{"/e/art-movements/expressionism/": {"t": "Expressionism", "s": "A modernist movement emphasizing subjective emotional experience over physical reality."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/wassily-kandinsky/": {"t": "Wassily Kandinsky", "s": "Pioneer of abstraction and art theorist", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/wassily-kandinsky.webp", "c": "Vassily Kandinsky by Adolf Elnain\n\nPhoto credits : Georges Meguerditchian - Centre Pompidou, MNAM-CCI /Dist. RMN-GP Image reference : 4N55985 · via Wikipedia: Wassily Kandinsky · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/part-1/world-war-i/": {"t": "World War I", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Central Powers, 1914–1918."}, "https://codexery.com/painting-visual-arts/e/part-1/medieval-art/": {"t": "Medieval art", "s": "Medieval art spans over 1,000 years of European and Mediterranean creativity."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/france/": {"t": "France", "s": "A global centre of art, science, cuisine and philosophy."}, "/e/art-movements/cubism/": {"t": "Cubism", "s": "Avant-garde movement that revolutionized visual art through multiple perspectives."}, "/e/art-movements/fauvism/": {"t": "Fauvism", "s": "A French art movement known for bold color and expressive brushwork."}, "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/e/part-1/paul-klee/": {"t": "Paul Klee", "s": "Swiss-born German artist known for his individual style and color theory"}, "https://codexery.com/modernist-contemporary-pioneers/e/part-1/sonia-delaunay/": {"t": "Sonia Delaunay", "s": "Pioneer of Orphism and modern design, known for bold colours and geometric abstraction."}, "https://codexery.com/modernist-contemporary-pioneers/e/part-1/robert-delaunay/": {"t": "Robert Delaunay", "s": "Co-founder of Orphism, pioneer of color and geometric abstraction."}, "https://codexery.com/composers-and-songwriters/e/part-1/arnold-schoenberg/": {"t": "arnold-schoenberg", "s": ""}, "/e/art-movements/constructivism-art/": {"t": "Constructivism (art)", "s": "Early 20th-century Russian avant-garde movement emphasizing industrial materials and social purpose."}, "/e/art-movements/dada/": {"t": "Dada", "s": "International art movement rejecting prevailing ideas of art and society."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/italy/": {"t": "Italy", "s": "A cultural superpower with the eighth-largest economy and the most UNESCO sites."}, "https://codexery.com/painters-visual-artists/e/part-1/umberto-boccioni/": {"t": "Umberto Boccioni", "s": "Italian Futurist painter and sculptor who theorized dynamism and deconstructed solid mass.", "i": "https://codexery.com/painters-visual-artists/img/part-1/umberto-boccioni.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Umberto Boccioni · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements-styles/e/part-1/art-deco/": {"t": "art-deco", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/daft-punk/e/places/paris/": {"t": "Paris", "s": "A neon-drenched metropolis where human creativity sparks the fire of robotic evolution."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/henri-bergson/": {"t": "Henri Bergson", "s": "French philosopher of intuition and time, Nobel laureate in literature."}, "https://codexery.com/italian-regions/e/part-1/lombardy/": {"t": "lombardy", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/juan-gris/": {"t": "Juan Gris", "s": "Spanish Cubist painter known for bright colors and geometric clarity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/juan-gris.webp", "c": "Man Ray · via Wikipedia: Juan Gris · PD-US"}, "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-poets/e/part-1/vladimir-mayakovsky/": {"t": "Vladimir Mayakovsky", "s": "Russian Futurist poet and playwright who navigated revolution, censorship, and acclaim.", "i": "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-poets/img/part-1/vladimir-mayakovsky.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Vladimir Mayakovsky · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-poets/e/part-1/velimir-khlebnikov/": {"t": "Velimir Khlebnikov", "s": "Russian Futurist poet and playwright, inventor of zaum.", "i": "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-poets/img/part-1/velimir-khlebnikov.webp", "c": "Serge Lachinov (обработка для wiki) · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/modernist-contemporary-pioneers/e/part-1/natalia-goncharova/": {"t": "Natalia Goncharova", "s": "Russian avant-garde artist and co-inventor of Rayonism."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/kazimir-malevich/": {"t": "Kazimir Malevich", "s": "Founder of Suprematism and pioneer of abstract painting."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/soviet-union/": {"t": "Soviet Union", "s": "The world's flagship communist state and a superpower spanning Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/part-1/rostov-on-don/": {"t": "rostov-on-don", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements-styles/e/part-1/avant-garde/": {"t": "avant-garde", "s": ""}, "/e/art-movements/futurism/": {"t": "Futurism", "s": "Speed, technology, and the triumph of modernity."}, "https://codexery.com/theatre-and-performance/e/part-1/performing-arts/": {"t": "Performing arts", "s": "Live performance across theatre, dance, music, and more."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/e/part-1/abstraction/": {"t": "Abstraction", "s": "The process of generalizing rules and concepts from specific examples.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/img/part-1/abstraction.webp", "c": "Simon Pierre Barrette ( Cephas ( talk )) · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/international-relations-and-concepts/e/part-1/geopolitics/": {"t": "geopolitics", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements-styles/e/part-1/abstract-art/": {"t": "abstract-art", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/narrative-forms-and-devices/e/part-1/stream-of-consciousness/": {"t": "Stream of consciousness", "s": "A narrative mode depicting the flow of a character's thoughts."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/part-1/atonality/": {"t": "Atonality", "s": "Music lacking a tonal center, emerging in the early 20th century."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/part-1/twelve-tone-technique/": {"t": "Twelve-tone technique", "s": "A method ensuring equal use of all twelve chromatic notes."}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/e/part-1/modern-architecture/": {"t": "modern-architecture", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-movements-and-schools/e/part-1/rationalism/": {"t": "Rationalism", "s": "Epistemological view that reason is the chief source of knowledge."}, "/e/art-movements/romanticism/": {"t": "Romanticism", "s": "Movement valuing emotion, imagination, and nature over Enlightenment rationalism."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-movements-and-schools/e/part-1/humanism/": {"t": "Humanism", "s": "A philosophy centered on human agency, reason, and well-being."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/e/part-1/french-revolution/": {"t": "French Revolution", "s": "The 1789–1799 upheaval that toppled the French monarchy and shaped liberal democracy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/img/part-1/french-revolution.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: French Revolution · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/e/part-1/w-b-yeats/": {"t": "w-b-yeats", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/e/part-1/metaphysics/": {"t": "Metaphysics", "s": "Study of the most fundamental structure of reality."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/e/part-1/jacques-derrida/": {"t": "Jacques Derrida", "s": "French philosopher who developed deconstruction, influencing humanities and social sciences.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/img/part-1/jacques-derrida.webp", "c": "Frege-Pierre Dubois · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-traditions/e/part-1/deconstruction/": {"t": "Deconstruction", "s": "A method of analyzing text by exposing its internal contradictions."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/david-hume/": {"t": "David Hume", "s": "Scottish philosopher known for empiricism and scepticism."}, "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/e/part-1/virginia-woolf/": {"t": "virginia-woolf", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/novels-and-epics/e/part-1/heart-of-darkness/": {"t": "Heart of Darkness", "s": "Novella critiquing colonialism and exploring power and morality."}, "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-poets/e/part-1/wallace-stevens/": {"t": "Wallace Stevens", "s": "American modernist poet and insurance executive.", "i": "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-poets/img/part-1/wallace-stevens.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Wallace Stevens · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/e/part-1/t-s-eliot/": {"t": "t-s-eliot", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/visual-arts-and-crafts/e/part-1/trompe-l-il/": {"t": "Trompe-l'œil", "s": "Artistic technique creating realistic optical illusions on flat surfaces."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/part-1/luminosity/": {"t": "luminosity", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements-styles/e/part-1/bauhaus/": {"t": "bauhaus", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/part-1/time-magazine/": {"t": "Time (magazine)", "s": "A weekly news magazine that pioneered telling news through people."}, "https://codexery.com/painting-visual-arts/e/part-1/kinetic-art/": {"t": "Kinetic art", "s": "Art that incorporates real or apparent movement."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/walter-gropius/": {"t": "Walter Gropius", "s": "German-American architect and founder of the Bauhaus School", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/walter-gropius.webp", "c": "Louis Held · via Wikipedia: Walter Gropius · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/psychology/e/part-1/gestalt-psychology/": {"t": "Gestalt psychology", "s": "School of psychology emphasizing whole patterns over individual parts.", "i": "https://codexery.com/psychology/img/part-1/gestalt-psychology.webp", "c": "Tuculet2017 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/foo-fighters/e/places/chicago/": {"t": "Chicago", "s": "A wind-swept city where the spirit of rock and roll never sleeps."}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/part-1/eastern-world/": {"t": "eastern-world", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/part-1/western-world/": {"t": "Western world", "s": "An evolving cultural, political, and economic concept of diverse groups."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements-styles/e/part-1/academic-art/": {"t": "academic-art", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/nonfiction-and-reference/e/part-1/orientalism-book/": {"t": "Orientalism (book)", "s": "Edward Said’s Orientalism (1978) argues that Western scholarship about the Eastern world—encompassing Asia and North Africa—is fundamentally tied to the imperia"}, "https://codexery.com/international-relations-and-concepts/e/part-1/imperialism/": {"t": "imperialism", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/geoffrey-chaucer/": {"t": "Geoffrey Chaucer", "s": "Father of English literature and poet of The Canterbury Tales"}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/part-1/southern-europe/": {"t": "southern-europe", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/e/part-1/east-india-company/": {"t": "east-india-company", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/e/part-1/culture-of-india/": {"t": "Culture of India", "s": "One of the world's oldest continuous cultural traditions, spanning diverse religions and languages.", "i": "https://codexery.com/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/img/part-1/culture-of-india.webp", "c": "Sumitramehta · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/thomas-babington-macaulay/": {"t": "Thomas Babington Macaulay", "s": "Whig historian, politician, and architect of English education in India."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-political-theorists-and-sociologi/e/part-1/antonio-gramsci/": {"t": "Antonio Gramsci", "s": "Italian Marxist philosopher and theorist of cultural hegemony."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-political-theorists-and-sociologi/e/part-1/michel-foucault/": {"t": "Michel Foucault", "s": "French philosopher who analyzed power, knowledge, and social control."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/bernard-lewis/": {"t": "Bernard Lewis", "s": "Historian of Islam and controversial public intellectual."}, "https://codexery.com/abrahamic-religions-criticism/e/part-1/islamic-world/": {"t": "islamic-world", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/saudi-arabia/": {"t": "Saudi Arabia", "s": "The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: a land of ancient heritage, vast deserts, and global influence.", "i": "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/img/honours/saudi-arabia.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Saudi Arabia at the FIFA World Cup · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/part-1/first-opium-war/": {"t": "First Opium War", "s": "Conflict between Britain and Qing China over opium trade and diplomacy."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-movements-and-schools/e/part-1/eastern-philosophy/": {"t": "Eastern philosophy", "s": "Philosophical traditions originating in East and South Asia."}, "/e/art-movements/postmodern-art/": {"t": "Postmodern art", "s": "Art movements reacting against or rejecting trends in modernism."}, "https://codexery.com/society-and-culture/e/part-1/popular-culture/": {"t": "Popular culture", "s": "Dominant practices and beliefs of a society at a given time."}, "https://codexery.com/literary-forms-tropes/e/part-1/comics/": {"t": "comics", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/painting-visual-arts/e/part-1/kitsch/": {"t": "Kitsch", "s": "A term for art seen as imitative, sentimental, or of banal taste."}, "https://codexery.com/modernist-contemporary-pioneers/e/part-1/robert-rauschenberg/": {"t": "Robert Rauschenberg", "s": "Working in the gap between art and life."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/andy-warhol/": {"t": "Andy Warhol", "s": "The most important artist of the second half of the 20th century"}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements-styles/e/part-1/abstract-expressionism/": {"t": "abstract-expressionism", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/e/part-1/man-ray/": {"t": "Man Ray", "s": "American-born, French-naturalized artist known for Dada, Surrealism, and rayographs."}, "https://codexery.com/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/e/part-1/culture-of-the-united-states/": {"t": "Culture of the United States", "s": "A melting pot of cultures with global influence."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/marcel-duchamp/": {"t": "Marcel Duchamp", "s": "French American artist, chess player, and inventor; key figure in avant-garde and conceptual art.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/marcel-duchamp.webp", "c": "Man Ray · via Wikipedia: Marcel Duchamp · PD-US"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/kurt-schwitters/": {"t": "Kurt Schwitters", "s": "German artist known for Merz collages", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/kurt-schwitters.webp", "c": "Genja Jonas · via Wikipedia: Kurt Schwitters · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/part-1/the-new-york-times/": {"t": "The New York Times", "s": "The Gray Lady, a U.S."}, "https://codexery.com/magazines/e/part-1/life-magazine/": {"t": "life-magazine", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/part-1/national-geographic/": {"t": "National Geographic", "s": "A monthly magazine published by National Geographic Partners, based in Washington, DC, covering geography, popular science, world history, culture, and current ", "i": "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/img/part-1/national-geographic.webp", "c": "Benjamín Núñez González · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/iconic-paintings/e/part-1/drowning-girl/": {"t": "drowning-girl", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/writers/marilyn-monroe/": {"t": "Marilyn Monroe", "s": "The Blonde Bombshell Who Redefined Stardom"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/elvis-presley/": {"t": "Elvis Presley", "s": "The King of Rock and Roll"}, "/e/art-movements/modernism/": {"t": "Modernism", "s": "Early 20th-century movement emphasizing experimentation and subjective experience."}, "/e/art-movements/conceptual-art/": {"t": "Conceptual art", "s": "Art where the idea or concept is the most important aspect."}, "https://codexery.com/painting-visual-arts/e/part-1/installation-art/": {"t": "Installation art", "s": "Three-dimensional, often site-specific art transforming spatial perception."}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/part-1/multimedia/": {"t": "Multimedia", "s": "Combining text, audio, images, video, and animation into interactive presentations.", "i": "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/img/part-1/multimedia.webp", "c": "Caspter · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/f-lix-guattari/": {"t": "Félix Guattari", "s": "French psychoanalyst and co-founder of schizoanalysis with Gilles Deleuze."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers/e/part-1/jean-fran-ois-lyotard/": {"t": "Jean-François Lyotard", "s": "French philosopher, sociologist, and literary theorist known for articulating postmodernism after the late 1970s."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/e/part-1/aesthetics/": {"t": "Aesthetics", "s": "Branch of philosophy studying beauty, art, and taste.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/img/part-1/aesthetics.webp", "c": "Ewan-M · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/painting-visual-arts/e/part-1/mannerism/": {"t": "Mannerism", "s": "A European style exaggerating High Renaissance ideals into artificial elegance."}, "https://codexery.com/international-relations-and-concepts/e/part-1/globalization/": {"t": "globalization", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers/e/part-1/jean-baudrillard/": {"t": "Jean Baudrillard", "s": "French sociologist and philosopher known for hyperreality."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/douard-manet/": {"t": "Édouard Manet", "s": "French modernist painter and pivotal figure in the transition from Realism to Impressionism.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/notable/douard-manet.webp", "c": "Nadar / Adam Cuerden · via Wikipedia: Édouard Manet · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/painting-visual-arts/e/part-1/gothic-art/": {"t": "Gothic art", "s": "Medieval art style originating in 12th-century Northern France."}, "https://codexery.com/music-genres-styles/e/part-1/baroque/": {"t": "Baroque", "s": "A Western artistic style flourishing from the early 1600s to 1750s."}, "https://codexery.com/historiography-methods/e/part-1/historical-revisionism/": {"t": "historical-revisionism", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/reproduction-development/e/part-1/reproduction/": {"t": "Reproduction", "s": "Biological process producing offspring from parent or parents.", "i": "https://codexery.com/reproduction-development/img/part-1/reproduction.webp", "c": "MAKY.OREL · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/sculpture/e/part-1/fountain-duchamp/": {"t": "Fountain (Duchamp)", "s": "A porcelain urinal that redefined art through choice."}, "/e/art-movements/pop-art/": {"t": "Pop art", "s": "Art movement merging mass culture with fine art."}, "https://codexery.com/painting-visual-arts/e/part-1/minimalism/": {"t": "Minimalism", "s": "Art reduced to essentials, focusing on the object and viewer's experience."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/jackson-pollock/": {"t": "Jackson Pollock", "s": "American abstract expressionist known for his drip painting technique."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/part-1/second-world-war/": {"t": "Second World War", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Axis, deadliest in history."}, "/e/art-movements/realism-arts/": {"t": "Realism (arts)", "s": "Truthful representation in art, from the mundane to the sublime."}, "https://codexery.com/painters-visual-artists/e/part-1/william-holman-hunt/": {"t": "William Holman Hunt", "s": "English painter and co-founder of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood.", "i": "https://codexery.com/painters-visual-artists/img/part-1/william-holman-hunt.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: William Holman Hunt · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/portraitists-and-storytellers/e/part-1/john-everett-millais/": {"t": "John Everett Millais", "s": "English painter and illustrator, co-founder of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood"}, "https://codexery.com/designers-and-craftsmen/e/part-1/william-morris/": {"t": "william-morris", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/portraitists-and-storytellers/e/part-1/john-william-waterhouse/": {"t": "John William Waterhouse", "s": "English painter of myth and legend"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/raphael/": {"t": "Raphael", "s": "High Renaissance painter and architect, known for clarity and harmony."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/michelangelo/": {"t": "Michelangelo", "s": "Italian High Renaissance sculptor, painter, architect, and poet.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/michelangelo.webp", "c": "Attributed to Daniele da Volterra · via Wikipedia: Michelangelo · Public domain"}, "/e/art-movements/classicism/": {"t": "Classicism", "s": "An aesthetic attitude valuing form, proportion, and restraint from classical antiquity."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/joshua-reynolds/": {"t": "Joshua Reynolds", "s": "The leading portrait artist of the 18th-century and arguably one of the greatest artists in the history of art.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/joshua-reynolds.webp", "c": "Joshua Reynolds · via Wikipedia: Joshua Reynolds · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/painting-visual-arts/e/part-1/history-painting/": {"t": "History painting", "s": "A narrative painting genre, traditionally the highest form of Western art."}, "https://codexery.com/beliefs-and-practices/e/part-1/spirituality/": {"t": "spirituality", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/e/part-1/materialism/": {"t": "Materialism", "s": "Matter is the fundamental substance of nature."}, "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/e/part-1/gustave-courbet/": {"t": "Gustave Courbet", "s": "French painter who led the Realism movement.", "i": "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/img/part-1/gustave-courbet.webp", "c": "Gustave Courbet · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/painting-visual-arts/e/part-1/impressionism/": {"t": "Impressionism", "s": "A 19th-century French art movement emphasizing light and ordinary subjects."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/charles-dickens/": {"t": "Charles Dickens", "s": "The most famous celebrity of his era, Dickens pioneered serial publication and remains a literary giant."}, "https://codexery.com/radiohead/e/places/oxford/": {"t": "Oxford", "s": "The ancient stone streets where a generation's sound was quietly forged."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements-styles/e/part-1/arts-and-crafts-movement/": {"t": "arts-and-crafts-movement", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/lawrence-alma-tadema/": {"t": "Lawrence Alma-Tadema", "s": "Dutch painter of classical subjects, known for his meticulous depictions of Roman luxury.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/lawrence-alma-tadema.webp", "c": "Unidentified photographer. Gift of Charles Scribner's Sons. · via Wikipedia: Lawrence Alma-Tadema · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/portraitists-and-storytellers/e/part-1/paula-modersohn-becker/": {"t": "Paula Modersohn-Becker", "s": "German Expressionist painter and draftswoman, pioneer of nude self-portraiture."}, "https://codexery.com/science-fiction-and-fantasy-writers/e/part-1/j-r-r-tolkien/": {"t": "J.R.R. Tolkien", "s": "English author of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings.", "i": "https://codexery.com/science-fiction-and-fantasy-writers/img/part-1/j-r-r-tolkien.webp", "c": "James2813 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/literary-works/e/part-1/the-lord-of-the-rings/": {"t": "the-lord-of-the-rings", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/part-1/northumberland/": {"t": "northumberland", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/performers-and-entertainers/e/part-1/andrew-lloyd-webber/": {"t": "Andrew Lloyd Webber", "s": "English composer and impresario of musical theatre", "i": "https://codexery.com/performers-and-entertainers/img/part-1/andrew-lloyd-webber.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Aoife Mulholland · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/novels-major-fiction/e/part-1/east-of-eden-novel/": {"t": "East of Eden (novel)", "s": "Steinbeck's magnum opus exploring Cain and Abel in California.", "i": "https://codexery.com/novels-major-fiction/img/part-1/east-of-eden-novel.webp", "c": "\"Copyright 1955 Warner Bros. Pictures Distributing Corporation \" · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-worl/e/part-1/catiline/": {"t": "catiline", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/narrative-forms-and-devices/e/part-1/speculative-fiction/": {"t": "Speculative fiction", "s": "Umbrella genre for fiction beyond everyday reality."}, "https://codexery.com/beliefs-and-practices/e/part-1/supernatural/": {"t": "supernatural", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/european-religious-and-political-conflic/e/part-1/french-revolution-of-1848/": {"t": "french-revolution-of-1848", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/e/part-1/mimesis/": {"t": "Mimesis", "s": "Representation of reality in art and literature."}, "https://codexery.com/renaissance-and-baroque-masters/e/part-1/robert-campin/": {"t": "Robert Campin", "s": "Early Netherlandish painter, often identified with the Master of Flémalle.", "i": "https://codexery.com/renaissance-and-baroque-masters/img/part-1/robert-campin.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Robert Campin · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/jan-van-eyck/": {"t": "Jan van Eyck", "s": "Early Netherlandish painter and innovator of oil painting techniques.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/jan-van-eyck.webp", "c": "Jan van Eyck · via Wikipedia: Jan van Eyck · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/francisco-goya/": {"t": "Francisco Goya", "s": "Spanish romantic painter and printmaker, last of the Old Masters and first of the moderns."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/leonardo-da-vinci/": {"t": "Leonardo da Vinci", "s": "Italian polymath of the High Renaissance."}, "https://codexery.com/ritual/e/part-1/reverence-emotion/": {"t": "Reverence (emotion)", "s": "Deep respect tinged with awe, active and engaging."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/part-1/middle-ages/": {"t": "middle-ages", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/part-1/common-practice-period/": {"t": "Common practice period", "s": "Era when tonal harmony was the sole compositional system."}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/part-1/sergei-rachmaninoff/": {"t": "sergei-rachmaninoff", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/gothic-psychological-fiction/e/part-1/the-sorrows-of-young-werther/": {"t": "the-sorrows-of-young-werther", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/part-1/johann-wolfgang-von-goethe/": {"t": "Johann Wolfgang von Goethe", "s": "German polymath and most influential writer in the German language"}, "https://codexery.com/nonfiction-and-reference/e/part-1/on-the-origin-of-species/": {"t": "On the Origin of Species", "s": "Foundation of evolutionary biology, introducing natural selection."}, "https://codexery.com/musical-forms-and-genres/e/part-1/orchestra/": {"t": "Orchestra", "s": "Large instrumental ensemble central to classical and romantic music."}, "https://codexery.com/historiography-methods/e/part-1/historiography/": {"t": "historiography", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/e/part-1/percy-bysshe-shelley/": {"t": "percy-bysshe-shelley", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/caspar-david-friedrich/": {"t": "Caspar David Friedrich", "s": "German Romantic landscape painter known for symbolic, contemplative depictions of nature."}, "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/e/part-1/william-wordsworth/": {"t": "william-wordsworth", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/part-1/romance-languages/": {"t": "romance-languages", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/part-1/latin/": {"t": "latin", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/painting-visual-arts/e/part-1/landscape-painting/": {"t": "Landscape painting", "s": "Depiction of natural scenery as a coherent composition."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/part-1/republic-of-venice/": {"t": "Republic of Venice", "s": "A maritime republic that dominated Mediterranean trade for over a millennium."}, "https://codexery.com/great-collapses/e/part-1/the-fall-of-constantinople/": {"t": "the-fall-of-constantinople", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/romania/": {"t": "Romania", "s": "A country at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, rich in history and natural beauty."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/part-1/late-antiquity/": {"t": "late-antiquity", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/e/part-1/giorgio-vasari/": {"t": "Giorgio Vasari", "s": "Italian Renaissance painter, architect, and biographer who wrote Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects.", "i": "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/img/part-1/giorgio-vasari.webp", "c": "Giorgio Vasari · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/old-masters/e/part-1/zeuxis-painter/": {"t": "Zeuxis (painter)", "s": "Late 5th-century BCE Greek painter famed for realistic illusion."}, "https://codexery.com/world-wonders/e/part-1/hagia-sophia/": {"t": "Hagia Sophia", "s": "Justinian's great domed church in Istanbul: cathedral, mosque, museum and mosque again.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-wonders/img/part-1/hagia-sophia.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Hagia Sophia · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/gregory-of-nazianzus/": {"t": "Gregory of Nazianzus", "s": "Cappadocian Father and Trinitarian Theologian"}, "/e/art-movements/carolingian-art/": {"t": "Carolingian art", "s": "The art of the Carolingian Renaissance, blending classical and Northern elements in a sumptuous style."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-practices-and-symbols/e/part-1/iconoclasm/": {"t": "Iconoclasm", "s": "The belief in the importance of destroying icons and images, often for religious or political reasons."}, "https://codexery.com/tetrarchy/e/part-1/licinius/": {"t": "Licinius", "s": "Roman emperor who co-authored the Edict of Milan."}, "https://codexery.com/as-roma/e/stadiums/rome/": {"t": "Rome", "s": "An eternal city where ancient history pulses with the yellow-red heartbeat of its football club."}, "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-worl/e/part-1/constantius-ii/": {"t": "constantius-ii", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/notable-buildings-and-monuments/e/part-1/hippodrome-of-constantinople/": {"t": "Hippodrome of Constantinople", "s": "Ancient chariot-racing arena turned public square in Istanbul."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-greece/e/part-1/church-of-the-acheiropoietos/": {"t": "Church of the Acheiropoietos", "s": "5th-century Byzantine church in Thessaloniki, a UNESCO World Heritage site."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/homer/": {"t": "Homer", "s": "Ancient Greek poet traditionally credited with the Iliad and the Odyssey"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/justinian-i/": {"t": "Justinian I", "s": "Roman emperor who codified Roman law and reconquered lost territories."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/procopius/": {"t": "Procopius", "s": "Principal historian of the 6th century, chronicler of Justinian's wars and scandals."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/part-1/roman-empire/": {"t": "roman-empire", "s": ""}, "/e/art-movements/romanesque-art/": {"t": "Romanesque art", "s": "First pan-European style blending Roman, Byzantine, and Insular influences."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/charlemagne/": {"t": "Charlemagne", "s": "Father of Europe"}, "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/e/part-1/low-countries/": {"t": "Low Countries", "s": "Historical coastal lowland region forming the Benelux countries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/img/part-1/low-countries.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Low Countries · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/painting-visual-arts/e/part-1/migration-period-art/": {"t": "Migration Period art", "s": "Art of Germanic peoples during the Migration period, c."}, "/e/art-movements/byzantine-art/": {"t": "Byzantine art", "s": "Art of the Byzantine Empire and its cultural inheritors."}, "https://codexery.com/performing-arts-crafts/e/part-1/illuminated-manuscript/": {"t": "Illuminated manuscript", "s": "Decorated texts from late antiquity to the Renaissance"}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements-styles/e/part-1/anglo-saxon-art/": {"t": "anglo-saxon-art", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/performing-arts-crafts/e/part-1/miniature-illuminated-manuscript/": {"t": "Miniature (illuminated manuscript)", "s": "Small illustrations decorating ancient and medieval illuminated manuscripts."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-sacred-texts/e/part-1/book-of-genesis/": {"t": "book-of-genesis", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/european-medieval-monarchs/e/part-1/charles-the-bald/": {"t": "charles-the-bald", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/part-1/normans/": {"t": "Normans", "s": "From Norse raiders to rulers of Europe"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/louis-the-pious/": {"t": "Louis the Pious", "s": "The only surviving son of Charlemagne who ruled the Franks and faced civil war among his sons."}, "/e/art-movements/neoclassicism/": {"t": "Neoclassicism", "s": "A Western revival of classical antiquity inspired by Enlightenment ideals."}, "https://codexery.com/sculpture/e/part-1/discobolus/": {"t": "Discobolus", "s": "Ancient Greek sculpture of a discus thrower by Myron."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-church-bodies/e/part-1/christendom/": {"t": "christendom", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/constantine-the-great/": {"t": "Constantine the Great", "s": "First Roman emperor to convert to Christianity."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/e/part-1/empiricism/": {"t": "Empiricism", "s": "Knowledge derives from sensory experience and empirical evidence."}, "https://codexery.com/greek-myths/e/part-1/mount-olympus/": {"t": "mount-olympus", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/musical-forms-and-genres/e/part-1/opera/": {"t": "Opera", "s": "Western theatre where music is fundamental and singers take dramatic roles."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/dante-alighieri/": {"t": "Dante Alighieri", "s": "Italian poet who wrote the Divine Comedy in the vernacular."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-inventions/e/part-1/tragedy/": {"t": "tragedy", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/performing-arts-music-genres/e/part-1/comedy/": {"t": "Comedy", "s": "A dramatic genre intended to amuse through laughter."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/isaac-newton/": {"t": "Isaac Newton", "s": "English polymath who formulated laws of motion and universal gravitation."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/jacques-louis-david/": {"t": "Jacques-Louis David", "s": "French Neoclassical painter and dictator of arts under the Republic."}, "/e/art-movements/pre-raphaelite-brotherhood/": {"t": "Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood", "s": "English reform movement rejecting Raphael's influence for medieval detail.", "i": "https://codexery.com/art-movements/img/art-movements/pre-raphaelite-brotherhood.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-greek-theatre/e/part-1/classical-unities/": {"t": "classical-unities", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/aristotle/": {"t": "Aristotle", "s": "Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath, founder of the Peripatetic school."}, "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/e/part-1/victor-hugo/": {"t": "victor-hugo", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/literary-works/e/part-1/the-tempest/": {"t": "the-tempest", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/dramatists-playwrights/e/part-1/carlo-goldoni/": {"t": "carlo-goldoni", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/jonathan-swift/": {"t": "Jonathan Swift", "s": "Anglo-Irish satirist and author of Gulliver's Travels."}, "https://codexery.com/investigative-journalists-and-editors/e/part-1/joseph-addison/": {"t": "joseph-addison", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/e/part-1/voltaire/": {"t": "voltaire", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/part-1/gotthold-ephraim-lessing/": {"t": "Gotthold Ephraim Lessing", "s": "German Enlightenment philosopher, dramatist, and first dramaturg."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/leon-battista-alberti/": {"t": "Leon Battista Alberti", "s": "Renaissance polymath who shaped art, architecture, and cryptography.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/notable/leon-battista-alberti.webp", "c": "Leon Battista Alberti · via Wikipedia: Leon Battista Alberti · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/filippo-brunelleschi/": {"t": "Filippo Brunelleschi", "s": "Founding father of Renaissance architecture and designer of the Florence Cathedral dome.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/filippo-brunelleschi.webp", "c": "scan uploaded by Sailko, cropped by MenkinAlRire · via Wikipedia: Filippo Brunelleschi · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-elements/e/part-1/proportion-architecture/": {"t": "proportion-architecture", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-elements/e/part-1/palladian-architecture/": {"t": "palladian-architecture", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/inigo-jones/": {"t": "Inigo Jones", "s": "The architect who brought classical Rome and the Italian Renaissance to England.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/inigo-jones.webp", "c": "After Anthony van Dyck / William Hogarth · via Wikipedia: Inigo Jones · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/e/part-1/mark-rothko/": {"t": "Mark Rothko", "s": "Artist of the fourteen paintings in the Rothko Chapel, Houston."}, "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/e/part-1/joan-mir/": {"t": "Joan Miró", "s": "Catalan painter, sculptor, and ceramicist known for Surrealist works and childlike re-creation of the subconscious."}, "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/e/part-1/henri-matisse/": {"t": "Henri Matisse", "s": "French visual artist known for colour and draughtsmanship, a leading Fauve and modern art figure.", "i": "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/img/part-1/henri-matisse.webp", "c": "Francesco Bini · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/claude-monet/": {"t": "Claude Monet", "s": "French painter and founder of Impressionism, precursor to modernism."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-contemporary-artists/e/part-1/helen-frankenthaler/": {"t": "Helen Frankenthaler", "s": "American abstract expressionist painter and color field pioneer.", "i": "https://codexery.com/modern-contemporary-artists/img/part-1/helen-frankenthaler.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Helen Frankenthaler · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/e/part-1/piet-mondrian/": {"t": "Piet Mondrian", "s": "Pioneer of abstract art and co-founder of De Stijl.", "i": "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/img/part-1/piet-mondrian.webp", "c": "AnonymousUnknown author · via Wikipedia: Piet Mondrian · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/e/part-1/rembrandt/": {"t": "Rembrandt", "s": "Dutch Golden Age master of light, shadow, and human emotion.", "i": "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/img/part-1/rembrandt.webp", "c": "Rembrandt · via Wikipedia: Rembrandt · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/titian/": {"t": "Titian", "s": "Italian Renaissance painter, founder of the Venetian school, known for his masterful use of colour.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/titian.webp", "c": "Titian · via Wikipedia: Titian · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/washington-d-c/": {"t": "Washington, D.C.", "s": "The federal capital city of the United States, anchored on the Potomac River."}, "/e/art-movements/fluxus/": {"t": "Fluxus", "s": "An international community emphasizing chance-based process over finished product."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-contemporary-artists/e/part-1/sol-lewitt/": {"t": "Sol LeWitt", "s": "American artist known for wall drawings and modular structures."}, "https://codexery.com/modernist-contemporary-pioneers/e/part-1/joseph-kosuth/": {"t": "Joseph Kosuth", "s": "American conceptual artist known for language-based works."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/gottfried-wilhelm-leibniz/": {"t": "Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz", "s": "German polymath and co-creator of calculus"}, "https://codexery.com/musical-genres-and-styles/e/part-1/art-music/": {"t": "Art music", "s": "Music of high phonoaesthetic value, often contrasted with vernacular music.", "i": "https://codexery.com/musical-genres-and-styles/img/part-1/art-music.webp", "c": "Savonnerie manufactory · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/j-cole/e/places/new-york-city/": {"t": "New York City", "s": "Where the brown-bulleted J and Z trains run 24/7 between Queens and Lower Manhattan, with skip-stop patterns dating to 1988.", "i": "https://codexery.com/j-cole/img/places/new-york-city.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: J/Z (New York City Subway service) · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/modern-contemporary-artists/e/part-1/yoko-ono/": {"t": "Yoko Ono", "s": "Japanese retired artist, musician, and peace activist"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/e/part-1/analytic-philosophy/": {"t": "Analytic philosophy", "s": "A school of thought emphasizing analysis, logic, and the linguistic turn."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-traditions/e/part-1/continental-philosophy/": {"t": "Continental philosophy", "s": "A diverse family of Western philosophies outside analytic tradition."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-contemporary-artists/e/part-1/tracey-emin/": {"t": "Tracey Emin", "s": "English artist known for autobiographical and confessional artwork.", "i": "https://codexery.com/modern-contemporary-artists/img/part-1/tracey-emin.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Tracey Emin · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/design-digital-arts/e/part-1/digital-art/": {"t": "digital-art", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/modern-contemporary-artists/e/part-1/damien-hirst/": {"t": "Damien Hirst", "s": "The shark, the formaldehyde, and the millions: Damien Hirst, the YBA who made death a spectacle.", "i": "https://codexery.com/modern-contemporary-artists/img/part-1/damien-hirst.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Damien Hirst · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/part-1/propaganda/": {"t": "Propaganda", "s": "Communication used to influence audiences and further an agenda."}, "https://codexery.com/design-digital-arts/e/part-1/graphic-design/": {"t": "graphic-design", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/design-digital-arts/e/part-1/industrial-design/": {"t": "industrial-design", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/modernist-contemporary-pioneers/e/part-1/naum-gabo/": {"t": "Naum Gabo", "s": "Russian and American constructivist sculptor and theorist."}, "https://codexery.com/visual-arts-and-crafts/e/part-1/suprematism/": {"t": "Suprematism", "s": "Early 20th-century Russian abstract art movement emphasizing pure feeling."}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/part-1/bertolt-brecht/": {"t": "Bertolt Brecht", "s": "German theatre practitioner, playwright, and poet.", "i": "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/img/part-1/bertolt-brecht.webp", "c": "Kolbe, Jörg · via Wikipedia: Bertolt Brecht · CC BY-SA 3.0 de"}, "https://codexery.com/visual-arts-and-crafts/e/part-1/socialist-realism/": {"t": "Socialist realism", "s": "Official Soviet art doctrine depicting reality in revolutionary development."}, "https://codexery.com/silent-science-fiction-films/e/part-1/aelita-film/": {"t": "Aelita (film)", "s": "A Soviet silent film about a Martian uprising and love."}, "https://codexery.com/film-and-theater-icons/e/part-1/sergei-eisenstein/": {"t": "sergei-eisenstein", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/charlie-chaplin/": {"t": "Charlie Chaplin", "s": "The Tramp who conquered cinema."}, "https://codexery.com/performers-and-entertainers/e/part-1/buster-keaton/": {"t": "Buster Keaton", "s": "Silent film comedian and stunt performer who learned through trial and error.", "i": "https://codexery.com/performers-and-entertainers/img/part-1/buster-keaton.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Stunt performer · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/designers-and-craftsmen/e/part-1/jan-tschichold/": {"t": "jan-tschichold", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/leon-trotsky/": {"t": "Leon Trotsky", "s": "Russian revolutionary, Soviet politician, and Marxist theorist."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/oscar-niemeyer/": {"t": "Oscar Niemeyer", "s": "Brazilian architect known for curves and Brasília's civic buildings.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/oscar-niemeyer.webp", "c": "Unknown (Mondadori Publishers) · via Wikipedia: Oscar Niemeyer · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/rem-koolhaas/": {"t": "Rem Koolhaas", "s": "Dutch architect, theorist, and urbanist; author of Delirious New York; Pritzker Prize winner.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/rem-koolhaas.webp", "c": "Strelka Institute for Media, Architecture and Design from Moscow, Russia · via Wikipedia: Rem Koolhaas · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/geometry-and-shapes/e/part-1/three-dimensional-space/": {"t": "three-dimensional-space", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/paul-c-zanne/": {"t": "Paul Cézanne", "s": "French Post-Impressionist painter who bridged Impressionism and Cubism", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/paul-c-zanne.webp", "c": "Unknown; Cézanne was born in 1839 and died in 1906 · via Wikipedia: Paul Cézanne · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/e/part-1/a-priori-and-a-posteriori/": {"t": "A priori and a posteriori", "s": "Two categories of knowledge: independent of experience (a priori) or dependent on empirical evidence (a posteriori).", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/img/part-1/a-priori-and-a-posteriori.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/e/part-1/indigenous-peoples-of-the-americas/": {"t": "indigenous-peoples-of-the-americas", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/paul-gauguin/": {"t": "Paul Gauguin", "s": "French Post-Impressionist known for vivid color and Synthetist style.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/paul-gauguin.webp", "c": "Louis-Maurice Boutet de Monvel · via Wikipedia: Paul Gauguin · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements-styles/e/part-1/african-art/": {"t": "african-art", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/georges-seurat/": {"t": "Georges Seurat", "s": "French post-Impressionist painter and pioneer of pointillism", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/georges-seurat.webp", "c": "Unidentified photographer · via Wikipedia: Georges Seurat · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/berlin/": {"t": "Berlin", "s": "The heart of Europe, a city of culture and history."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/jean-arp/": {"t": "Jean Arp", "s": "German-French Dadaist and abstract artist", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/jean-arp.webp", "c": "Original uploader was Vincent Steenberg at nl.wikipedia · via Wikipedia: Jean Arp · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/max-ernst/": {"t": "Max Ernst", "s": "German-born pioneer of Dada and surrealism.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/max-ernst.webp", "c": "Unknown authorUnknown author · via Wikipedia: Max Ernst · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/modern-contemporary-artists/e/part-1/hannah-h-ch/": {"t": "Hannah Höch", "s": "German Dada artist and originator of photomontage.", "i": "https://codexery.com/modern-contemporary-artists/img/part-1/hannah-h-ch.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Hannah Höch · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/modernist-contemporary-pioneers/e/part-1/sophie-taeuber-arp/": {"t": "Sophie Taeuber-Arp", "s": "Swiss artist and Dada pioneer of geometric abstraction."}, "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/e/part-1/tristan-tzara/": {"t": "tristan-tzara", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/bruce-lee/e/places/taoism/": {"t": "Taoism", "s": "Be like water: the ultimate path to fluidity and formless combat."}, "https://codexery.com/probability-statistics/e/part-1/randomness/": {"t": "Randomness", "s": "Randomness is a measure of uncertainty, not haphazardness."}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/part-1/erik-satie/": {"t": "erik-satie", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/circus-performance-art/e/part-1/rudolf-von-laban/": {"t": "rudolf-von-laban", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/otto-dix/": {"t": "Otto Dix", "s": "German painter and printmaker of the Neue Sachlichkeit, known for unflinching depictions of war and Weimar society.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/otto-dix.webp", "c": "Hans-Joachim Koch · via Wikipedia: Otto Dix · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/religious-practices-and-symbols/e/part-1/eucharist/": {"t": "Eucharist", "s": "Christian rite of bread and wine instituted by Jesus at the Last Supper.", "i": "https://codexery.com/religious-practices-and-symbols/img/part-1/eucharist.webp", "c": "Didier Descouens · Public domain"}, "/e/art-movements/der-blaue-reiter/": {"t": "Der Blaue Reiter", "s": "A loose network of artists pioneering modern German Expressionism.", "i": "https://codexery.com/art-movements/img/art-movements/der-blaue-reiter.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Der Blaue Reiter · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/e/part-1/expressionist-architecture/": {"t": "expressionist-architecture", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/renaissance-and-baroque-masters/e/part-1/matthias-gr-newald/": {"t": "Matthias Grünewald", "s": "German Renaissance painter of religious works, known for the Isenheim Altarpiece and his expressive, anti-classical style.", "i": "https://codexery.com/renaissance-and-baroque-masters/img/part-1/matthias-gr-newald.webp", "c": "Txllxt TxllxT · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/old-masters/e/part-1/el-greco/": {"t": "El Greco", "s": "Greek painter, sculptor and architect of the Spanish Renaissance, known for tortuously elongated figures and fantastic pigmentation."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/friedrich-nietzsche/": {"t": "Friedrich Nietzsche", "s": "German philosopher and philologist known for his critiques of religion, morality, and truth."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophy-theory/e/part-1/thus-spoke-zarathustra/": {"t": "Thus Spoke Zarathustra", "s": "Philosophical fiction by Nietzsche on the Übermensch and eternal recurrence.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophy-theory/img/part-1/thus-spoke-zarathustra.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Thus Spoke Zarathustra · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/playwrights-and-dramatists/e/part-1/august-strindberg/": {"t": "August Strindberg", "s": "Swedish playwright and novelist, father of modern Swedish literature.", "i": "https://codexery.com/playwrights-and-dramatists/img/part-1/august-strindberg.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: August Strindberg · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/e/part-1/walt-whitman/": {"t": "walt-whitman", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/fyodor-dostoevsky/": {"t": "Fyodor Dostoevsky", "s": "Russian novelist and philosopher of the human condition"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/edvard-munch/": {"t": "Edvard Munch", "s": "Norwegian painter of The Scream"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/vincent-van-gogh/": {"t": "Vincent van Gogh", "s": "The tortured genius who changed art forever.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/vincent-van-gogh.webp", "c": "Vincent van Gogh · via Wikipedia: Vincent van Gogh · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/european-religious-and-political-conflic/e/part-1/german-peasants-war/": {"t": "german-peasants-war", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/european-religious-and-political-conflic/e/part-1/eighty-years-war/": {"t": "eighty-years-war", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/cha-m-soutine/": {"t": "Chaïm Soutine", "s": "Expressionist painter of the School of Paris, known for carcass paintings.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/cha-m-soutine.webp", "c": "unknown (possibly owned by the Barnes Foundation) · via Wikipedia: Chaïm Soutine · Fair use"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/marc-chagall/": {"t": "Marc Chagall", "s": "Russian and French artist of Jewish ancestry, early modernist, and creator of works in stained glass, painting, and more.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/marc-chagall.webp", "c": "Pierre Choumoff · via Wikipedia: Marc Chagall · Public domain"}, "/e/art-movements/pointillism/": {"t": "Pointillism", "s": "A painting technique using small dots of color."}, "/e/art-movements/post-impressionism/": {"t": "Post-Impressionism", "s": "A French art movement reacting against Impressionism, emphasizing abstract qualities and symbolic content."}, "https://codexery.com/visual-arts-and-crafts/e/part-1/symbolism-movement/": {"t": "Symbolism (movement)", "s": "Late 19th-century movement seeking absolute truths through symbols."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/donatello/": {"t": "Donatello", "s": "Renaissance sculptor of the bronze David, first freestanding nude since antiquity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/donatello.webp", "c": "Francesco Bini · via Wikipedia: Donatello · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/performing-arts-crafts/e/part-1/handicraft/": {"t": "Handicraft", "s": "Handicraft is traditional hand-making of practical and aesthetic items."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-contemporary-artists/e/part-1/eva-hesse/": {"t": "Eva Hesse", "s": "German-born American sculptor who pioneered postminimal art.", "i": "https://codexery.com/modern-contemporary-artists/img/part-1/eva-hesse.webp", "c": "Ansgar Walk · CC BY-SA 2.0 de"}, "https://codexery.com/modern-contemporary-artists/e/part-1/judy-chicago/": {"t": "Judy Chicago", "s": "American feminist artist who created The Dinner Party.", "i": "https://codexery.com/modern-contemporary-artists/img/part-1/judy-chicago.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Judy Chicago · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/bruce-lee/e/works/kill-bill/": {"t": "Kill Bill", "s": "A cinematic tribute that reignited the martial arts legend's global legacy through modern storytelling."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/mumbai/": {"t": "Mumbai", "s": "Financial and entertainment capital of India, built on seven islands."}, "https://codexery.com/marriage-and-kinship/e/part-1/dowry/": {"t": "Dowry", "s": "A marriage payment from the bride's family to the groom's family.", "i": "https://codexery.com/marriage-and-kinship/img/part-1/dowry.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/famous-figures-with-unique-distinctions/e/part-1/sarah-baartman/": {"t": "Sarah Baartman", "s": "Khoekhoe woman exhibited as the Hottentot Venus in 19th-century Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements-styles/e/part-1/body-art/": {"t": "body-art", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/society-and-culture/e/part-1/rape/": {"t": "Rape", "s": "Sexual assault involving non-consensual penetration."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/part-1/hiv-aids/": {"t": "hiv-aids", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/social-identity-prejudice/e/part-1/racism/": {"t": "Racism", "s": "Belief in racial superiority driving discrimination and political systems."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-contemporary-artists/e/part-1/joseph-beuys/": {"t": "Joseph Beuys", "s": "German artist and theorist of humanism, Fluxus, and performance art.", "i": "https://codexery.com/modern-contemporary-artists/img/part-1/joseph-beuys.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Joseph Beuys · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-composers/e/part-1/la-monte-young/": {"t": "la-monte-young", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/classical-virtuosos/e/part-1/terry-riley/": {"t": "terry-riley", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/hindu-and-buddhist-masters/e/part-1/d-t-suzuki/": {"t": "d-t-suzuki", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/karlheinz-stockhausen/": {"t": "Karlheinz Stockhausen", "s": "German composer and pioneer of electronic music (1928–2007)"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/john-lennon/": {"t": "John Lennon", "s": "Founder of the Beatles, peace activist, and solo artist."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-contemporary-artists/e/part-1/claes-oldenburg/": {"t": "Claes Oldenburg", "s": "Swedish-born American sculptor of oversized everyday objects.", "i": "https://codexery.com/modern-contemporary-artists/img/part-1/claes-oldenburg.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Claes Oldenburg · see source"}, "/e/art-movements/rococo/": {"t": "Rococo", "s": "The ornate, asymmetrical style that emerged in 1730s France as a reaction to the Louis XIV style."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/pompeii/": {"t": "Pompeii", "s": "A Roman city frozen in time by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements-styles/e/part-1/ancient-greek-art/": {"t": "ancient-greek-art", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/part-1/hellenistic-period/": {"t": "hellenistic-period", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/e/part-1/plato/": {"t": "plato", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/musical-genres-and-styles/e/part-1/classical-music/": {"t": "Classical music", "s": "Western art music tradition emphasizing formality and polyphony."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-greek-theatre/e/part-1/greek-tragedy/": {"t": "greek-tragedy", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/louis-xiv/": {"t": "Louis XIV", "s": "The Sun King who defined absolute monarchy and led France to European dominance."}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/e/part-1/neoclassical-architecture/": {"t": "neoclassical-architecture", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/sculpture/e/part-1/frieze/": {"t": "Frieze", "s": "Central entablature section, often decorated with bas-reliefs."}, "https://codexery.com/rome/e/places/domus-aurea/": {"t": "Domus Aurea", "s": "A golden monument to excess rising from the ashes of the Republic's legacy."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/nicolas-poussin/": {"t": "Nicolas Poussin", "s": "Leading painter of the classical French Baroque style", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/nicolas-poussin.webp", "c": "Nicolas Poussin · via Wikipedia: Nicolas Poussin · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/lisabeth-vig-e-le-brun/": {"t": "Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun", "s": "Portraitist to Marie Antoinette and master of Rococo-Neoclassical style.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/lisabeth-vig-e-le-brun.webp", "c": "Élisabeth Louise Vigée Le Brun · via Wikipedia: Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/modern-contemporary-artists/e/part-1/jean-dubuffet/": {"t": "Jean Dubuffet", "s": "French painter and sculptor who founded the art brut movement.", "i": "https://codexery.com/modern-contemporary-artists/img/part-1/jean-dubuffet.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Jean Dubuffet · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/mental-health/e/part-1/psychiatric-hospital/": {"t": "Psychiatric hospital", "s": "Medical facilities treating severe mental disorders, evolving from asylums."}, "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/e/part-1/schizophrenia/": {"t": "schizophrenia", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/e/part-1/claude-l-vi-strauss/": {"t": "Claude Lévi-Strauss", "s": "Belgian-born French anthropologist and key figure in structuralism."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-contemporary-artists/e/part-1/hilma-af-klint/": {"t": "Hilma af Klint", "s": "Swedish mystic and pioneer of abstract painting."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/part-1/reflection-physics/": {"t": "reflection-physics", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/visual-arts-and-crafts/e/part-1/still-life/": {"t": "Still life", "s": "A genre of art depicting inanimate objects, emerging in the late 16th century."}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-color/e/part-1/rgb-color-model/": {"t": "RGB color model", "s": "Additive color model foundational to electronic displays and imaging.", "i": "https://codexery.com/optics-and-color/img/part-1/rgb-color-model.webp", "c": "Danny William Wilson · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-color/e/part-1/primary-color/": {"t": "Primary color", "s": "Primary colors are the basis for mixing a gamut of colors.", "i": "https://codexery.com/optics-and-color/img/part-1/primary-color.webp", "c": "Fons Heijnsbroek · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/e/part-1/prism-optics/": {"t": "Prism (optics)", "s": "Transparent element that refracts, reflects, or polarizes light.", "i": "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/img/part-1/prism-optics.webp", "c": "Polarbear24 · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/camille-pissarro/": {"t": "Camille Pissarro", "s": "Danish-French Impressionist and Neo-Impressionist painter"}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/part-1/north-america/": {"t": "North America", "s": "Third-largest continent by area; fourth-largest by population.", "i": "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/img/part-1/north-america.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: North America · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/e/part-1/stendhal/": {"t": "stendhal", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/e/part-1/floor-plan/": {"t": "floor-plan", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements-styles/e/part-1/art-nouveau/": {"t": "art-nouveau", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/part-1/louis-xv/": {"t": "louis-xv", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/part-1/bordeaux/": {"t": "bordeaux", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/architects/e/part-1/balthasar-neumann/": {"t": "balthasar-neumann", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/old-masters/e/part-1/william-hogarth/": {"t": "William Hogarth", "s": "English painter, engraver, satirist, cartoonist, and writer known for his series of 'modern moral subjects'."}, "https://codexery.com/architects-and-designers/e/part-1/thomas-chippendale/": {"t": "thomas-chippendale", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/european-monarchs-consorts/e/part-1/elizabeth-of-russia/": {"t": "elizabeth-of-russia", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/sculptors-architects/e/part-1/francesco-bartolomeo-rastrelli/": {"t": "Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli", "s": "Italian architect who shaped Russian Late Baroque."}, "https://codexery.com/duchies-and-electorates-of-the-holy-roma/e/part-1/electorate-of-saxony/": {"t": "electorate-of-saxony", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/fran-ois-boucher/": {"t": "François Boucher", "s": "French Rococo painter, draughtsman and etcher", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/fran-ois-boucher.webp", "c": "Gustaf Lundberg · via Wikipedia: François Boucher · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/part-1/habsburg-monarchy/": {"t": "habsburg-monarchy", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-elements/e/part-1/romanesque-architecture/": {"t": "romanesque-architecture", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/forza/e/story/british-isles/": {"t": "British Isles", "s": "The North Atlantic archipelago of Great Britain, Ireland and thousands of smaller islands.", "i": "https://codexery.com/forza/img/story/british-isles.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: British Isles · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/theology-and-religious-concepts/e/part-1/last-judgment/": {"t": "Last Judgment", "s": "Final divine judgment of all humanity in Abrahamic faiths."}, "https://codexery.com/sculptures/e/part-1/relief/": {"t": "Relief", "s": "Sculptural method where forms remain attached to a solid background."}, "https://codexery.com/visual-arts-and-crafts/e/part-1/stained-glass/": {"t": "Stained glass", "s": "Coloured glass used in windows and decorative art."}, "https://codexery.com/society-and-culture/e/part-1/oral-tradition/": {"t": "Oral tradition", "s": "A vital medium of human communication across generations."}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/e/part-1/gothic-architecture/": {"t": "gothic-architecture", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/cathedrals/e/part-1/chartres-cathedral/": {"t": "chartres-cathedral", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/uefa-champions-league/e/history/barcelona/": {"t": "Barcelona", "s": "Capital of Catalonia, Mediterranean metropolis, and home to UNESCO architectural masterpieces."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-france/e/part-1/abbey-church-of-saint-savin-sur-gartempe/": {"t": "Abbey Church of Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe", "s": "Romanesque church with remarkable 11th- and 12th-century murals."}, "https://codexery.com/great-collapses/e/part-1/the-black-death/": {"t": "the-black-death", "s": ""}}