{"https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/quran/": {"t": "Quran", "s": "Central religious text of Islam, believed to be divine revelation."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/sharia/": {"t": "Sharia", "s": "Islamic divine law based on the Qur'an and hadith, distinct from fiqh."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/spanish-flu/": {"t": "Spanish flu", "s": "A deadly global pandemic misnamed after Spain due to wartime censorship."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-m/e/cities-starting-with-m/mecca/": {"t": "Mecca", "s": "Holiest city in Islam and birthplace of Muhammad."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-concepts-doctrines/e/legal-concepts-and-doctrines/decree/": {"t": "Decree", "s": "A legal proclamation issued by a head of state or other authority."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/franklin-d-roosevelt/": {"t": "Franklin D. Roosevelt", "s": "32nd US president who led the nation through the Great Depression and World War II."}, "https://codexery.com/african-independence-leaders-post-coloni/e/african-independence-leaders-and-post-colonial-figures/gamal-abdel-nasser/": {"t": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "s": "Egyptian president who nationalized the Suez Canal and championed Arab unity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/african-independence-leaders-post-coloni/img/african-independence-leaders-and-post-colonial-figures/gamal-abdel-nasser.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Gamal Abdel Nasser · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/monarchs-and-rulers-of-asia/e/monarchs-and-rulers-of-asia/abdullah-of-saudi-arabia/": {"t": "Abdullah of Saudi Arabia", "s": "King and Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia from 2005 to 2015"}, "https://codexery.com/abrahamic-religions-criticism/e/abrahamic-religions-and-criticism/fatwa/": {"t": "Fatwa", "s": "A legal ruling on Islamic law issued by a qualified jurist."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/slavery/": {"t": "Slavery", "s": "Slavery is the ownership of a person as property."}, "https://codexery.com/people-with-dementia/e/people-with-dementia/sultan-bin-abdulaziz/": {"t": "Sultan bin Abdulaziz", "s": "Saudi defense minister and crown prince who oversaw military expansion."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/arab-world/": {"t": "Arab world", "s": "A region of diverse peoples united by Arabic language and culture, spanning West Asia and North Africa.", "i": "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/img/regions-and-cultural-spheres/arab-world.webp", "c": "Qbox673 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-m/e/cities-starting-with-m/medina/": {"t": "Medina", "s": "Second holiest city in Islam, cradle of Islamic civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/national-economies/e/national-economies/economy-of-saudi-arabia/": {"t": "Economy of Saudi Arabia", "s": "High-income developing economy reliant on petroleum, with major state-owned oil company Saudi Aramco."}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-cities/e/miscellaneous-cities/abha/": {"t": "Abha", "s": "The Bride of Mountain in the Asir highlands."}, "https://codexery.com/asian-leaders/e/asian-leaders/birendra-of-nepal/": {"t": "Birendra of Nepal", "s": "The Nepalese Civil War began in 1996 during his reign.", "i": "https://codexery.com/asian-leaders/img/asian-leaders/birendra-of-nepal.webp", "c": "CAPTAIN MEDUSA · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/asian-and-middle-eastern-monarchs-and-strongmen/jigme-singye-wangchuck/": {"t": "Jigme Singye Wangchuck", "s": "The fourth King of Bhutan who introduced Gross National Happiness and oversaw the transition to democracy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/asian-middle-eastern-monarchs-strongmen/img/asian-and-middle-eastern-monarchs-and-strongmen/jigme-singye-wangchuck.webp", "c": "Prime Minister's Office · via Wikipedia: Jigme Singye Wangchuck · GODL-India"}, "/e/asian-and-middle-eastern-monarchs-and-strongmen/jigme-khesar-namgyel-wangchuck/": {"t": "Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck", "s": "The Dragon King who guided Bhutan into democracy and champions Gross National Happiness.", "i": "https://codexery.com/asian-middle-eastern-monarchs-strongmen/img/asian-and-middle-eastern-monarchs-and-strongmen/jigme-khesar-namgyel-wangchuck.webp", "c": "Prime Minister's Office · via Wikipedia: Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck · GODL-India"}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-cities/e/miscellaneous-cities/birgunj/": {"t": "Birgunj", "s": "Gateway of Nepal and commercial capital, key trade hub with India."}, "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/e/government-and-public-administration/prime-minister/": {"t": "Prime minister", "s": "Head of government leading the cabinet in parliamentary systems."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/sunni-islam/": {"t": "Sunni Islam", "s": "Largest branch of Islam, following the sunnah of Muhammad."}, "/e/asian-and-middle-eastern-monarchs-and-strongmen/isa-bin-salman-al-khalifa/": {"t": "Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa", "s": "Emir of Bahrain from 1961 to 1999"}, "https://codexery.com/regions-of-england/e/regions-of-england/surrey/": {"t": "Surrey", "s": "A historic county in South East England with dense woodland."}, "https://codexery.com/olympic-equestrian-venues/e/olympic-equestrian-venues/aldershot/": {"t": "Aldershot", "s": "Hampshire town known as the Home of the British Army."}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/hampshire/": {"t": "Hampshire", "s": "A ceremonial county in South East England, historically known as the County of Southampton until its renaming to Hampshire in 1959."}, "https://codexery.com/african-independence-leaders-post-coloni/e/african-independence-leaders-and-post-colonial-figures/hosni-mubarak/": {"t": "Hosni Mubarak", "s": "Egyptian president who resigned after the 2011 revolution.", "i": "https://codexery.com/african-independence-leaders-post-coloni/img/african-independence-leaders-and-post-colonial-figures/hosni-mubarak.webp", "c": "Unknown authorUnknown author · via Wikipedia: Hosni Mubarak · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/international-organizations-and-agreemen/e/international-organizations-and-agreements/gulf-cooperation-council/": {"t": "Gulf Cooperation Council", "s": "Regional union of six Gulf Arab monarchies founded in 1981."}, "/e/asian-and-middle-eastern-monarchs-and-strongmen/hamad-bin-khalifa-al-thani/": {"t": "Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani", "s": "Emir of Qatar from 1995 to 2013, architect of modern Qatar's LNG wealth and global influence."}, "https://codexery.com/international-organizations-and-agreemen/e/international-organizations-and-agreements/international-court-of-justice/": {"t": "International Court of Justice", "s": "Principal judicial organ of the United Nations."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/iranian-revolution/": {"t": "Iranian Revolution", "s": "Overthrow of the Pahlavi dynasty and establishment of an Islamic republic."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/e/revolutions-and-uprisings/arab-spring/": {"t": "Arab Spring", "s": "A wave of pro-democracy uprisings across the Arab world in the early 2010s.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/img/revolutions-and-uprisings/arab-spring.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Arab Spring · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/internet-culture-and-platforms/e/internet-culture-and-platforms/facebook/": {"t": "Facebook", "s": "American social networking service owned by Meta Platforms."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/saudi-arabia/": {"t": "Saudi Arabia", "s": "The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: a land of ancient heritage, vast deserts, and global influence.", "i": "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/img/honours/saudi-arabia.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Saudi Arabia at the FIFA World Cup · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/absolute-monarchy/": {"t": "Absolute monarchy", "s": "Sovereign power unchecked by constitution or legislature.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/img/historical-and-cultural-concepts/absolute-monarchy.webp", "c": "Nicolai Abildgaard · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/government-and-law/e/government-and-law/separation-of-powers/": {"t": "Separation of powers", "s": "Principle dividing government into distinct branches to prevent tyranny."}, "https://codexery.com/government-and-law/e/government-and-law/political-party/": {"t": "Political party", "s": "Organizations that coordinate candidates to compete in elections."}, "https://codexery.com/olympique-marseille/e/organizations/paris-saint-germain-fc/": {"t": "Paris Saint-Germain FC", "s": "Most successful and wealthiest club in French football history."}, "https://codexery.com/automotive-industry/e/automotive-industry/volkswagen/": {"t": "Volkswagen", "s": "German automobile brand revived after WWII.", "i": "https://codexery.com/automotive-industry/img/automotive-industry/volkswagen.webp", "c": "Niranjan Arminius · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/radio-manufacturers/e/radio-manufacturers/siemens/": {"t": "Siemens", "s": "European engineering giant with roots in telegraphy and industrial automation."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/abu-dhabi/": {"t": "Abu Dhabi", "s": "Capital of the UAE, centre of politics and industry, and a major culture and commerce centre.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/img/cities-of-the-world/abu-dhabi.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Abu Dhabi · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/explorers/mohamed-al-fayed/": {"t": "Mohamed Al-Fayed", "s": "Egyptian businessman who owned Harrods and the Ritz Paris, later accused of sexual assault.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/explorers/mohamed-al-fayed.webp", "c": "Abi Skipp · via Wikipedia: Mohamed Al-Fayed · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ball-games/e/ball-games/manchester-united-f-c/": {"t": "Manchester United F.C.", "s": "English football club founded 1878, based in Old Trafford.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ball-games/img/ball-games/manchester-united-f-c.webp", "c": "http://hospitalityguide.manutd.com/global_assets/Wine_List.pdf · via Wikipedia: Manchester United F.C. · Fair use"}, "https://codexery.com/supernatural/e/world/new-orleans-louisiana/": {"t": "New Orleans, Louisiana", "s": "The Crescent City on the Mississippi, where Creole culture, Voodoo and Mardi Gras grew up together.", "i": "https://codexery.com/supernatural/img/world/new-orleans-louisiana.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: New Orleans · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/asian-leaders/e/asian-leaders/ashraf-ghani/": {"t": "Ashraf Ghani", "s": "8th and last president of Afghanistan (2014–2021)"}, "https://codexery.com/cold-war-conflicts/e/cold-war-conflicts/soviet-afghan-war/": {"t": "Soviet–Afghan War", "s": "Decade-long conflict that contributed to the Soviet Union's dissolution."}, "https://codexery.com/warfare-military-history/e/warfare-and-military-history/counterinsurgency/": {"t": "Counterinsurgency", "s": "State action against irregular forces, blending military and political means."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/pashtuns/": {"t": "Pashtuns", "s": "Pashtuns are a tribal ethnic group primarily in Afghanistan and Pakistan, with significant diaspora communities in India and elsewhere."}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/monarchism/": {"t": "Monarchism", "s": "Advocacy of monarchy as a system of government."}, "https://codexery.com/castrated-people/e/castrated-people/mohammad-najibullah/": {"t": "Mohammad Najibullah", "s": "Last Soviet-backed president of Afghanistan, assassinated by the Taliban."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/e/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/mosque/": {"t": "Mosque", "s": "A place of worship and community for Muslims worldwide."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/ahmad-shah-massoud/": {"t": "Ahmad Shah Massoud", "s": "Lion of Panjshir"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/september-11-attacks/": {"t": "September 11 attacks", "s": "Coordinated al-Qaeda suicide hijackings killed nearly 3,000 people."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/ahmad-shah-durrani/": {"t": "Ahmad Shah Durrani", "s": "Founder of the Durrani Empire and often regarded as the founder of modern Afghanistan."}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/the-new-york-times/": {"t": "The New York Times", "s": "The Gray Lady, a U.S."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/beirut/": {"t": "Beirut", "s": "Capital and largest city of Lebanon, ancient port and economic hub."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/shia-islam/": {"t": "Shia Islam", "s": "The second-largest branch of Islam, rooted in the belief that Ali was Muhammad's chosen successor."}, "https://codexery.com/national-churches/e/national-churches/maronite-church/": {"t": "Maronite Church", "s": "An Eastern Catholic church with Syriac liturgy and self-governance.", "i": "https://codexery.com/national-churches/img/national-churches/maronite-church.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Maronite Church · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/the-wall-street-journal/": {"t": "The Wall Street Journal", "s": "American business newspaper, newspaper of record, center-right editorial page."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/modern-metropolis/tel-aviv/": {"t": "Tel Aviv", "s": "The economic and technological center of Israel, a global high-tech hub."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/druze/": {"t": "Druze", "s": "Esoteric monotheistic group originating from Ismā‘īli Shiʿa Islam."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/anwar-sadat/": {"t": "Anwar Sadat", "s": "Third President of Egypt, leader of the October War and architect of the Camp David Accords"}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-landmarks/e/architectural-landmarks/world-trade-center-1973-2001/": {"t": "World Trade Center (1973–2001)", "s": "Icon of New York City, destroyed on 9/11", "i": "https://codexery.com/architectural-landmarks/img/architectural-landmarks/world-trade-center-1973-2001.webp", "c": "Eric Ascalon ******************** · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/e/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/mahdi/": {"t": "Mahdi", "s": "Messianic figure in Islam who will restore justice."}, "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/e/literary-giants/salman-rushdie/": {"t": "Salman Rushdie", "s": "A master of magical realism and historical fiction, Rushdie's works explore connections and disruptions between East and West.", "i": "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/img/literary-giants/salman-rushdie.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Kazuo Ishiguro · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/provinces-of-iran/e/provinces-of-iran/tehran-province/": {"t": "Tehran province", "s": "Iran's most populous and economically dominant province.", "i": "https://codexery.com/provinces-of-iran/img/provinces-of-iran/tehran-province.webp", "c": "Mostafameraji · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/provinces-of-iran/e/provinces-of-iran/semnan-province/": {"t": "Semnan province", "s": "Iranian province along the Alborz range, bordering the Kavir desert."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/mohammad-reza-pahlavi/": {"t": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi", "s": "Last Shah of Iran, overthrown in the Islamic Revolution.", "i": "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/img/leaders-and-monarchs/mohammad-reza-pahlavi.webp", "c": "Ghazarians · via Wikipedia: Mohammad Reza Pahlavi · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/legal-systems-courts/e/legal-systems-and-courts/judicial-review/": {"t": "Judicial review", "s": "Courts review government actions for lawfulness and constitutionality."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/scotland/": {"t": "Scotland", "s": "A country of ancient kingdoms, rugged highlands, and deep lochs."}, "https://codexery.com/constitutional-law/e/constitutional-law/constitutional-law/": {"t": "Constitutional law", "s": "Body of law defining government structure and citizen rights."}, "https://codexery.com/magazines-newspapers/e/magazines-and-newspapers/financial-times/": {"t": "Financial Times", "s": "We Live in Financial Times"}, "https://codexery.com/suicide/e/suicide/suicide-note/": {"t": "Suicide note", "s": "A message left by someone intending to die by suicide."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/iran-iraq-war/": {"t": "Iran–Iraq War", "s": "Deadliest conventional war between developing countries."}, "https://codexery.com/asian-leaders/e/asian-leaders/akhtar-mansur/": {"t": "Akhtar Mansur", "s": "Second supreme leader of the Taliban, killed in a US drone strike on 21 May 2016.", "i": "https://codexery.com/asian-leaders/img/asian-leaders/akhtar-mansur.webp", "c": "This image was taken in Afghanistan. It has been used by several media outlets. Here's one of the sources: [1] · via Wikipedia: Akhtar Mansur · Fair use"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/ayman-al-zawahiri/": {"t": "Ayman al-Zawahiri", "s": "Egyptian surgeon who led al-Qaeda after bin Laden."}, "https://codexery.com/ottoman-and-middle-eastern-leaders/e/ottoman-and-middle-eastern-leaders/abdul-ghani-baradar/": {"t": "Abdul Ghani Baradar", "s": "Taliban co-founder and deputy prime minister of Afghanistan."}, "https://codexery.com/international-organizations-and-agreemen/e/international-organizations-and-agreements/international-criminal-court/": {"t": "International Criminal Court", "s": "Permanent international court for genocide, war crimes, and aggression."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/imam/": {"t": "Imam", "s": "Islamic leadership role with differing Sunni and Shia interpretations."}, "https://codexery.com/news-media/e/news-media/agence-france-presse/": {"t": "Agence France-Presse", "s": "The world's oldest news agency, providing fast, impartial, and verified global coverage.", "i": "https://codexery.com/news-media/img/news-media/agence-france-presse.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Agence France-Presse · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/arab-inventions/e/arab-inventions/madrasa/": {"t": "Madrasa", "s": "An Arabic term for any educational institution, historically a college of Islamic law."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/ramadan/": {"t": "Ramadan", "s": "Islamic month of fasting, prayer, and spiritual reflection."}, "https://codexery.com/shortwave-and-numbers-stations/e/shortwave-and-numbers-stations/radio-afghanistan/": {"t": "Radio Afghanistan", "s": "Afghanistan's state radio, renamed by successive rulers since the 1920s."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/hadith/": {"t": "Hadith", "s": "The second authority after the Quran, shaping Islamic law and doctrine through reported words and deeds of the Prophet."}, "/e/asian-and-middle-eastern-monarchs-and-strongmen/heydar-aliyev/": {"t": "Heydar Aliyev", "s": "Former Soviet politburo member and President of Azerbaijan who built an autocratic system and a lasting cult of personality."}, "https://codexery.com/medical-specialties/e/medical-specialties/ophthalmology/": {"t": "Ophthalmology", "s": "Branch of medicine for eye disease diagnosis, treatment, and surgery.", "i": "https://codexery.com/medical-specialties/img/medical-specialties/ophthalmology.webp", "c": "Hodge120 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/caspian-sea/": {"t": "Caspian Sea", "s": "The world's largest inland body of water, a brackish sea between Europe and Asia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/caspian-sea.webp", "c": "NASA · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/pandemics/e/pandemics/covid-19-pandemic/": {"t": "COVID-19 pandemic", "s": "Global pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2, beginning in late 2019."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/nagorno-karabakh/": {"t": "Nagorno-Karabakh", "s": "Disputed mountainous region in the South Caucasus."}, "https://codexery.com/international-and-comparative-law/e/international-and-comparative-law/organisation-of-islamic-cooperation/": {"t": "Organisation of Islamic Cooperation", "s": "The collective voice of the Muslim world", "i": "https://codexery.com/international-and-comparative-law/img/international-and-comparative-law/organisation-of-islamic-cooperation.webp", "c": "Tahir mq · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/brussels/": {"t": "Brussels", "s": "The capital of Belgium and de facto capital of the European Union."}, "https://codexery.com/royalty-and-heads-of-state/e/royalty-and-heads-of-state/emmanuel-macron/": {"t": "Emmanuel Macron", "s": "French president since 2017, youngest in nation's history.", "i": "https://codexery.com/royalty-and-heads-of-state/img/royalty-and-heads-of-state/emmanuel-macron.webp", "c": "The Kremlin, Moscow · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/saint-petersburg/": {"t": "Saint Petersburg", "s": "Russia's cultural capital and historic window to Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/europe/": {"t": "Europe", "s": "Second-smallest continent, birthplace of Western civilisation and European Union."}, "https://codexery.com/scuderia-ferrari/e/honours/european-grand-prix/": {"t": "European Grand Prix", "s": "Formula One race that began as an honorary title in 1923 and last ran in Baku in 2016."}, "/e/asian-and-middle-eastern-monarchs-and-strongmen/hamad-bin-isa-al-khalifa/": {"t": "Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa", "s": "Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa (born 28 January 1950) is the King of Bahrain, a position he has held since 2002, having previously served as Emir from 1999."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/emir/": {"t": "Emir", "s": "Arabic title for commander, prince, or monarch."}, "https://codexery.com/constitutional-law/e/constitutional-law/constitution/": {"t": "Constitution", "s": "The fundamental principles that govern a polity."}, "/e/asian-and-middle-eastern-monarchs-and-strongmen/faisal-of-saudi-arabia/": {"t": "Faisal of Saudi Arabia", "s": "King of Saudi Arabia from 1964 to 1975, modernizer and leader of the 1973 oil embargo.", "i": "https://codexery.com/asian-middle-eastern-monarchs-strongmen/img/asian-and-middle-eastern-monarchs-and-strongmen/faisal-of-saudi-arabia.webp", "c": "Robert LeRoy Knudsen · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/persian-gulf/": {"t": "Persian Gulf", "s": "A shallow, historically significant sea between Arabia and Iran."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-m/e/cities-starting-with-m/manama/": {"t": "Manama", "s": "Capital and largest city of Bahrain, historic trading hub."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/kofi-annan/": {"t": "Kofi Annan", "s": "Ghanaian diplomat and seventh UN secretary-general, Nobel Peace Prize laureate."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/kurds/": {"t": "Kurds", "s": "An Iranic ethnic group indigenous to Kurdistan, spanning parts of Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Syria."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/kurdish-language/": {"t": "Kurdish language", "s": "Northwestern Iranian language continuum of the Kurdish people."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/damascus/": {"t": "Damascus", "s": "The oldest capital city in the world, nestled at the foothills of the Anti-Lebanon Mountains."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/baghdad/": {"t": "Baghdad", "s": "Center of Learning"}, "https://codexery.com/insurgents-and-guerrilla-leaders/e/insurgents-and-guerrilla-leaders/abdullah-calan/": {"t": "Abdullah Öcalan", "s": "Founding member of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/berlin/": {"t": "Berlin", "s": "The heart of Europe, a city of culture and history."}, "https://codexery.com/types-of-stroke/e/types-of-stroke/intracerebral-hemorrhage/": {"t": "Intracerebral hemorrhage", "s": "A sudden bleeding into brain tissue with high mortality risk."}, "/e/asian-and-middle-eastern-monarchs-and-strongmen/kim-jong-il/": {"t": "Kim Jong-il", "s": "Second supreme leader of North Korea"}, "/e/asian-and-middle-eastern-monarchs-and-strongmen/kim-il-sung/": {"t": "Kim Il-sung", "s": "Founder and eternal leader of North Korea.", "i": "https://codexery.com/asian-middle-eastern-monarchs-strongmen/img/asian-and-middle-eastern-monarchs-and-strongmen/kim-il-sung.webp", "c": "David Clayton Ellsworth · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/east-asian-leaders/e/east-asian-leaders/kim-jong-un/": {"t": "Kim Jong Un", "s": "Supreme leader of North Korea since 2011"}, "https://codexery.com/asian-cities/e/asian-cities/chongjin/": {"t": "Chongjin", "s": "North Korea's industrial hub of steel and fiber."}, "https://codexery.com/universities/e/universities/moscow-state-university/": {"t": "Moscow State University", "s": "Russia's oldest university, a center of learning and controversy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities/img/universities/moscow-state-university.webp", "c": "Suicasmo · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/world-capital-cities/e/world-capital-cities/pyongyang/": {"t": "Pyongyang", "s": "Capital and largest city of North Korea.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-capital-cities/img/world-capital-cities/pyongyang.webp", "c": "(stephan) · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-landmarks/e/architectural-landmarks/zhongnanhai/": {"t": "Zhongnanhai", "s": "The political heart of China, a former imperial garden turned seat of power.", "i": "https://codexery.com/architectural-landmarks/img/architectural-landmarks/zhongnanhai.webp", "c": "user:kallgan · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/asian-cities/e/asian-cities/sinuiju/": {"t": "Sinuiju", "s": "North Korean border city and capital of North P'yŏngan province."}, "https://codexery.com/education-schools/e/education-and-schools/seoul-national-university/": {"t": "Seoul National University", "s": "A public research university in Seoul, South Korea, founded in 1946.", "i": "https://codexery.com/education-schools/img/education-and-schools/seoul-national-university.webp", "c": "U.S. Department of State from United States · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/jawaharlal-nehru/": {"t": "Jawaharlal Nehru", "s": "India's first prime minister and architect of its modern secular democracy."}, "https://codexery.com/capital-cities-of-africa/e/capital-cities-of-africa/nairobi/": {"t": "Nairobi", "s": "Capital of Kenya, known as the Green City under the Sun."}, "https://codexery.com/monarchs-and-rulers-of-asia/e/monarchs-and-rulers-of-asia/ugyen-wangchuck/": {"t": "Ugyen Wangchuck", "s": "Founder and first king of Bhutan, who united the country and established a hereditary Buddhist monarchy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/monarchs-and-rulers-of-asia/img/monarchs-and-rulers-of-asia/ugyen-wangchuck.webp", "c": "John Claude White · via Wikipedia: Ugyen Wangchuck · Public domain"}, "/e/asian-and-middle-eastern-monarchs-and-strongmen/jigme-dorji-wangchuck/": {"t": "Jigme Dorji Wangchuck", "s": "Father of Modern Bhutan", "i": "https://codexery.com/asian-middle-eastern-monarchs-strongmen/img/asian-and-middle-eastern-monarchs-and-strongmen/jigme-dorji-wangchuck.webp", "c": "Benjamin Goetzinger · via Wikipedia: Jigme Dorji Wangchuck · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/massachusetts/": {"t": "Massachusetts", "s": "A New England state with a rich colonial and revolutionary history.", "i": "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/img/u-s-states/massachusetts.webp", "c": "TylerKutschbach · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/asian-leaders/e/asian-leaders/bhumibol-adulyadej/": {"t": "Bhumibol Adulyadej", "s": "Longest-reigning Thai monarch and third-longest reigning sovereign in verified history.", "i": "https://codexery.com/asian-leaders/img/asian-leaders/bhumibol-adulyadej.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Bhumibol Adulyadej · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/bangkok/": {"t": "Bangkok", "s": "City of Angels"}, "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/e/government-and-public-administration/civil-service/": {"t": "Civil service", "s": "The backbone of government: impartial, professional, and permanent.", "i": "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/img/government-and-public-administration/civil-service.webp", "c": "Harry Mitchell · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/public-law/e/public-law/treaty/": {"t": "Treaty", "s": "Legally binding agreements between sovereign states under international law.", "i": "https://codexery.com/public-law/img/public-law/treaty.webp", "c": "Department of the Interior. Office of Indian Affairs. Record Group 75 · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/singapore/": {"t": "Singapore", "s": "The Lion City, a global hub of trade and finance."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/lee-kuan-yew/": {"t": "Lee Kuan Yew", "s": "First prime minister who transformed Singapore into a developed nation.", "i": "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/img/leaders-and-monarchs/lee-kuan-yew.webp", "c": "White House Photographic Office. 1974-1977 · via Wikipedia: Lee Kuan Yew · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-japan/e/emperors-of-japan/emperor-of-japan/": {"t": "Emperor of Japan", "s": "Hereditary monarch and symbol of Japan's unity."}, "https://codexery.com/royalty-and-heads-of-state/e/royalty-and-heads-of-state/naruhito/": {"t": "Naruhito", "s": "Emperor of Japan since 2019, Reiwa era."}, "https://codexery.com/buddhist-concepts-and-schools/e/buddhist-concepts-and-schools/tibetan-buddhism/": {"t": "Tibetan Buddhism", "s": "Tibetan Buddhism: A Mahayana tradition preserving Indian tantric practices and native developments, with four major schools and a non-sectarian Rimé movement."}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/sussex/": {"t": "Sussex", "s": "The historic kingdom and county of the South Saxons."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/england/": {"t": "England", "s": "Land of the Angles, birthplace of football and the Industrial Revolution."}, "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/e/government-and-public-administration/decentralization/": {"t": "Decentralization", "s": "Distribution of decision-making from central to smaller groups."}, "https://codexery.com/power-generation/e/power-generation/hydroelectricity/": {"t": "Hydroelectricity", "s": "Electricity generated from hydropower, a key low-carbon energy source."}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/president-government-title/": {"t": "President (government title)", "s": "Title for head of state in most republics."}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-cities/e/miscellaneous-cities/colombo/": {"t": "Colombo", "s": "Colombo is Sri Lanka's executive, judicial, and commercial capital."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/new-delhi/": {"t": "New Delhi", "s": "The capital city of India, seat of government, and a planned city within the National Capital Territory of Delhi."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-and-settlements/e/cities-and-settlements/harare/": {"t": "Harare", "s": "Harare is the capital and largest city of Zimbabwe, serving as the nation's commercial and governmental hub."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/belgrade/": {"t": "Belgrade", "s": "Capital of Serbia, ancient city at Danube and Sava confluence."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-m/e/cities-starting-with-m/mal/": {"t": "Malé", "s": "Capital and most populous city of the Maldives."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-tentative-list-for-india/e/world-heritage-tentative-list-for-india/delhi/": {"t": "Delhi", "s": "Capital of India, historic seat of two major empires."}, "https://codexery.com/korea-under-japanese-rule/e/korea-under-japanese-rule/korea-under-japanese-rule/": {"t": "Korea under Japanese rule", "s": "Japanese colonial rule over Korea from 1910 to 1945."}, "https://codexery.com/socio-political-concepts/e/socio-political-concepts/totalitarianism/": {"t": "Totalitarianism", "s": "A political system that completely controls public and private life through ideology, repression, and state terror."}, "https://codexery.com/cold-war-conflicts/e/cold-war-conflicts/sunshine-policy/": {"t": "Sunshine Policy", "s": "Kindness and cooperation over force: South Korea's Sunshine Policy toward North Korea.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cold-war-conflicts/img/cold-war-conflicts/sunshine-policy.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Détente · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/east-asian-leaders/e/east-asian-leaders/kim-dae-jung/": {"t": "Kim Dae-jung", "s": "South Korean president and Nobel Peace Prize laureate"}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/korean-war/": {"t": "Korean War", "s": "A frozen conflict that divided a peninsula."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/deng-xiaoping/": {"t": "Deng Xiaoping", "s": "Architect of modern China and paramount leader from 1978 to 1989"}, "/e/asian-and-middle-eastern-monarchs-and-strongmen/jang-song-thaek/": {"t": "Jang Song-thaek", "s": "North Korean politician and uncle of Kim Jong Un by marriage."}, "https://codexery.com/performance-voice/e/performance-and-voice/acting/": {"t": "Acting", "s": "Acting is the enactment of a story through character adoption."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/france/": {"t": "France", "s": "A global centre of art, science, cuisine and philosophy."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/soviet-union/": {"t": "Soviet Union", "s": "The world's flagship communist state and a superpower spanning Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/french-colonial-empire/e/french-colonial-empire/league-of-nations-mandate/": {"t": "League of Nations mandate", "s": "Post-WWI territories administered under League of Nations supervision."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-l/e/cities-starting-with-l/latakia/": {"t": "Latakia", "s": "Principal port city of Syria and historic Laodicea ad Mare."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/aleppo/": {"t": "Aleppo", "s": "Ancient Syrian city, historic Silk Road hub, site of major conflict."}, "https://codexery.com/canals-and-waterways/e/canals-and-waterways/suez-canal/": {"t": "Suez Canal", "s": "Artificial waterway connecting the Mediterranean and Red Seas."}, "https://codexery.com/political-theorists-and-social-scientist/e/political-theorists-and-social-scientists/michel-aflaq/": {"t": "Michel Aflaq", "s": "Syrian intellectual and principal founder of Ba'athist thought."}, "https://codexery.com/international-and-comparative-law/e/international-and-comparative-law/palestine-liberation-organization/": {"t": "Palestine Liberation Organization", "s": "Palestinian nationalist coalition and internationally recognized representative of the Palestinian people."}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/one-party-state/": {"t": "One-party state", "s": "A system where only one party controls the ruling structure."}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/head-of-government/": {"t": "Head of government", "s": "Chief executive official presiding over a government cabinet."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/leonid-brezhnev/": {"t": "Leonid Brezhnev", "s": "Soviet leader who stabilized the party and expanded military power."}, "https://codexery.com/international-relations-and-concepts/e/international-relations-and-concepts/imperialism/": {"t": "Imperialism", "s": "Imperialism is the extension of power over foreign nations through hard and soft power."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/feudalism/": {"t": "Feudalism", "s": "A system of land-for-service obligations in medieval Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/festivals-and-celebrations/e/festivals-and-celebrations/eid-al-fitr/": {"t": "Eid al-Fitr", "s": "First of Islam's two main festivals, ending Ramadan fasting."}, "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/e/government-and-public-administration/foreign-policy/": {"t": "Foreign policy", "s": "A state's strategies for interacting with other states and entities.", "i": "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/img/government-and-public-administration/foreign-policy.webp", "c": "U.S. Department of State · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/overseas-empires/e/overseas-empires/american-imperialism/": {"t": "American imperialism", "s": "U.S. expansion and influence beyond its borders, debated since its founding."}, "https://codexery.com/magazines-newspapers/e/magazines-and-newspapers/pravda/": {"t": "Pravda", "s": "The official newspaper of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"}, "https://codexery.com/state-ritual-and-ceremonies/e/state-ritual-and-ceremonies/enthronement/": {"t": "Enthronement", "s": "Formal seating on a throne to mark a monarch's accession."}, "https://codexery.com/capital-cities-of-africa/e/capital-cities-of-africa/rabat/": {"t": "Rabat", "s": "Capital of Morocco, imperial city on the Atlantic coast."}, "https://codexery.com/former-spanish-colonies/e/former-spanish-colonies/ifni/": {"t": "Ifni", "s": "Former Spanish province on Morocco's Atlantic coast."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-and-settlements/e/cities-and-settlements/fez-morocco/": {"t": "Fez, Morocco", "s": "Ancient capital of learning and trade in northern Morocco"}, "https://codexery.com/political-leaders-revolutionaries/e/political-leaders-and-revolutionaries/charles-de-gaulle/": {"t": "Charles de Gaulle", "s": "French general and statesman who led Free France and founded the Fifth Republic."}, "https://codexery.com/french-regions/e/french-regions/corsica/": {"t": "Corsica", "s": "Mediterranean island, French region with growing nationalist movement."}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/parliamentary-system/": {"t": "Parliamentary system", "s": "Government based on parliamentary confidence and fusion of powers."}, "https://codexery.com/airliners/e/airliners/boeing-727/": {"t": "Boeing 727", "s": "The only Boeing trijet, a workhorse of the Jet Age."}, "https://codexery.com/physiology-medicine/e/physiology-and-medicine/suicide/": {"t": "Suicide", "s": "The act of intentionally causing one's own death, with complex risk factors and prevention strategies."}, "https://codexery.com/haile-selassie/e/haile-selassie/1st-summit-of-the-non-aligned-movement/": {"t": "1st Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement", "s": "First conference of the Non-Aligned Movement, held in Belgrade."}, "https://codexery.com/british-empire/e/british-empire/british-empire/": {"t": "British Empire", "s": "The largest empire in history, spanning a quarter of Earth's land."}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-cities/e/miscellaneous-cities/bandar-seri-begawan/": {"t": "Bandar Seri Begawan", "s": "Capital and largest city of Brunei, home to Kampong Ayer and the Istana Nurul Iman palace.", "i": "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-cities/img/miscellaneous-cities/bandar-seri-begawan.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Bandar Seri Begawan · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/education-schools/e/education-and-schools/primary-education/": {"t": "Primary education", "s": "Primary education provides foundational literacy and numeracy skills."}, "https://codexery.com/international-relations-and-concepts/e/international-relations-and-concepts/international-relations/": {"t": "International relations", "s": "Academic discipline studying relations among states and international actors."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/nobility/": {"t": "Nobility", "s": "Hereditary social class ranked below royalty, with varied privileges.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/img/historical-and-cultural-concepts/nobility.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/state-ritual-and-ceremonies/e/state-ritual-and-ceremonies/21-gun-salute/": {"t": "21-gun salute", "s": "A 21-gun salute honors heads of state with artillery fire."}, "https://codexery.com/ritual-weapons/e/ritual-weapons/kris/": {"t": "Kris", "s": "A Javanese asymmetrical dagger with spiritual and cultural significance."}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/head-of-state/": {"t": "Head of state", "s": "The public persona of a sovereign state."}, "/e/asian-and-middle-eastern-monarchs-and-strongmen/ilham-aliyev/": {"t": "Ilham Aliyev", "s": "Fourth president of Azerbaijan since 2003; son of Heydar Aliyev."}, "https://codexery.com/asian-leaders/e/asian-leaders/ayaz-mutallibov/": {"t": "Ayaz Mutallibov", "s": "First President of Azerbaijan and last Soviet-era leader."}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/ombudsman/": {"t": "Ombudsman", "s": "A government official who investigates complaints and recommends remedies."}, "https://codexery.com/international-organizations-and-agreemen/e/international-organizations-and-agreements/international-covenant-on-civil-and-political-rights/": {"t": "International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights", "s": "Multilateral treaty on civil and political rights."}, "https://codexery.com/international-law-diplomacy/e/international-law-and-diplomacy/secretary-general-of-the-united-nations/": {"t": "Secretary-General of the United Nations", "s": "The de facto head of the United Nations, overseeing the Secretariat and acting as the Security Council's executive.", "i": "https://codexery.com/international-law-diplomacy/img/international-law-and-diplomacy/secretary-general-of-the-united-nations.webp", "c": "DFID - UK Department for International Development · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/political-leaders-revolutionaries/e/political-leaders-and-revolutionaries/eduard-shevardnadze/": {"t": "Eduard Shevardnadze", "s": "Soviet and Georgian politician, last Soviet foreign minister, and post-Soviet leader of Georgia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/political-leaders-revolutionaries/img/political-leaders-and-revolutionaries/eduard-shevardnadze.webp", "c": "Robert D. Ward · via Wikipedia: Eduard Shevardnadze · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/constitutional-law/e/constitutional-law/constitutional-amendment/": {"t": "Constitutional amendment", "s": "A modification of a constitution through special procedures."}, "https://codexery.com/infection-control-measures/e/infection-control-measures/face-masks-during-the-covid-19-pandemic/": {"t": "Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic", "s": "Face masks were used to limit SARS-CoV-2 transmission during the pandemic."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/vietnam-war/": {"t": "Vietnam War", "s": "Cold War proxy war ending in communist victory across Indochina."}, "https://codexery.com/other-geographic-features/e/other-geographic-features/national-park/": {"t": "National park", "s": "Preserving wild nature for posterity and national pride."}, "https://codexery.com/angkor-wat/e/angkor-wat/2003-phnom-penh-riots/": {"t": "2003 Phnom Penh riots", "s": "Anti-Thai riots in Phnom Penh over Angkor Wat ownership claim."}, "https://codexery.com/angkor-wat/e/angkor-wat/suvanant-punnakant/": {"t": "Suvanant Punnakant", "s": "Thai actress and former lead in many 1990s–2000s lakorns."}, "https://codexery.com/world-wonders/e/world-wonders/angkor-wat/": {"t": "Angkor Wat", "s": "Largest religious complex in the world, Cambodia's national symbol.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-wonders/img/world-wonders/angkor-wat.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Angkor Wat · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/violence-conflict/e/violence-and-conflict/violence/": {"t": "Violence", "s": "Violence is the intentional use of force causing harm."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/khmer-language/": {"t": "Khmer language", "s": "Official language of Cambodia, spoken by millions across Southeast Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/entering-heaven-alive/e/entering-heaven-alive/muhammad/": {"t": "Muhammad", "s": "Founder of Islam and final prophet in Islamic belief."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/amman/": {"t": "Amman", "s": "Jordan's capital and largest city, ancient and modern center."}, "https://codexery.com/cold-war-conflicts/e/cold-war-conflicts/six-day-war/": {"t": "Six-Day War", "s": "In June 1967, a brief but intense conflict broke out between Israel and a coalition of Arab states—chiefly Egypt, Syria, and Jordan—lasting from the 5th to the "}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/arab-israeli-conflict/": {"t": "Arab–Israeli conflict", "s": "A century of conflict rooted in competing nationalisms and colonial mandates."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/israeli-palestinian-conflict/": {"t": "Israeli–Palestinian conflict", "s": "Ongoing conflict over land and self-determination in former Mandatory Palestine.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/img/revolutions-and-conflicts/israeli-palestinian-conflict.webp", "c": "Nizzan Cohen · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/royalty-and-heads-of-state/e/royalty-and-heads-of-state/abdullah-ii-of-jordan/": {"t": "Abdullah II of Jordan", "s": "King of Jordan since 1999, Hashemite monarch and reformer.", "i": "https://codexery.com/royalty-and-heads-of-state/img/royalty-and-heads-of-state/abdullah-ii-of-jordan.webp", "c": "European Parliament · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/e/diseases-and-conditions/pneumonia/": {"t": "Pneumonia", "s": "Inflammatory lung condition primarily affecting alveoli, caused by infection.", "i": "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/img/diseases-and-conditions/pneumonia.webp", "c": "Nephron · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/rebellions-in-the-ottoman-empire/e/rebellions-in-the-ottoman-empire/arab-revolt/": {"t": "Arab Revolt", "s": "Hashemite-led uprising against Ottoman rule in World War I.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rebellions-in-the-ottoman-empire/img/rebellions-in-the-ottoman-empire/arab-revolt.webp", "c": "Maurice Bauche (1878–1956) · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/family-relationships/e/family-and-relationships/patrilineality/": {"t": "Patrilineality", "s": "Kinship system tracing descent and inheritance through the father's lineage."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/jerusalem/": {"t": "Jerusalem", "s": "A holy city to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, and a focal point of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict."}, "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/e/diseases-and-conditions/schizophrenia/": {"t": "Schizophrenia", "s": "A chronic mental disorder with psychotic symptoms and cognitive deficits.", "i": "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/img/diseases-and-conditions/schizophrenia.webp", "c": "cometstarmoon · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/uzbekistan/": {"t": "Uzbekistan", "s": "Doubly landlocked Central Asian republic with ancient Silk Road heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/hajj/": {"t": "Hajj", "s": "Annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca, a required religious duty."}, "https://codexery.com/international-and-comparative-law/e/international-and-comparative-law/organization-for-security-and-co-operation-in-europe/": {"t": "Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe", "s": "A regional security organization promoting human rights, arms control, and democratic elections across Europe, North America, and Asia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/international-and-comparative-law/img/international-and-comparative-law/organization-for-security-and-co-operation-in-europe.webp", "c": "Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe - security-oriented intergo · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/crime-justice/e/crime-and-justice/terrorism/": {"t": "Terrorism", "s": "Violence against non-combatants to achieve political or ideological aims."}, "https://codexery.com/torture/e/torture/extraordinary-rendition/": {"t": "Extraordinary rendition", "s": "State-sponsored abduction and transfer outside legal extradition processes."}, "https://codexery.com/crime-and-deviance/e/crime-and-deviance/torture/": {"t": "Torture", "s": "Torture is the deliberate infliction of severe pain or suffering.", "i": "https://codexery.com/crime-and-deviance/img/crime-and-deviance/torture.webp", "c": "Silar · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-indigenous-groups/e/ethnic-and-indigenous-groups/tatars/": {"t": "Tatars", "s": "Turkic-speaking peoples across Eastern Europe and Northern Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/magazines-newspapers/e/magazines-and-newspapers/reuters/": {"t": "Reuters", "s": "One of the largest news agencies in the world."}, "https://codexery.com/east-asian-leaders/e/east-asian-leaders/li-keqiang/": {"t": "Li Keqiang", "s": "Chinese premier who died in 2023 at age 68, the youngest to leave office and earliest to die among all PRC premiers.", "i": "https://codexery.com/east-asian-leaders/img/east-asian-leaders/li-keqiang.webp", "c": "内閣官房広報室 · via Wikipedia: Li Keqiang · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/gaza-strip/": {"t": "Gaza Strip", "s": "A densely populated Palestinian territory under blockade and conflict.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/img/cultural-and-historical-regions/gaza-strip.webp", "c": "TUBS · via Wikipedia: Gaza Strip · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/legal-systems-concepts/e/legal-systems-and-concepts/arrest-warrant/": {"t": "Arrest warrant", "s": "A court-authorized order for arrest or search, with procedures varying by jurisdiction."}, "https://codexery.com/resistance-to-the-british-empire/e/resistance-to-the-british-empire/muslim-brotherhood/": {"t": "Muslim Brotherhood", "s": "Egyptian Islamist movement opposing British rule and seeking a caliphate.", "i": "https://codexery.com/resistance-to-the-british-empire/img/resistance-to-the-british-empire/muslim-brotherhood.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Muslim Brotherhood · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/sports-and-games/e/sports-and-games/association-football/": {"t": "Association football", "s": "Association football, also called football or soccer, is a team sport where two sides of 11 players each use their feet to move an inflated ball across a pitch."}, "https://codexery.com/cold-war-conflicts/e/cold-war-conflicts/second-intifada/": {"t": "Second Intifada", "s": "The Second Intifada, also called the Al-Aqsa Intifada, was a major Palestinian uprising against Israel and its occupation that began in 2000.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cold-war-conflicts/img/cold-war-conflicts/second-intifada.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Timeline of the Cold War · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/public-law/e/public-law/state-of-emergency/": {"t": "State of emergency", "s": "Government empowerment to act beyond normal limits for citizen safety."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/istanbul/": {"t": "Istanbul", "s": "A city on two continents, bridging Europe and Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/governments-and-political-systems/e/governments-and-political-systems/independence/": {"t": "Independence", "s": "Condition of self-government and sovereignty over a territory.", "i": "https://codexery.com/governments-and-political-systems/img/governments-and-political-systems/independence.webp", "c": "Ruger, A. · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/medical-conditions/e/medical-conditions/stroke/": {"t": "Stroke", "s": "A medical emergency caused by interrupted blood flow to the brain."}, "https://codexery.com/tennis-legends/e/tennis-legends/li-na/": {"t": "Li Na", "s": "Chinese tennis pioneer and two-time major champion."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/mao-zedong/": {"t": "Mao Zedong", "s": "Founder of the People's Republic of China and CCP leader."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/e/revolutions-and-uprisings/cultural-revolution/": {"t": "Cultural Revolution", "s": "A sociopolitical movement launched by Mao Zedong from 1966 to 1976.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/img/revolutions-and-uprisings/cultural-revolution.webp", "c": "闫恩铭／Enming Yan · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/legal-systems-concepts/e/legal-systems-and-concepts/domestic-violence/": {"t": "Domestic violence", "s": "Violence occurring in a domestic setting, often underreported worldwide."}, "https://codexery.com/relationships-and-human-sexuality/e/relationships-and-human-sexuality/prostitution/": {"t": "Prostitution", "s": "Sex work involving payment for sexual activity, with varied legal statuses worldwide."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/shanghai/": {"t": "Shanghai", "s": "China's most populous city and a global hub for finance and innovation."}, "https://codexery.com/musical-forms-and-genres/e/musical-forms-and-genres/peking-opera/": {"t": "Peking opera", "s": "Dominant form of Chinese opera blending music, dance, and acrobatics."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/e/chinese-history/smashing-the-gang-of-four/": {"t": "Smashing the Gang of Four", "s": "Bloodless coup that ended the Cultural Revolution."}, "https://codexery.com/criminal-law-and-procedure/e/criminal-law-and-procedure/life-imprisonment/": {"t": "Life imprisonment", "s": "A sentence of imprisonment for the remainder of a convict's natural life."}, "https://codexery.com/birds/e/birds/crane-bird/": {"t": "Crane (bird)", "s": "Large, long-legged birds found on most continents except Antarctica and South America."}, "https://codexery.com/states-and-regions/e/states-and-regions/shandong/": {"t": "Shandong", "s": "Coastal province, cradle of Confucianism and Taoism."}, "https://codexery.com/human-relationships-and-life-stages/e/human-relationships-and-life-stages/concubinage/": {"t": "Concubinage", "s": "A historical practice of cohabitation without full marriage."}, "https://codexery.com/reproductive-biology/e/reproductive-biology/fertilisation/": {"t": "Fertilisation", "s": "Fusion of gametes initiating development of a new organism."}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/henrik-ibsen/": {"t": "Henrik Ibsen", "s": "Norwegian playwright considered father of modern drama."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/second-world-war/": {"t": "Second World War", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Axis, deadliest in history."}, "https://codexery.com/national-economies/e/national-economies/economy-of-south-korea/": {"t": "Economy of South Korea", "s": "South Korea has a highly developed mixed economy, notable for its rapid growth and resilience."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/joseph-stalin/": {"t": "Joseph Stalin", "s": "Soviet revolutionary and dictator who ruled from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/presbyterianism/": {"t": "Presbyterianism", "s": "A Reformed Protestant tradition rooted in Scotland, emphasizing the sovereignty of God and governance by elders."}}