{"https://codexery.com/asian-middle-eastern-monarchs-strongmen/e/asian-and-middle-eastern-monarchs-and-strongmen/hibatullah-akhundzada/": {"t": "Hibatullah Akhundzada", "s": "Reclusive cleric who became Taliban supreme leader and de facto ruler of Afghanistan."}, "https://codexery.com/ottoman-and-middle-eastern-leaders/e/ottoman-and-middle-eastern-leaders/abdul-ghani-baradar/": {"t": "Abdul Ghani Baradar", "s": "Taliban co-founder and deputy prime minister of Afghanistan."}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/president-of-the-united-states/": {"t": "President of the United States", "s": "Head of state and government of the United States."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/pashtuns/": {"t": "Pashtuns", "s": "Pashtuns are a tribal ethnic group primarily in Afghanistan and Pakistan, with significant diaspora communities in India and elsewhere."}, "https://codexery.com/magazines-newspapers/e/magazines-and-newspapers/the-daily-telegraph/": {"t": "The Daily Telegraph", "s": "Was, is, and will be"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/dubai/": {"t": "Dubai", "s": "City of trade, tourism, and towering skylines on the Persian Gulf."}, "https://codexery.com/cold-war-conflicts/e/cold-war-conflicts/soviet-afghan-war/": {"t": "Soviet–Afghan War", "s": "Decade-long conflict that contributed to the Soviet Union's dissolution."}, "https://codexery.com/warfare-military-history/e/warfare-and-military-history/anti-aircraft-warfare/": {"t": "Anti-aircraft warfare", "s": "Measures to nullify or reduce hostile air action.", "i": "https://codexery.com/warfare-military-history/img/warfare-and-military-history/anti-aircraft-warfare.webp", "c": "AceDouble · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-m/e/cities-starting-with-m/mecca/": {"t": "Mecca", "s": "Holiest city in Islam and birthplace of Muhammad."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/hajj/": {"t": "Hajj", "s": "Annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca, a required religious duty."}, "https://codexery.com/asian-middle-eastern-monarchs-strongmen/e/asian-and-middle-eastern-monarchs-and-strongmen/hamid-karzai/": {"t": "Hamid Karzai", "s": "First president of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, 2004–2014.", "i": "https://codexery.com/asian-middle-eastern-monarchs-strongmen/img/asian-and-middle-eastern-monarchs-and-strongmen/hamid-karzai.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Hamid Karzai · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/insurgents-and-guerrilla-leaders/e/insurgents-and-guerrilla-leaders/abu-bakr-al-baghdadi/": {"t": "Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi", "s": "Founder and self-proclaimed caliph of the Islamic State."}, "https://codexery.com/universities/e/universities/johns-hopkins-university/": {"t": "Johns Hopkins University", "s": "First U.S. research university, founded by a Quaker philanthropist.", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities/img/universities/johns-hopkins-university.webp", "c": "Daderot · Public 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"https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/the-wall-street-journal/": {"t": "The Wall Street Journal", "s": "American business newspaper, newspaper of record, center-right editorial page."}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/the-washington-post/": {"t": "The Washington Post", "s": "American daily newspaper and newspaper of record."}, "https://codexery.com/magazines-newspapers/e/magazines-and-newspapers/financial-times/": {"t": "Financial Times", "s": "We Live in Financial Times"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/kofi-annan/": {"t": "Kofi Annan", "s": "Ghanaian diplomat and seventh UN secretary-general, Nobel Peace Prize laureate."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/uzbekistan/": {"t": "Uzbekistan", "s": "Doubly landlocked Central Asian republic with ancient Silk Road heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/saint-petersburg/": {"t": "Saint Petersburg", "s": "Russia's cultural capital and historic window to Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/karl-marx/": {"t": "Karl Marx", "s": "German philosopher and revolutionary socialist who developed Marxism."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/adam-smith/": {"t": "Adam Smith", "s": "Scottish economist and philosopher, father of modern economics"}, "https://codexery.com/turkic-mythology/e/turkic-mythology/tengrism/": {"t": "Tengrism", "s": "Steppe belief system centered on the sky god Tengri."}, "https://codexery.com/asian-cities/e/asian-cities/bishkek/": {"t": "Bishkek", "s": "Capital of Kyrgyzstan, at the fringe of the Tian Shan mountains.", "i": "https://codexery.com/asian-cities/img/asian-cities/bishkek.webp", "c": "xiquinhosilva · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/universities/e/universities/moscow-state-university/": {"t": "Moscow State University", "s": "Russia's oldest university, a center of learning and controversy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities/img/universities/moscow-state-university.webp", "c": "Suicasmo · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cold-war-conflicts/e/cold-war-conflicts/russo-ukrainian-war-2022-present/": {"t": "Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present)", "s": "Largest war in Europe since World War II."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/second-world-war/": {"t": "Second World War", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Axis, deadliest in history."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/moscow/": {"t": "Moscow", "s": "Capital of Russia, largest city in Europe, and a historic center of power and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/soviet-union/": {"t": "Soviet Union", "s": "The world's flagship communist state and a superpower spanning Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/asian-middle-eastern-monarchs-strongmen/e/asian-and-middle-eastern-monarchs-and-strongmen/ilham-aliyev/": {"t": "Ilham Aliyev", "s": "Fourth president of Azerbaijan since 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independence of Bangladesh."}, "https://codexery.com/relationships-and-human-sexuality/e/relationships-and-human-sexuality/polygamy/": {"t": "Polygamy", "s": "Practice of marrying multiple spouses, most commonly polygyny."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/partition-of-india/": {"t": "Partition of India", "s": "The partition of India in 1947 divided British India into two independent dominions: the Union of India (today the Republic of India) and the Dominion of Pakist"}, "https://codexery.com/remington-winchester-and-colt-firearms/e/remington-winchester-and-colt-firearms/m16-rifle/": {"t": "M16 rifle", "s": "The M16 is the most-produced 5.56mm firearm in history."}, "https://codexery.com/power-generation/e/power-generation/nuclear-power/": {"t": "Nuclear power", "s": "Nuclear reactions produce electricity via fission, decay, or fusion."}, "https://codexery.com/energy-power/e/energy-and-power/nuclear-technology/": {"t": "Nuclear technology", "s": "Technology harnessing nuclear reactions for energy, medicine, and weapons."}, "https://codexery.com/islands/e/islands/sulawesi/": {"t": "Sulawesi", "s": "Sulawesi is a large Indonesian island with four peninsulas."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/javanese-people/": {"t": "Javanese people", "s": "Largest ethnic group in Indonesia and Southeast Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/indonesian-provinces/e/indonesian-provinces/south-sulawesi/": {"t": "South Sulawesi", "s": "Gateway to the Spice Islands, land of the Bugis and Makassar.", "i": "https://codexery.com/indonesian-provinces/img/indonesian-provinces/south-sulawesi.webp", "c": "Enonico · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/indonesian-cities/e/indonesian-cities/bogor/": {"t": "Bogor", "s": "Historical capital of Sunda Kingdom and Dutch colonial summer residence."}, "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/e/universities-and-colleges/delft-university-of-technology/": {"t": "Delft University of Technology", "s": "Leading Dutch technical university since 1842", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/img/universities-and-colleges/delft-university-of-technology.webp", "c": "Ymblanter · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/education-schools/e/education-and-schools/rwth-aachen-university/": {"t": "RWTH Aachen University", "s": "Rhenish-Westphalian Technical University Aachen – a leading German University of Excellence.", "i": "https://codexery.com/education-schools/img/education-and-schools/rwth-aachen-university.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: RWTH Aachen University · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/bandung/": {"t": "Bandung", "s": "Bandung is the capital city of the West Java province of Indonesia, located on the western highland of Java island."}, "https://codexery.com/german-states/e/german-states/hamburg/": {"t": "Hamburg", "s": "Second-largest German city and major Hanseatic port."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/mandarin-chinese/": {"t": "Mandarin Chinese", "s": "Largest Sinitic language branch, basis of Standard Chinese.", "i": "https://codexery.com/languages/img/languages/mandarin-chinese.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Mandarin Chinese · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/political-systems-elections/e/political-systems-and-elections/freedom-of-speech/": {"t": "Freedom of speech", "s": "A human right to express opinions without fear of retaliation."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/mahathir-mohamad/": {"t": "Mahathir Mohamad", "s": "Malaysian politician and physician, seventh prime minister (2018–2020).", "i": "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/img/leaders-and-monarchs/mahathir-mohamad.webp", "c": "kremlin.ru · via Wikipedia: Mahathir Mohamad · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/human-variation-and-health/e/human-variation-and-health/medical-doctor/": {"t": "Medical doctor", "s": "Health professional who practices medicine to promote and restore health."}, "https://codexery.com/political-leaders-revolutionaries/e/political-leaders-and-revolutionaries/corazon-aquino/": {"t": "Corazon Aquino", "s": "The Mother of Philippine Democracy"}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/e/chinese-history/territorial-disputes-in-the-south-china-sea/": {"t": "Territorial disputes in the South China Sea", "s": "Multiple nations contest islands and waters in the South China Sea."}, "https://codexery.com/philippine-cities/e/philippine-cities/quezon-city/": {"t": "Quezon City", "s": "Most populous city in the Philippines, former capital."}, "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts/e/economic-concepts/economics/": {"t": "Economics", "s": "Social science studying production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.", "i": "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts/img/economic-concepts/economics.webp", "c": "Pk0001 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/political-leaders-revolutionaries/e/political-leaders-and-revolutionaries/ferdinand-marcos/": {"t": "Ferdinand Marcos", "s": "Tenth president of the Philippines, ruled as a dictator under martial law.", "i": "https://codexery.com/political-leaders-revolutionaries/img/political-leaders-and-revolutionaries/ferdinand-marcos.webp", "c": "Malacañang Press · via Wikipedia: Ferdinand Marcos · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/corporations/e/corporations/nike-inc/": {"t": "Nike, Inc.", "s": "World's largest supplier of athletic shoes and apparel.", "i": "https://codexery.com/corporations/img/corporations/nike-inc.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Nike, Inc. · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/luzon/": {"t": "Luzon", "s": "The largest and most populous island of the Philippines, economic and political center of the nation."}, "https://codexery.com/philippine-cities/e/philippine-cities/zamboanga-city/": {"t": "Zamboanga City", "s": "A major port city and regional hub in Mindanao."}, "https://codexery.com/mental-health-psychology/e/mental-health-and-psychology/depression-mood/": {"t": "Depression (mood)", "s": "A mental state of low mood and aversion to activity."}, "https://codexery.com/medical-conditions/e/medical-conditions/major-depressive-disorder/": {"t": "Major depressive disorder", "s": "A mood disorder causing pervasive low mood and loss of interest."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-m/e/cities-starting-with-m/makati/": {"t": "Makati", "s": "Philippines' leading financial and commercial hub."}, "https://codexery.com/national-parks-of-the-philippines/e/national-parks-of-the-philippines/rizal-park/": {"t": "Rizal Park", "s": "Historic urban park and site of José Rizal's execution."}, "https://codexery.com/international-organizations-and-agreemen/e/international-organizations-and-agreements/international-union-for-conservation-of-nature/": {"t": "International Union for Conservation of Nature", "s": "Global authority on nature conservation and sustainable resource use."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/e/revolutions-and-uprisings/cultural-revolution/": {"t": "Cultural Revolution", "s": "A sociopolitical movement launched by Mao Zedong from 1966 to 1976.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/img/revolutions-and-uprisings/cultural-revolution.webp", "c": "闫恩铭／Enming Yan · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/e/chinese-history/reform-and-opening-up/": {"t": "Reform and opening up", "s": "Economic reforms that transformed China's economy after 1978."}, "https://codexery.com/criminal-law-and-procedure/e/criminal-law-and-procedure/life-imprisonment/": {"t": "Life imprisonment", "s": "A sentence of imprisonment for the remainder of a convict's natural life."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/mao-zedong/": {"t": "Mao Zedong", "s": "Founder of the People's Republic of China and CCP leader."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/tiananmen-square-protests/": {"t": "Tiananmen Square protests", "s": "1989 protests in Beijing ended in a military crackdown."}, "https://codexery.com/east-asian-leaders/e/east-asian-leaders/jiang-zemin/": {"t": "Jiang Zemin", "s": "Fourth paramount leader of China from 1989 to 2002."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/deng-xiaoping/": {"t": "Deng Xiaoping", "s": "Architect of modern China and paramount leader from 1978 to 1989"}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-landmarks/e/architectural-landmarks/zhongnanhai/": {"t": "Zhongnanhai", "s": "The political heart of China, a former imperial garden turned seat of power.", "i": "https://codexery.com/architectural-landmarks/img/architectural-landmarks/zhongnanhai.webp", "c": "user:kallgan · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/shenzhen/": {"t": "Shenzhen", "s": "Shenzhen: A premier global metropolis and technology hub on the Pearl River estuary."}, "https://codexery.com/socio-political-concepts/e/socio-political-concepts/nepotism/": {"t": "Nepotism", "s": "Favoring family in positions of power, from papal courts to Hollywood."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/south-china-sea/": {"t": "South China Sea", "s": "A marginal sea of the Western Pacific Ocean, vital to global trade and fishing."}, "https://codexery.com/east-asian-leaders/e/east-asian-leaders/li-keqiang/": {"t": "Li Keqiang", "s": "Chinese premier who died in 2023 at age 68, the youngest to leave office and earliest to die among all PRC premiers.", "i": "https://codexery.com/east-asian-leaders/img/east-asian-leaders/li-keqiang.webp", "c": "内閣官房広報室 · via Wikipedia: Li Keqiang · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/east-asian-leaders/e/east-asian-leaders/leung-chun-ying/": {"t": "Leung Chun-ying", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/shanghai/": {"t": "Shanghai", "s": "China's most populous city and a global hub for finance and innovation."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/beijing/": {"t": "Beijing", "s": "The world's most populous national capital, blending millennia of history with cutting-edge innovation."}, "/e/asian-leaders/donald-tsang/": {"t": "Donald Tsang", "s": "Second Chief Executive of Hong Kong."}, "https://codexery.com/international-organizations-and-agreemen/e/international-organizations-and-agreements/international-covenant-on-economic-social-and-cultural-rights/": {"t": "International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights", "s": "Multilateral treaty on economic, social, and cultural rights."}, "https://codexery.com/sayings-of-jesus/e/sayings-of-jesus/beatitudes/": {"t": "Beatitudes", "s": "Blessings pronounced by Jesus on the seemingly unfortunate."}, "https://codexery.com/geomorphology/e/geomorphology/land-reclamation/": {"t": "Land reclamation", "s": "Creating new land from water bodies for human use.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geomorphology/img/geomorphology/land-reclamation.webp", "c": "Fabian Horst · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/magazines-newspapers/e/magazines-and-newspapers/reuters/": {"t": "Reuters", "s": "One of the largest news agencies in the world."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church/": {"t": "Catholic Church", "s": "The largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.41 billion baptized members.", "i": "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/img/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Christianity by country · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-cities/e/miscellaneous-cities/colombo/": {"t": "Colombo", "s": "Colombo is Sri Lanka's executive, judicial, and commercial capital."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-systems-concepts/e/legal-systems-and-concepts/barrister/": {"t": "Barrister", "s": "A specialist advocate in common law court systems."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/e/languages-of-the-world/sinhala-language/": {"t": "Sinhala language", "s": "An Indo-Aryan language of Sri Lanka with a rich history and diglossic structure."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/english-language/": {"t": "English language", "s": "A West Germanic language that became the world's lingua franca."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/french-language/": {"t": "French language", "s": "A Romance language of the Indo-European family, descended from Vulgar Latin and shaped by Celtic and Frankish influences."}, "https://codexery.com/korea-under-japanese-rule/e/korea-under-japanese-rule/korea-under-japanese-rule/": {"t": "Korea under Japanese rule", "s": "Japanese colonial rule over Korea from 1910 to 1945."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/korean-war/": {"t": "Korean War", "s": "A frozen conflict that divided a peninsula."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/seoul/": {"t": "Seoul", "s": "The dynamic capital of South Korea, blending ancient history with cutting-edge modernity."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/hawaii/": {"t": "Hawaii", "s": "Island state with a tropical climate and diverse heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/east-asian-leaders/e/east-asian-leaders/kim-dae-jung/": {"t": "Kim Dae-jung", "s": "South Korean president and Nobel Peace Prize laureate"}, "https://codexery.com/marriage-and-kinship/e/marriage-and-kinship/godparent/": {"t": "Godparent", "s": "Christian sponsor for a child's baptism and spiritual guidance.", "i": "https://codexery.com/marriage-and-kinship/img/marriage-and-kinship/godparent.webp", "c": "U. A. Saarinen · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/indira-gandhi/": {"t": "Indira Gandhi", "s": "India's first and only female prime minister"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/indian-independence-movement/": {"t": "Indian independence movement", "s": "Political efforts to end British colonial rule in India."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/mahatma-gandhi/": {"t": "Mahatma Gandhi", "s": "Leader of India's nonviolent independence movement"}, "https://codexery.com/governments-and-political-systems/e/governments-and-political-systems/indian-national-congress/": {"t": "Indian National Congress", "s": "India's oldest political party, a big tent centrist force.", "i": "https://codexery.com/governments-and-political-systems/img/governments-and-political-systems/indian-national-congress.webp", "c": "Trouscht · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/indian-states/e/indian-states/uttar-pradesh/": {"t": "Uttar Pradesh", "s": "India's most populous state, a historic heartland of empires and pilgrimage."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/jawaharlal-nehru/": {"t": "Jawaharlal Nehru", "s": "India's first prime minister and architect of its modern secular democracy."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/indian-rebellion-of-1857/": {"t": "Indian Rebellion of 1857", "s": "A mutiny that became a rebellion, reshaping an empire.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/img/revolutions-and-conflicts/indian-rebellion-of-1857.webp", "c": "Unknown authorUnknown author Cambridge University Press; Stanford's Geogl. 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Nightstallion assumed (based on copyright c · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/governments-and-political-systems/e/governments-and-political-systems/independence/": {"t": "Independence", "s": "Condition of self-government and sovereignty over a territory.", "i": "https://codexery.com/governments-and-political-systems/img/governments-and-political-systems/independence.webp", "c": "Ruger, A. · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/culture/london/": {"t": "London", "s": "A global city on the Thames, London blends nearly 2,000 years of history with a vibrant, multicultural present."}, "https://codexery.com/international-law-diplomacy/e/international-law-and-diplomacy/statelessness/": {"t": "Statelessness", "s": "A person not considered a national by any state."}, "https://codexery.com/mammals/e/mammals/cattle/": {"t": "Cattle", "s": "Domesticated bovid ungulates raised for meat, dairy, and labor."}, "https://codexery.com/common-plants-and-crops/e/common-plants-and-crops/orchid/": {"t": "Orchid", "s": "A diverse family of flowering plants with specialized pollination."}, "https://codexery.com/philippine-american-war/e/philippine-american-war/first-philippine-republic/": {"t": "First Philippine Republic", "s": "Unrecognized republic established during the Philippine Revolution and Philippine–American War.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philippine-american-war/img/philippine-american-war/first-philippine-republic.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: First Philippine Republic · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/spanish-empire/": {"t": "Spanish Empire", "s": "A global colonial empire spanning four centuries and multiple continents."}, "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/e/diseases-and-conditions/pneumonia/": {"t": "Pneumonia", "s": "Inflammatory lung condition primarily affecting alveoli, caused by infection.", "i": "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/img/diseases-and-conditions/pneumonia.webp", "c": "Nephron · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/e/languages-of-the-world/tagalog-language/": {"t": "Tagalog language", "s": "Austronesian language basis of Filipino, national language of the Philippines."}, "/e/asian-leaders/elpidio-quirino/": {"t": "Elpidio Quirino", "s": "Sixth Philippine president; assumed office after Roxas's death."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-tentative-list-for-the/e/world-heritage-tentative-list-for-the-philippines/turtle-islands-tawi-tawi/": {"t": "Turtle Islands, Tawi-Tawi", "s": "Remote Philippine municipality and protected turtle sanctuary."}, "https://codexery.com/straits-channels-and-seas/e/straits-channels-and-seas/sulu-sea/": {"t": "Sulu Sea", "s": "A Philippine sea with a World Heritage reef."}, "https://codexery.com/east-asian-history/e/east-asian-history/treaty-of-san-francisco/": {"t": "Treaty of San Francisco", "s": "Ended WWII occupation and restored Japanese sovereignty."}, "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/e/government-and-public-administration/cabinet-government/": {"t": "Cabinet (government)", "s": "Executive body advising head of state and managing government.", "i": "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/img/government-and-public-administration/cabinet-government.webp", "c": "Neoclassicism Enthusiast · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/currencies-of-the-british-empire/e/currencies-of-the-british-empire/hong-kong-dollar/": {"t": "Hong Kong dollar", "s": "Official currency of Hong Kong, issued by multiple banks."}, "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/e/universities-and-colleges/harvard-university/": {"t": "Harvard University", "s": "Oldest institution of higher learning in the United States.", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/img/universities-and-colleges/harvard-university.webp", "c": "Harvard University · via Wikipedia: Harvard University · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/milton-friedman/": {"t": "Milton Friedman", "s": "American economist and Nobel laureate who championed monetarism and free-market policies."}, "https://codexery.com/american-nobel-laureates/e/laureates/edmund-s-phelps/": {"t": "Edmund S. Phelps", "s": "American economist and 2006 Nobel laureate in economic sciences."}, "https://codexery.com/news-media/e/news-media/associated-press/": {"t": "Associated Press", "s": "A not-for-profit news cooperative founded in 1846.", "i": "https://codexery.com/news-media/img/news-media/associated-press.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Associated Press · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/fish/e/fish/koi/": {"t": "Koi", "s": "Ornamental carp bred from Amur carp in Japan."}, "/e/asian-leaders/chen-yun/": {"t": "Chen Yun", "s": "CCP statesman and architect of economic reforms."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutionary-leaders-icons/e/revolutionary-leaders-and-icons/sun-yat-sen/": {"t": "Sun Yat-sen", "s": "Founder of the Republic of China and the Kuomintang."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/e/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/yuan-shikai/": {"t": "Yuan Shikai", "s": "Chinese general and statesman who briefly declared himself emperor.", "i": "https://codexery.com/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/img/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/yuan-shikai.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Yuan Shikai · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/washington-d-c/": {"t": "Washington, D.C.", "s": "The federal capital city of the United States, anchored on the Potomac River."}, "https://codexery.com/banking-and-finance/e/banking-and-finance/central-bank/": {"t": "Central bank", "s": "A financial institution managing monetary policy and ensuring banking stability."}, "https://codexery.com/philippine-resistance-against-japan/e/philippine-resistance-against-japan/hukbalahap/": {"t": "Hukbalahap", "s": "Filipino communist guerrilla movement turned anti-government rebellion."}, "https://codexery.com/philippine-cities/e/philippine-cities/baguio/": {"t": "Baguio", "s": "Summer Capital of the Philippines"}, "https://codexery.com/warfare-military-history/e/warfare-and-military-history/airborne-forces/": {"t": "Airborne forces", "s": "Ground troops deployed by air for rapid vertical envelopment.", "i": "https://codexery.com/warfare-military-history/img/warfare-and-military-history/airborne-forces.webp", "c": "U.S. Army photo by Sgt. 1st Class Joseph Truesdale · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/warfare-military-history/e/warfare-and-military-history/cavalry/": {"t": "Cavalry", "s": "Mounted warriors who dominated battlefields until the 20th century."}, "https://codexery.com/sociologists-and-political-theorists/e/sociologists-and-political-theorists/daniel-bell/": {"t": "Daniel Bell", "s": "American sociologist known for theories of post-industrial society."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/e/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/yahya-muhammad-hamid-ed-din/": {"t": "Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din", "s": "Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din's full title was 'His Majesty Amir al-Mu'mimin al-Mutawakkil 'Ala Allah Rab ul-Alamin Imam Yahya bin al-Mansur Bi'llah Muhammad Hami", "i": "https://codexery.com/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/img/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/yahya-muhammad-hamid-ed-din.webp", "c": "أمين فارس أنطوان الريحاني / Ameen Rihani (1876-1940) · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/shia-islam/": {"t": "Shia Islam", "s": "The second-largest branch of Islam, rooted in the belief that Ali was Muhammad's chosen successor."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/imam/": {"t": "Imam", "s": "Islamic leadership role with differing Sunni and Shia interpretations."}, "https://codexery.com/notable-buildings-and-monuments/e/notable-buildings-and-monuments/kaaba/": {"t": "Kaaba", "s": "Stone building at Islam's holiest mosque, determining prayer direction worldwide."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/arab-israeli-conflict/": {"t": "Arab–Israeli conflict", "s": "A century of conflict rooted in competing nationalisms and colonial mandates."}, "https://codexery.com/ottoman-and-middle-eastern-leaders/e/ottoman-and-middle-eastern-leaders/abdullah-al-sallal/": {"t": "Abdullah al-Sallal", "s": "Revolutionary who became first president of the Yemen Arab Republic."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/hirohito/": {"t": "Hirohito", "s": "Emperor of Japan from 1926 to 1989, reigning through war and reconstruction."}, "https://codexery.com/royalty-and-heads-of-state/e/royalty-and-heads-of-state/naruhito/": {"t": "Naruhito", "s": "Emperor of Japan since 2019, Reiwa era."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/shinto/": {"t": "Shinto", "s": "Japan's indigenous religion centered on kami worship."}, "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-japan/e/emperors-of-japan/emperor-of-japan/": {"t": "Emperor of Japan", "s": "Hereditary monarch and symbol of Japan's unity."}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-topics/e/world-war-ii-topics/surrender-of-japan/": {"t": "Surrender of Japan", "s": "Japan's surrender ended World War II in the Pacific.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-topics/img/world-war-ii-topics/surrender-of-japan.webp", "c": "Harry Beanham · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/olympic-equestrian-venues/e/olympic-equestrian-venues/karuizawa-nagano/": {"t": "Karuizawa, Nagano", "s": "First city to host both Summer and Winter Olympic events.", "i": "https://codexery.com/olympic-equestrian-venues/img/olympic-equestrian-venues/karuizawa-nagano.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Karuizawa, Nagano · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/asia/": {"t": "Asia", "s": "Largest continent by area and population, cradle of many civilisations."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/koreans/": {"t": "Koreans", "s": "East Asian ethnic group indigenous to the Korean Peninsula"}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/northern-mariana-islands/": {"t": "Northern Mariana Islands", "s": "U.S. territory in the Pacific, settled by Austronesian peoples."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/tokyo/": {"t": "Tokyo", "s": "The capital of Japan, a global hub of economy, culture, and innovation."}, "https://codexery.com/prefectures-of-japan/e/prefectures-of-japan/hiroshima-prefecture/": {"t": "Hiroshima Prefecture", "s": "Prefecture in Chūgoku region, known for atomic bombing and UNESCO sites.", "i": "https://codexery.com/prefectures-of-japan/img/prefectures-of-japan/hiroshima-prefecture.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Hiroshima Prefecture · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/animal-biology-and-behavior/e/animal-biology-and-behavior/ichthyology/": {"t": "Ichthyology", "s": "The scientific study of fish, from ancient observations to modern taxonomy."}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/science-journal/": {"t": "Science (journal)", "s": "Peer-reviewed journal of the AAAS, covering all scientific 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Kornmesser (photo displayed on the magazine cover) · via Wikipedia: Nature (journal) · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/nguy-n-dynasty/": {"t": "Nguyễn dynasty", "s": "The Nguyễn dynasty, the final imperial family of Vietnam, was founded by the House of Nguyễn Phúc."}, "https://codexery.com/former-french-colonies/e/former-french-colonies/annam-french-protectorate/": {"t": "Annam (French protectorate)", "s": "It became part of French Indochina in 1887 and had a dual French and Vietnamese administration."}, "https://codexery.com/french-colonial-empire/e/french-colonial-empire/french-indochina/": {"t": "French Indochina", "s": "French-dependent territories in Southeast Asia from 1887 to 1954."}, "https://codexery.com/vietnamese-independence-movement/e/vietnamese-independence-movement/empire-of-vietnam/": {"t": "Empire of Vietnam", "s": "Japanese-sponsored state that briefly ruled Vietnam in 1945."}, "https://codexery.com/first-indochina-war/e/first-indochina-war/state-of-vietnam/": {"t": "State of Vietnam", "s": "Anti-communist Vietnamese state allied with France during the First Indochina War."}, "https://codexery.com/former-french-colonies/e/former-french-colonies/french-cochinchina/": {"t": "French Cochinchina", "s": "French colony in southern Vietnam, key rubber producer, later part of State of Vietnam.", "i": "https://codexery.com/former-french-colonies/img/former-french-colonies/french-cochinchina.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: French Cochinchina · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/education-schools/e/education-and-schools/sciences-po/": {"t": "Sciences Po", "s": "A French grande école that shaped political science and elite education.", "i": "https://codexery.com/education-schools/img/education-and-schools/sciences-po.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Sciences Po · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-topics/e/world-war-ii-topics/vichy-france/": {"t": "Vichy France", "s": "French rump state headed by Philippe Pétain during World War II."}, "https://codexery.com/political-leaders-revolutionaries/e/political-leaders-and-revolutionaries/charles-de-gaulle/": {"t": "Charles de Gaulle", "s": "French general and statesman who led Free France and founded the Fifth Republic."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/vietnam-war/": {"t": "Vietnam War", "s": "Cold War proxy war ending in communist victory across Indochina."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/absolute-monarchy/": {"t": "Absolute monarchy", "s": "Sovereign power unchecked by constitution or legislature.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/img/historical-and-cultural-concepts/absolute-monarchy.webp", "c": "Nicolai Abildgaard · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/sanskrit/": {"t": "Sanskrit", "s": "The classical language of South Asian religion, 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