector:  Gregors · via Wikipedia: Longitude · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/astrophotography/e/astrophotography/astronomical-seeing/": {"t": "Astronomical seeing", "s": "Atmospheric turbulence blurs astronomical images, limiting telescope resolution."}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-photonics/e/optics-and-photonics/illuminance/": {"t": "Illuminance", "s": "Measure of incident light per unit area weighted for human vision.", "i": "https://codexery.com/optics-and-photonics/img/optics-and-photonics/illuminance.webp", "c": "دالبا · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/astrophotography/e/astrophotography/air-mass-astronomy/": {"t": "Air mass (astronomy)", "s": "Air mass measures atmospheric path length affecting celestial brightness."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-and-continuum-mechanics/e/classical-and-continuum-mechanics/turbulence/": {"t": "Turbulence", "s": "Chaotic fluid motion with vortices, mixing, and unresolved physics."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/classical-mechanics/velocity/": {"t": "Velocity", "s": "A vector measure of speed with direction."}, "https://codexery.com/star-clusters/e/star-clusters/open-cluster/": {"t": "Open cluster", "s": "Open clusters are loose groups of young stars formed from the same cloud."}, "https://codexery.com/globular-clusters/e/globular-clusters/globular-cluster/": {"t": "Globular cluster", "s": "Spheroidal star clusters bound by gravity, found in galactic halos."}, "https://codexery.com/galaxy-clusters-and-groups/e/galaxy-clusters-and-groups/galaxy-cluster/": {"t": "Galaxy cluster", "s": "Largest gravitationally bound structures, composed of galaxies, gas, and dark matter."}, "https://codexery.com/galaxy-clusters-and-groups/e/galaxy-clusters-and-groups/supercluster/": {"t": "Supercluster", "s": "Superclusters are among the largest known structures in the universe."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/electromagnetic-radiation/": {"t": "Electromagnetic radiation", "s": "Self-propagating wave of the electromagnetic field carrying energy."}, "https://codexery.com/black-holes/e/black-holes/black-hole/": {"t": "Black hole", "s": "An astronomical body from which nothing, not even light, can escape.", "i": "https://codexery.com/black-holes/img/black-holes/black-hole.webp", "c": "Event Horizon Telescope, uploader cropped and converted TIF to JPG · via Wikipedia: Black hole · CC BY 4.0"}, 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"https://codexery.com/black-holes/img/black-holes/supermassive-black-hole.webp", "c": "Event Horizon Telescope · via Wikipedia: Supermassive black hole · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/messier-objects/e/messier-objects/andromeda-galaxy/": {"t": "Andromeda Galaxy", "s": "Nearest major galaxy to the Milky Way."}, "https://codexery.com/messier-objects/e/messier-objects/messier-object/": {"t": "Messier object", "s": "A famous catalogue of deep-sky objects compiled by Charles Messier."}, "https://codexery.com/galaxy-clusters-and-groups/e/galaxy-clusters-and-groups/abell-catalogue/": {"t": "Abell catalogue", "s": "All-sky catalog of 4,073 rich galaxy clusters."}, "https://codexery.com/galaxy-clusters-and-groups/e/galaxy-clusters-and-groups/coma-cluster/": {"t": "Coma Cluster", "s": "A rich galaxy cluster with over 1,000 members and abundant dark matter."}, "https://codexery.com/galaxies-and-their-properties/e/galaxies-and-their-properties/dwarf-elliptical-galaxy/": {"t": "Dwarf 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"https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/e/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/equinox-celestial-coordinates/": {"t": "Equinox (celestial coordinates)", "s": "A direction in space, not a moment in time.", "i": "https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/img/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/equinox-celestial-coordinates.webp", "c": "Timmonswilliams · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/ptolemaic-kingdom/e/ptolemaic-kingdom/dendera-zodiac/": {"t": "Dendera zodiac", "s": "Ancient Egyptian circular zodiac from the Hathor temple at Dendera."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/gemini/": {"t": "Gemini", "s": "A zodiac constellation representing the twins Castor and Pollux."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-cancer/e/stars-of-cancer/cancer-constellation/": {"t": "Cancer (constellation)", "s": "The dimmest zodiac constellation, home to the Praesepe star cluster."}, "https://codexery.com/castor-and-pollux/e/castor-and-pollux/pollux-star/": {"t": "Pollux (star)", "s": "Brightest star in Gemini and closest red giant to the Sun."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-capricornus/e/stars-of-capricornus/delta-capricorni/": {"t": "Delta Capricorni", "s": "Brightest star in Capricornus, an eclipsing binary system."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-sacred-texts/e/christian-sacred-texts/book-of-ezekiel/": {"t": "Book of Ezekiel", "s": "Prophetic book of visions, judgment, and restoration."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-greek-astronomers/e/ancient-greek-astronomers/hypsicles/": {"t": "Hypsicles", "s": "Ancient Greek mathematician and astronomer, author of On Ascensions."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-greek-astronomy/e/ancient-greek-astronomy/ancient-greek-astronomy/": {"t": "Ancient Greek astronomy", "s": "Ancient Greek astronomy: from flat Earth to heliocentrism, the foundations of Western stargazing."}, "/e/astronomical-concepts-and-techniques/zodiac/": {"t": "Zodiac", "s": "A celestial coordinate system dividing the ecliptic into 12 signs."}, "https://codexery.com/space-missions/e/space-missions/pioneer-10/": {"t": "Pioneer 10", "s": "First spacecraft to traverse the asteroid belt and reach Jupiter."}, "https://codexery.com/extraterrestrial-orbiters/e/extraterrestrial-orbiters/juno-spacecraft/": {"t": "Juno (spacecraft)", "s": "NASA solar-powered probe orbiting Jupiter since 2016.", "i": "https://codexery.com/extraterrestrial-orbiters/img/extraterrestrial-orbiters/juno-spacecraft.webp", "c": "NASA/JPL-Caltech · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/e/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/orbital-resonance/": {"t": "Orbital resonance", "s": "Orbital resonance shapes planetary systems through periodic gravitational interactions."}, "https://codexery.com/nasa-space-probes/e/nasa-space-probes/pioneer-11/": {"t": "Pioneer 11", "s": "First probe to encounter Saturn and second to leave the Solar System."}, "https://codexery.com/extraterrestrial-orbiters/e/extraterrestrial-orbiters/galileo-spacecraft/": {"t": "Galileo (spacecraft)", "s": "First spacecraft to orbit an outer planet.", "i": "https://codexery.com/extraterrestrial-orbiters/img/extraterrestrial-orbiters/galileo-spacecraft.webp", "c": "NASA on The Commons · No restrictions"}, "https://codexery.com/stars-and-stellar-objects/e/stars-and-stellar-objects/asteroid/": {"t": "Asteroid", "s": "Rocky, metallic, or icy minor planets orbiting the Sun, mostly in the main belt between Mars and Jupiter."}, "https://codexery.com/notable-asteroids/e/notable-asteroids/asteroid-belt/": {"t": "Asteroid belt", "s": "A torus-shaped region between Mars and Jupiter containing many asteroids."}, "https://codexery.com/extraterrestrial-orbiters/e/extraterrestrial-orbiters/rosetta-spacecraft/": {"t": "Rosetta (spacecraft)", "s": "First spacecraft to orbit and land on a comet."}, "https://codexery.com/named-comets/e/named-comets/67p-churyumov-gerasimenko/": {"t": "67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko", "s": "First comet orbited and landed upon by spacecraft."}, "https://codexery.com/separation-and-purification-techniques/e/separation-and-purification-techniques/spectroscopy/": {"t": "Spectroscopy", "s": "Spectroscopy measures and interprets electromagnetic spectra interacting with matter."}, "https://codexery.com/comets/e/comets/comet-dust/": {"t": "Comet dust", "s": "Comet dust reveals origins through composition and size."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/e/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/giovanni-domenico-cassini/": {"t": "Giovanni Domenico Cassini", "s": "Giovanni Domenico Cassini, an Italian-French mathematician, astronomer, astrologer, and engineer, was born in Perinaldo, near Imperia, in the County of Nice, pa"}, "https://codexery.com/entering-heaven-alive/e/entering-heaven-alive/muhammad/": {"t": "Muhammad", "s": "Founder of Islam and final prophet in Islamic belief."}}