{"https://codexery.com/exoplanets/e/exoplanets/51-pegasi-b/": {"t": "51 Pegasi b", "s": "The first exoplanet found orbiting a Sun-like star, a hot Jupiter that reshaped astronomy."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-pegasus/e/stars-of-pegasus/51-pegasi/": {"t": "51 Pegasi", "s": "First main-sequence star found to host an exoplanet."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-cosmologists/e/astronomers-and-cosmologists/jim-peebles/": {"t": "Jim Peebles", "s": "Canadian-American cosmologist; Nobel laureate for theoretical cosmology.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-cosmologists/img/astronomers-and-cosmologists/jim-peebles.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Jim Peebles · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/e/universities-and-colleges/eth-zurich/": {"t": "ETH Zurich", "s": "Swiss federal STEM university with 22 Nobel laureates.", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/img/universities-and-colleges/eth-zurich.webp", "c": "Ank Kumar · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/magazines-newspapers/e/magazines-and-newspapers/the-daily-telegraph/": {"t": "The Daily Telegraph", "s": "Was, is, and will be"}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy/e/astronomy/exoplanet/": {"t": "Exoplanet", "s": "An exoplanet, also called an extrasolar planet, is any planet that exists beyond our Solar System.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomy/img/astronomy/exoplanet.webp", "c": "European Space Agency · CC BY-SA 3.0 igo"}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/astronomy-and-space/main-sequence/": {"t": "Main sequence", "s": "Stars spend most of their lives on the main sequence."}, "https://codexery.com/exoplanets/e/exoplanets/hot-jupiters/": {"t": "Hot Jupiters", "s": "Gas giants orbiting extremely close to their host stars.", "i": "https://codexery.com/exoplanets/img/exoplanets/hot-jupiters.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Hot Jupiter · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/radio-propagation/e/radio-propagation/doppler-effect/": {"t": "Doppler effect", "s": "Frequency shift due to relative motion between source and observer."}, "https://codexery.com/observatories-of-europe/e/observatories-of-europe/haute-provence-observatory/": {"t": "Haute-Provence Observatory", "s": "French national observatory where the first exoplanet was discovered."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/e/planets-and-stellar-astronomy/solar-system/": {"t": "Solar System", "s": "The Sun and all objects gravitationally bound to it.", "i": "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/img/planets-and-stellar-astronomy/solar-system.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Solar System · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/optical-telescopes/e/optical-telescopes/swiss-1-2-metre-leonhard-euler-telescope/": {"t": "Swiss 1.2-metre Leonhard Euler Telescope", "s": "Fully automatic 1.2-metre reflector used for exoplanet detection and characterization."}, "https://codexery.com/observatories-of-asia-africa-and-oceania/e/observatories-of-asia-africa-and-oceania/wide-angle-search-for-planets/": {"t": "Wide Angle Search for Planets", "s": "Robotic observatories searching for exoplanets via transit photometry."}, "https://codexery.com/exoplanets-found-by-radial-velocity/e/exoplanets-found-by-radial-velocity/gliese-436-b/": {"t": "Gliese 436 b", "s": "First confirmed hot Neptune, with a comet-like evaporating atmosphere."}, "https://codexery.com/optical-telescopes/e/optical-telescopes/corot/": {"t": "CoRoT", "s": "First space telescope dedicated to detecting transiting exoplanets."}, "https://codexery.com/transiting-exoplanets/e/transiting-exoplanets/corot-7b/": {"t": "CoRoT-7b", "s": "First confirmed terrestrial exoplanet, with a 20-hour orbit.", "i": "https://codexery.com/transiting-exoplanets/img/transiting-exoplanets/corot-7b.webp", "c": "Jean-Baptiste Camille Corot · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/exoplanets/e/exoplanets/the-kepler-space-telescope/": {"t": "The Kepler space telescope", "s": "NASA telescope that discovered thousands of exoplanets."}, "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/e/universities-and-colleges/harvard-university/": {"t": "Harvard University", "s": "Oldest institution of higher learning in the United States.", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/img/universities-and-colleges/harvard-university.webp", "c": "Harvard University · via Wikipedia: Harvard University · Public domain"}, "/e/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/henry-norris-russell/": {"t": "Henry Norris Russell", "s": "American astronomer who co-created the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/img/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/henry-norris-russell.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Henry Norris Russell · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/sports-and-athletics/e/sports-and-athletics/mountaineering/": {"t": "Mountaineering", "s": "Mountaineering is mountain climbing or alpinism."}, "https://codexery.com/transportation-engineering/e/transportation-engineering/cycling/": {"t": "Cycling", "s": "Cycling is a global activity for transport, sport, and recreation."}, "https://codexery.com/musical-genres-and-styles/e/musical-genres-and-styles/classical-music/": {"t": "Classical music", "s": "Western art music tradition emphasizing formality and polyphony."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/world-war-i/": {"t": "World War I", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Central Powers, 1914–1918."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/e/planets-and-stellar-astronomy/stellar-classification/": {"t": "Stellar classification", "s": "System for classifying stars by spectral and luminosity characteristics."}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-astronomy/e/amateur-astronomy/american-association-of-variable-star-observers/": {"t": "American Association of Variable Star Observers", "s": "Coordinates amateur variable star observations for professional research."}, "https://codexery.com/discoverers-of-astronomical-objects/e/discoverers-of-astronomical-objects/williamina-fleming/": {"t": "Williamina Fleming", "s": "Scottish astronomer who cataloged thousands of stars and discovered the Horsehead Nebula."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/niels-bohr/": {"t": "Niels Bohr", "s": "Danish physicist who revolutionized atomic theory and quantum mechanics."}, "https://codexery.com/separation-and-purification-techniques/e/separation-and-purification-techniques/spectroscopy/": {"t": "Spectroscopy", "s": "Spectroscopy measures and interprets electromagnetic spectra interacting with matter."}, "/e/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/henrietta-swan-leavitt/": {"t": "Henrietta Swan Leavitt", "s": "Discovered the period-luminosity relation for Cepheid variable stars.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/img/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/henrietta-swan-leavitt.webp", "c": "Unknown authorUnknown author · via Wikipedia: Henrietta Swan Leavitt · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/e/diseases-and-conditions/pneumonia/": {"t": "Pneumonia", "s": "Inflammatory lung condition primarily affecting alveoli, caused by infection.", "i": "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/img/diseases-and-conditions/pneumonia.webp", "c": "Nephron · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/discoverers-of-astronomical-objects/e/discoverers-of-astronomical-objects/solon-irving-bailey/": {"t": "Solon Irving Bailey", "s": "American astronomer who discovered asteroid 504 Cora and led Boyden Station."}, "https://codexery.com/astrophotography/e/astrophotography/charge-coupled-device/": {"t": "Charge-coupled device", "s": "An integrated circuit that converts light into electric charge for imaging."}, "https://codexery.com/stellar-evolution/e/stellar-evolution/hertzsprung-gap/": {"t": "Hertzsprung gap", "s": "A sparsely populated region of the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy/e/astronomy/hertzsprung-russell-diagram/": {"t": "Hertzsprung–Russell diagram", "s": "Scatter plot linking stellar luminosity and temperature."}, "https://codexery.com/universities/e/universities/leipzig-university/": {"t": "Leipzig University", "s": "One of the world's oldest universities, founded in 1409."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-cosmologists/e/astronomers-and-cosmologists/karl-schwarzschild/": {"t": "Karl Schwarzschild", "s": "German physicist and astronomer who provided the first exact solution to Einstein's field equations"}, "https://codexery.com/stars-and-stellar-objects/e/stars-and-stellar-objects/cepheid-variable/": {"t": "Cepheid variable", "s": "Pulsating stars used as cosmic distance markers."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/astronomy-and-space/luminosity/": {"t": "Luminosity", "s": "Absolute measure of radiated electromagnetic energy per unit time."}, "https://codexery.com/elliptical-and-irregular-galaxies/e/elliptical-and-irregular-galaxies/small-magellanic-cloud/": {"t": "Small Magellanic Cloud", "s": "A dwarf irregular galaxy and naked-eye object near the Milky Way."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/e/planets-and-stellar-astronomy/stellar-evolution/": {"t": "Stellar evolution", "s": "Stars evolve from gas clouds to white dwarfs, neutron stars, or black holes."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-and-stellar-objects/e/stars-and-stellar-objects/asteroid/": {"t": "Asteroid", "s": "Rocky, metallic, or icy minor planets orbiting the Sun, mostly in the main belt between Mars and Jupiter."}, "https://codexery.com/solar-phenomena/e/solar-phenomena/hale-s-law/": {"t": "Hale's law", "s": "Empirical law for magnetic polarity in solar active regions."}, "https://codexery.com/disasters/e/historic-disasters/the-great-chicago-fire/": {"t": "The Great Chicago Fire", "s": "The Great Chicago Fire: A devastating conflagration that reshaped a city."}, "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/e/science-and-measurement/microscope/": {"t": "Microscope", "s": "Instrument for viewing objects invisible to the naked eye.", "i": "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/img/science-and-measurement/microscope.webp", "c": "Chad Anderson, staff photographer for SFO Museum · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/ernest-rutherford/": {"t": "Ernest Rutherford", "s": "Father of nuclear physics"}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/jules-verne/": {"t": "Jules Verne", "s": "French novelist, poet, and playwright; creator of the Voyages extraordinaires."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/daniel-burnham/": {"t": "Daniel Burnham", "s": "The architect who shaped skylines and cities.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/daniel-burnham.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Daniel Burnham · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/e/universities-and-colleges/humboldt-university-of-berlin/": {"t": "Humboldt University of Berlin", "s": "Public research university pioneering the Humboldtian model of higher education."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/albert-einstein/": {"t": "Albert Einstein", "s": "Theoretical physicist who developed relativity and E=mc²"}, "https://codexery.com/solar-telescopes/e/solar-telescopes/hale-solar-laboratory/": {"t": "Hale Solar Laboratory", "s": "George Ellery Hale's solar observatory and laboratory in Pasadena."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/edwin-hubble/": {"t": "Edwin Hubble", "s": "The astronomer who revealed the universe beyond the Milky Way"}, "https://codexery.com/named-stars/e/named-stars/sun/": {"t": "Sun", "s": "The Sun is the central star of the Solar System."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomical-radio-sources/e/astronomical-radio-sources/cosmic-microwave-background/": {"t": "Cosmic microwave background", "s": "Relic radiation from the early universe."}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/particle-and-nuclear-physics/particle-physics/": {"t": "Particle physics", "s": "Study of fundamental particles and forces that constitute matter and radiation."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-cosmologists/e/astronomers-and-cosmologists/arno-allan-penzias/": {"t": "Arno Allan Penzias", "s": "Co-discoverer of cosmic microwave background radiation.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-cosmologists/img/astronomers-and-cosmologists/arno-allan-penzias.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Arno Allan Penzias · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cosmology-concepts/e/cosmology-concepts/universe/": {"t": "Universe", "s": "The totality of all space, time, matter, and energy."}, "https://codexery.com/spiral-galaxies/e/spiral-galaxies/milky-way/": {"t": "Milky Way", "s": "The barred spiral galaxy containing the Solar System."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/classical-mechanics/gravity/": {"t": "Gravity", "s": "Gravity is the fundamental attraction between objects with mass.", "i": "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/img/classical-mechanics/gravity.webp", "c": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Nicoguaro · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cosmic-mysteries/e/cosmic-mysteries/the-great-attractor/": {"t": "The Great Attractor", "s": "A gravitational anomaly drawing galaxies toward the Norma region."}, "https://codexery.com/galaxy-clusters-and-groups/e/galaxy-clusters-and-groups/galaxy-cluster/": {"t": "Galaxy cluster", "s": "Largest gravitationally bound structures, composed of galaxies, gas, and dark matter."}, "https://codexery.com/satellites/e/satellites/satellite/": {"t": "Satellite", "s": "Artificial objects placed into orbit around a celestial body."}, "https://codexery.com/crewed-spacecraft-and-space-stations/e/crewed-spacecraft-and-space-stations/space-shuttle-challenger/": {"t": "Space Shuttle Challenger", "s": "Second Space Shuttle orbiter, destroyed in 1986 disaster."}, "https://codexery.com/cosmic-mysteries/e/cosmic-mysteries/dark-energy/": {"t": "Dark energy", "s": "The mysterious force accelerating the universe's expansion"}, "https://codexery.com/the-big-bang-theory-episodes/e/the-big-bang-theory-episodes/the-terminator-decoupling/": {"t": "The Terminator Decoupling", "s": "The Big Bang Theory episode with Summer Glau and George Smoot."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/maine/": {"t": "Maine", "s": "Northeasternmost state in the contiguous United States.", "i": "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/img/u-s-states/maine.webp", "c": "TylerKutschbach · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cosmology-concepts/e/cosmology-concepts/physical-cosmology/": {"t": "Physical cosmology", "s": "Study of the universe's origin, structure, and evolution."}, "https://codexery.com/cosmology-concepts/e/cosmology-concepts/expansion-of-the-universe/": {"t": "Expansion of the universe", "s": "The increase in distance between gravitationally unbound parts of the universe."}, "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-gravitation/e/relativity-and-gravitation/einstein-field-equations/": {"t": "Einstein field equations", "s": "Tensor equations linking spacetime geometry to matter-energy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-gravitation/img/relativity-and-gravitation/einstein-field-equations.webp", "c": "Hendrik Lorentz · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-cosmologists/e/astronomers-and-cosmologists/arthur-eddington/": {"t": "Arthur Eddington", "s": "English astrophysicist who confirmed general relativity and studied stellar interiors.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-cosmologists/img/astronomers-and-cosmologists/arthur-eddington.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Arthur Eddington · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy/e/astronomy/cosmic-ray/": {"t": "Cosmic ray", "s": "High-energy particles from space, discovered via balloon flights in 1912.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomy/img/astronomy/cosmic-ray.webp", "c": "Vahram Mekhitarian · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/geology/e/geology/earth-s-magnetic-field/": {"t": "Earth's magnetic field", "s": "Earth's magnetic field, generated by a geodynamo in the outer core, protects the planet from solar wind and cosmic rays."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/electric-charge/": {"t": "Electric charge", "s": "Electric charge is a quantized property causing electromagnetic force."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy/e/astronomy/cosmological-constant/": {"t": "Cosmological constant", "s": "A coefficient in Einstein's equations explaining cosmic acceleration."}, "https://codexery.com/cosmology-concepts/e/cosmology-concepts/age-of-the-universe/": {"t": "Age of the universe", "s": "Age of the universe is 13.8 billion years."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-and-theologians/e/philosophers-and-theologians/pope-john-xxiii/": {"t": "Pope John XXIII", "s": "Pope who convened the Second Vatican Council.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophers-and-theologians/img/philosophers-and-theologians/pope-john-xxiii.webp", "c": "De Agostini Editore · via Wikipedia: Pope John XXIII · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-belgium/e/world-heritage-sites-in-belgium/charleroi/": {"t": "Charleroi", "s": "Largest city in Wallonia, industrial hub of the Pays Noir."}, "https://codexery.com/engineering-disciplines/e/engineering-disciplines/mining-engineering/": {"t": "Mining engineering", "s": "Mining engineering extracts minerals and manages all mine phases."}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/german-empire/": {"t": "German Empire", "s": "German Empire from 1871 unification to 1918 revolution.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/img/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/german-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: German Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/genesis-1/e/genesis-1/genesis-1/": {"t": "Genesis 1", "s": "Two-source composite creation narrative in the Book of Genesis."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-church-bodies/e/christian-church-bodies/benedictines/": {"t": "Benedictines", "s": "Oldest Latin Church order, following the Rule of Saint Benedict."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-rituals/e/religious-rituals/ordination/": {"t": "Ordination", "s": "Ordination consecrates individuals as clergy across religious traditions."}, "https://codexery.com/astrology/e/astrology/astrology/": {"t": "Astrology", "s": "Divinatory practice interpreting celestial positions to discern earthly events."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-and-dwarf-planets/e/planets-and-dwarf-planets/saturn/": {"t": "Saturn", "s": "Saturn is a gas giant with rings and the lowest density in the Solar System."}, "https://codexery.com/maps-their-symbols/e/maps-and-their-symbols/topographic-map/": {"t": "Topographic map", "s": "Large-scale map showing relief via contour lines.", "i": "https://codexery.com/maps-their-symbols/img/maps-and-their-symbols/topographic-map.webp", "c": "Eric Gaba ( Sting - fr:Sting ) · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/extraterrestrial-orbiters/e/extraterrestrial-orbiters/cassini-huygens/": {"t": "Cassini–Huygens", "s": "Joint mission to study Saturn and its moons.", "i": "https://codexery.com/extraterrestrial-orbiters/img/extraterrestrial-orbiters/cassini-huygens.webp", "c": "Photograph by Mike Peel ( www.mikepeel.net ). · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/early-music-groups/e/early-music-groups/capella-musicale-di-s-petronio-di-bologna/": {"t": "Capella Musicale di S. Petronio di Bologna", "s": "Baroque sacred music institution at Bologna's San Petronio basilica."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-cosmologists/e/astronomers-and-cosmologists/johannes-kepler/": {"t": "Johannes Kepler", "s": "German polymath and father of modern astronomy", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-cosmologists/img/astronomers-and-cosmologists/johannes-kepler.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Johannes Kepler · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/observatories-of-europe/e/observatories-of-europe/paris-observatory/": {"t": "Paris Observatory", "s": "World's oldest active observatory, cornerstone of French astronomy."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/louis-xiv/": {"t": "Louis XIV", "s": "The Sun King who defined absolute monarchy and led France to European dominance."}, "https://codexery.com/astrology/e/astrology/astrology-and-astronomy/": {"t": "Astrology and astronomy", "s": "Historical and conceptual relationship between astrology and astronomy."}, "https://codexery.com/geology/e/geology/geodesy/": {"t": "Geodesy", "s": "Science of measuring Earth's geometry, gravity, and spatial orientation."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-and-dwarf-planets/e/planets-and-dwarf-planets/mars/": {"t": "Mars", "s": "The fourth planet from the Sun, a desert world with polar ice caps."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/christiaan-huygens/": {"t": "Christiaan Huygens", "s": "Dutch polymath who advanced optics, mechanics, and astronomy."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-and-dwarf-planets/e/planets-and-dwarf-planets/jupiter/": {"t": "Jupiter", "s": "Largest planet in the Solar System, a gas giant with a Great Red Spot."}, "https://codexery.com/moons-of-saturn/e/moons-of-saturn/iapetus-moon/": {"t": "Iapetus (moon)", "s": "Saturn's walnut-shaped moon with a dark and bright face.", "i": "https://codexery.com/moons-of-saturn/img/moons-of-saturn/iapetus-moon.webp", "c": "NASA / JPL · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/physical-geography-elevation/e/physical-geography-and-elevation/topography/": {"t": "Topography", "s": "Study of land surface forms and features.", "i": "https://codexery.com/physical-geography-elevation/img/physical-geography-and-elevation/topography.webp", "c": "NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Carnegie Institution of · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-china/e/world-heritage-sites-in-china/gaocheng-astronomical-observatory/": {"t": "Gaocheng Astronomical Observatory", "s": "Ancient Chinese observatory with a gnomon and Yuan-era stone structure."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/mongol-empire/": {"t": "Mongol Empire", "s": "Largest contiguous land empire in history."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/yuan-dynasty/": {"t": "Yuan dynasty", "s": "Mongol-led dynasty that ruled all of China proper."}, "https://codexery.com/european-scientific-pioneers/e/european-scientific-pioneers/tycho-brahe/": {"t": "Tycho Brahe", "s": "The greatest pre-telescopic astronomer", "i": "https://codexery.com/european-scientific-pioneers/img/european-scientific-pioneers/tycho-brahe.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Tycho Brahe · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-inventions/e/ancient-inventions/hydraulics/": {"t": "Hydraulics", "s": "Technology using pressurized liquids for power and control."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/e/rivers-of-the-world/yellow-river/": {"t": "Yellow River", "s": "Cradle of Chinese civilization, source of devastating floods.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/img/rivers-of-the-world/yellow-river.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Yellow River · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/canals-and-waterways/e/canals-and-waterways/grand-canal-china/": {"t": "Grand Canal (China)", "s": "The world's longest artificial waterway, linking north and south China for 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"https://codexery.com/novels-by-robert-a-heinlein/e/novels-by-robert-a-heinlein/variable-star/": {"t": "Variable Star", "s": "A young musician flees romance aboard a starship colony mission."}, "https://codexery.com/scottish-inventions/e/scottish-inventions/logarithm/": {"t": "Logarithm", "s": "The inverse operation of exponentiation, simplifying multiplication into addition."}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-radio-people/e/amateur-radio-people/donald-howard-menzel/": {"t": "Donald Howard Menzel", "s": "Theoretical astronomer, Harvard Observatory director, and UFO skeptic."}, "/e/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/lyman-spitzer/": {"t": "Lyman Spitzer", "s": "Theoretical physicist, astronomer, and mountaineer who pioneered space telescopes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/img/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/lyman-spitzer.webp", "c": "NASA APPEL Knowledge Services · via Wikipedia: Lyman Spitzer · Public domain"}, "/e/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/ejnar-hertzsprung/": {"t": "Ejnar Hertzsprung", "s": "Danish chemist and astronomer who co-developed the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/img/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/ejnar-hertzsprung.webp", "c": "AIP Emilio Segrè Visual Archives, John Irwin Collection · via Wikipedia: Ejnar Hertzsprung · Attribution"}, "https://codexery.com/women-in-science/e/women-in-science/cecilia-payne-gaposchkin/": {"t": "Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin", "s": "Astronomer who revealed the universe's elemental composition."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/e/planets-and-stellar-astronomy/star-formation/": {"t": "Star formation", "s": "Process by which dense molecular cloud regions collapse into stars."}, "https://codexery.com/materials-and-states-of-matter/e/materials-and-states-of-matter/plasma-physics/": {"t": "Plasma (physics)", "s": "Plasma is the fourth state of matter, consisting of ionized gas."}, "https://codexery.com/space-telescopes/e/space-telescopes/space-telescope/": {"t": "Space telescope", "s": "Telescopes in space avoiding atmospheric interference for astronomical observation."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/presbyterianism/": {"t": "Presbyterianism", "s": "A Reformed Protestant tradition rooted in Scotland, emphasizing the sovereignty of God and governance by elders."}, "https://codexery.com/inventors/e/great-inventors/eli-whitney/": {"t": "Eli Whitney", "s": "Inventor of the cotton gin and advocate of interchangeable parts.", "i": "https://codexery.com/inventors/img/great-inventors/eli-whitney.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Eli Whitney · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/astronomy-and-space/interstellar-medium/": {"t": "Interstellar medium", "s": "Matter and radiation between star systems in a galaxy."}, "https://codexery.com/space-missions/e/space-missions/the-hubble-space-telescope/": {"t": "The Hubble Space Telescope", "s": "A versatile space telescope observing ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared light."}, "https://codexery.com/observatories-of-europe/e/observatories-of-europe/ucl-observatory/": {"t": "UCL Observatory", "s": "Teaching observatory of University College London at Mill Hill."}, "https://codexery.com/government-and-law/e/government-and-law/patent/": {"t": "Patent", "s": "A legal right excluding others from an invention for a limited time."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/culture/london/": {"t": "London", "s": "A global city on the Thames, London blends nearly 2,000 years of history with a vibrant, multicultural present."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/english-channel/": {"t": "English Channel", "s": "The busiest shipping area in the world, separating Southern England from northern France."}, "https://codexery.com/british-inventors/e/british-inventors/arthur-c-clarke/": {"t": "Arthur C. 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patron of Athens."}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/habsburg-monarchy/": {"t": "Habsburg monarchy", "s": "A composite monarchy ruled by the House of Habsburg across Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/img/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/habsburg-monarchy.webp", "c": "ThrashedParanoid and Peregrine981. · via Wikipedia: Habsburg monarchy · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/second-world-war/": {"t": "Second World War", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Axis, deadliest in history."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/lutheranism/": {"t": "Lutheranism", "s": "A major branch of Protestantism arising from Martin Luther's efforts to reform the Catholic Church."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/guild/": {"t": "Guild", "s": "Professional associations regulating craft and trade across eras and regions.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/img/historical-and-cultural-concepts/guild.webp", "c": "Sam.Donvil · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/german-states/e/german-states/brandenburg/": {"t": "Brandenburg", "s": "Landlocked German state surrounding Berlin, core of historic Prussia."}, "/e/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/maria-cunitz/": {"t": "Maria Cunitz", "s": "Silesian astronomer who simplified Kepler's planetary tables."}, "https://codexery.com/astrology/e/astrology/ephemeris/": {"t": "Ephemeris", "s": "Tables of celestial positions used in astronomy and astrology."}, "https://codexery.com/literary-forms-tropes/e/literary-forms-and-tropes/almanac/": {"t": "Almanac", "s": "A regularly published listing of current information arranged by calendar."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/latin/": {"t": "Latin", "s": "A classical language of the Italic branch, Latin evolved into the Romance languages and remained a key scholarly tongue into the early 19th century."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/german-language/": {"t": "German language", "s": "German, known natively as Deutsch (pronounced [dɔɪ̯tʃ]), belongs to the West Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family and is spoken primarily across"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-inventions/e/ancient-inventions/quadrant-instrument/": {"t": "Quadrant (instrument)", "s": "An angle-measuring instrument derived from the astrolabe."}, "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/e/science-and-measurement/telescope/": {"t": "Telescope", "s": "Observing the universe across the electromagnetic spectrum", "i": "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/img/science-and-measurement/telescope.webp", "c": "Pelligton · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/berlin/": {"t": "Berlin", "s": "The heart of Europe, a city of culture and history."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/massachusetts/": {"t": "Massachusetts", "s": "A New England state with a rich colonial and revolutionary history.", "i": "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/img/u-s-states/massachusetts.webp", "c": "TylerKutschbach · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/quakers/": {"t": "Quakers", "s": "A historically Protestant Christian movement emphasizing direct experience of God and peace.", "i": "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/img/religious-traditions/quakers.webp", "c": "Kenneth C. Zirkel · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/unitarianism/": {"t": "Unitarianism", "s": "Nontrinitarian Christian movement affirming the unitary nature of God."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-and-stellar-phenomena/e/stars-and-stellar-phenomena/double-star/": {"t": "Double star", "s": "A double star is a pair of stars that appear close together as viewed from Earth, either as a gravitationally bound binary or a chance optical alignment."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/caroline-herschel/": {"t": "Caroline Herschel", "s": "First professional female astronomer and comet discoverer."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/herman-melville/": {"t": "Herman Melville", "s": "American writer of the American Renaissance period, best known for Moby-Dick."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/frederick-douglass/": {"t": "Frederick Douglass", "s": "Escaped slavery; became leading abolitionist orator and writer."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-political-activists-and-theorists/e/modern-political-activists-and-theorists/sojourner-truth/": {"t": "Sojourner Truth", "s": "Abolitionist and women's rights activist who escaped slavery."}, "https://codexery.com/discoverers-of-astronomical-objects/e/discoverers-of-astronomical-objects/john-herschel/": {"t": "John Herschel", "s": "English polymath who invented the blueprint and advanced astronomy."}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/scientific-american/": {"t": "Scientific American", "s": "Oldest continuously published U.S. magazine."}, "/e/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/maria-mitchell/": {"t": "Maria Mitchell", "s": "American astronomer who discovered a comet and became a pioneering professor.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/img/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/maria-mitchell.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: List of women astronomers · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/algebra/e/algebra/quaternion/": {"t": "Quaternion", "s": "Four-dimensional number system for three-dimensional rotations."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-and-urban-areas/e/cities-and-urban-areas/nashville-tennessee/": {"t": "Nashville, Tennessee", "s": "Capital of Tennessee, major music and healthcare hub.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cities-and-urban-areas/img/cities-and-urban-areas/nashville-tennessee.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Nashville, Tennessee · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/oklahoma/": {"t": "Oklahoma", "s": "A state shaped by land runs, oil, and Indigenous heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/texas/": {"t": "Texas", "s": "Second-largest U.S. state by area, but first in Fortune 500 headquarters and gross state product."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/new-jersey/": {"t": "New Jersey", "s": "Most densely populated U.S. state, hub of biopharmaceutical innovation."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/nevada/": {"t": "Nevada", "s": "Landlocked Western state known for silver, gambling, and libertarian laws."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-and-stellar-objects/e/stars-and-stellar-objects/constellation/": {"t": "Constellation", "s": "Patterns in the sky that guide stories and navigation."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-ursa-major/e/stars-of-ursa-major/ursa-major-moving-group/": {"t": "Ursa Major moving group", "s": "Closest stellar moving group, rich in Big Dipper stars."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/modern-metropolis/toronto/": {"t": "Toronto", "s": "Canada's largest city and a global hub of multiculturalism, finance, and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/astrophotography/e/astrophotography/radio-astronomy/": {"t": "Radio astronomy", "s": "Passive observation of celestial objects using radio waves.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astrophotography/img/astrophotography/radio-astronomy.webp", "c": "Maksym Kozlenko · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/e/planets-and-stellar-astronomy/stellar-kinematics/": {"t": "Stellar kinematics", "s": "Observational study of star motions through space."}, "https://codexery.com/literary-forms-tropes/e/literary-forms-and-tropes/author/": {"t": "Author", "s": "Creator of original published works, holding exclusive copyright."}, "https://codexery.com/communication-and-media/e/communication-and-media/science-communication/": {"t": "Science communication", "s": "Science communication connects experts and the public through outreach and dialogue."}, "https://codexery.com/american-sequel-television-series/e/american-sequel-television-series/cosmos-a-spacetime-odyssey/": {"t": "Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey", "s": "A 2014 sequel to Carl Sagan's Cosmos series."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/carl-sagan/": {"t": "Carl Sagan", "s": "American astronomer and influential science communicator."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church/": {"t": "Catholic Church", "s": "The largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.41 billion baptized members.", "i": "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/img/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Christianity by country · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/apollo-11/e/apollo-11/neil-armstrong/": {"t": "Neil Armstrong", "s": "First human to walk on the Moon, Apollo 11 commander.", "i": "https://codexery.com/apollo-11/img/apollo-11/neil-armstrong.webp", "c": "Unknown authorUnknown author · via Wikipedia: Neil Armstrong · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/isaac-asimov/": {"t": "Isaac Asimov", "s": "One of the 'Big Three' science fiction writers, author of the Foundation series."}, "https://codexery.com/sports-and-athletics/e/sports-and-athletics/rowing-sport/": {"t": "Rowing (sport)", "s": "Sport of racing boats using oars 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and dust across the universe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astrophotography/img/astrophotography/submillimetre-astronomy.webp", "c": "ESO/ P. Horálek · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/women-in-science/e/women-in-science/andrea-m-ghez/": {"t": "Andrea M. Ghez", "s": "Astrophysicist who co-discovered the Milky Way's central supermassive black hole."}, "https://codexery.com/mathematics-and-cryptography/e/mathematics-and-cryptography/roger-penrose/": {"t": "Roger Penrose", "s": "Mathematician and physicist who revolutionized black hole theory."}, "https://codexery.com/cosmic-mysteries/e/cosmic-mysteries/sagittarius-a/": {"t": "Sagittarius A*", "s": "Supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cosmic-mysteries/img/cosmic-mysteries/sagittarius-a.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Sagittarius A · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/black-holes/e/black-holes/black-hole/": {"t": "Black hole", "s": "An astronomical body from which nothing, not even light, can escape.", "i": "https://codexery.com/black-holes/img/black-holes/black-hole.webp", "c": "Event Horizon Telescope, uploader cropped and converted TIF to JPG · via Wikipedia: Black hole · CC BY 4.0"}, 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