[{"n": "Anania Shirakatsi", "u": "/e/astronomers-and-cosmologists/anania-shirakatsi/", "s": "7th-century Armenian polymath and father of Armenian exact sciences"}, {"n": "Anders Celsius", "u": "/e/astronomers-and-cosmologists/anders-celsius/", "s": "Swedish astronomer who founded the Uppsala Observatory and proposed the Celsius temperature scale."}, {"n": "Anton Pannekoek", "u": "/e/astronomers-and-cosmologists/anton-pannekoek/", "s": "Dutch astronomer, Marxist theorist, and founder of council communism"}, {"n": "Arthur Eddington", "u": "/e/astronomers-and-cosmologists/arthur-eddington/", "s": "English astrophysicist who confirmed general relativity and studied stellar interiors."}, {"n": "Callippus", "u": "/e/astronomers-and-cosmologists/callippus/", "s": "Greek astronomer and mathematician who refined planetary spheres and the lunisolar calendar."}, {"n": "Clyde Tombaugh", "u": "/e/astronomers-and-cosmologists/clyde-tombaugh/", "s": "American astronomer who discovered Pluto in 1930."}, {"n": "Arno Allan Penzias", "u": "/e/astronomers-and-cosmologists/arno-allan-penzias/", "s": "Co-discoverer of cosmic microwave background radiation."}, {"n": "Hugh Everett III", "u": "/e/astronomers-and-cosmologists/hugh-everett-iii/", "s": "American physicist who proposed the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics."}, {"n": "Johann Gottfried Galle", "u": "/e/astronomers-and-cosmologists/johann-gottfried-galle/", "s": "German astronomer who first identified Neptune"}, {"n": "John Flamsteed", "u": "/e/astronomers-and-cosmologists/john-flamsteed/", "s": "First Astronomer Royal and meticulous star cataloguer"}, {"n": "Karl Schwarzschild", "u": "/e/astronomers-and-cosmologists/karl-schwarzschild/", "s": "German physicist and astronomer who provided the first exact solution to Einstein's field equations"}, {"n": "Jim Peebles", "u": "/e/astronomers-and-cosmologists/jim-peebles/", "s": "Canadian-American cosmologist; Nobel laureate for theoretical cosmology."}, {"n": "Didier Queloz", "u": "/e/astronomers-and-cosmologists/didier-queloz/", "s": "Swiss astronomer who co-discovered the first exoplanet around a Sun-like star."}, {"n": "Fred Hoyle", "u": "/e/astronomers-and-cosmologists/fred-hoyle/", "s": "English astronomer who formulated stellar nucleosynthesis and coined 'Big Bang'."}, {"n": "Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel", "u": "/e/astronomers-and-cosmologists/friedrich-wilhelm-bessel/", "s": "German astronomer who first measured the distance to a star."}, {"n": "Giovanni Domenico Cassini", "u": "/e/astronomers-and-cosmologists/giovanni-domenico-cassini/", "s": "Discoverer of Saturn's moons and the Cassini Division"}, {"n": "Heinrich Wilhelm Matthias Olbers", "u": "/e/astronomers-and-cosmologists/heinrich-wilhelm-matthias-olbers/", "s": "German astronomer who discovered asteroids and formulated Olbers's paradox."}, {"n": "Henrietta Swan Leavitt", "u": "/e/astronomers-and-cosmologists/henrietta-swan-leavitt/", "s": "Discoverer of the period-luminosity relationship for Cepheid variables, which became the first standard candle"}, {"n": "Allan Sandage", "u": "/e/astronomers-and-cosmologists/allan-sandage/", "s": "American astronomer who determined the first accurate Hubble constant and age of the universe."}, {"n": "Aristarchus of Samos", "u": "/e/astronomers-and-cosmologists/aristarchus-of-samos/", "s": "Ancient Greek astronomer who first proposed a Sun-centered universe."}, {"n": "Charles Messier", "u": "/e/astronomers-and-cosmologists/charles-messier/", "s": "Charles Messier (1730–1817) was a French astronomer best known for compiling a catalogue of 110 nebulae and st"}, {"n": "Edward Charles Pickering", "u": "/e/astronomers-and-cosmologists/edward-charles-pickering/", "s": "Director of Harvard College Observatory who oversaw the Harvard Computers."}, {"n": "Ejnar Hertzsprung", "u": "/e/astronomers-and-cosmologists/ejnar-hertzsprung/", "s": "Danish astronomer who co-created the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram."}, {"n": "Fritz Zwicky", "u": "/e/astronomers-and-cosmologists/fritz-zwicky/", "s": "Swiss astronomer who pioneered dark matter and supernova theory."}, {"n": "George Ellery Hale", "u": "/e/astronomers-and-cosmologists/george-ellery-hale/", "s": "Founder of Mount Wilson Observatory and builder of the Hooker Telescope."}, {"n": "Georges Lemaître", "u": "/e/astronomers-and-cosmologists/georges-lema-tre/", "s": "Belgian priest and physicist who proposed the Big Bang theory."}, {"n": "Henry Norris Russell", "u": "/e/astronomers-and-cosmologists/henry-norris-russell/", "s": "American astronomer who co-created the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram."}, {"n": "Jan Oort", "u": "/e/astronomers-and-cosmologists/jan-oort/", "s": "Dutch astronomer who provided early evidence for dark matter."}, {"n": "Jane Luu", "u": "/e/astronomers-and-cosmologists/jane-luu/", "s": "Jane X."}, {"n": "Johannes Hevelius", "u": "/e/astronomers-and-cosmologists/johannes-hevelius/", "s": "Lunar topographer, comet discoverer, and brewer of Gdańsk."}, {"n": "Johannes Kepler", "u": "/e/astronomers-and-cosmologists/johannes-kepler/", "s": "German polymath and father of modern astronomy"}]