[{"n": "Amanitore", "u": "/e/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-east/amanitore/", "s": "Kushite queen regnant who co-ruled with her son Natakamani."}, {"n": "Ahmose I", "u": "/e/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-east/ahmose-i/", "s": "Founder of the Eighteenth Dynasty who expelled the Hyksos."}, {"n": "Ay (pharaoh)", "u": "/e/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-east/ay-pharaoh/", "s": "Penultimate pharaoh of Egypt's 18th Dynasty, former vizier to Tutankhamun."}, {"n": "Den (pharaoh)", "u": "/e/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-east/den-pharaoh/", "s": "Early Dynastic pharaoh who introduced numbering hieroglyphs and granite architecture."}, {"n": "Darius III", "u": "/e/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-east/darius-iii/", "s": "Last Achaemenid King of Kings, defeated by Alexander the Great"}, {"n": "Amasis II", "u": "/e/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-east/amasis-ii/", "s": "Last great pharaoh of Egypt before the Persian conquest."}, {"n": "Ardashir I", "u": "/e/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-east/ardashir-i/", "s": "Founder of the Sasanian Empire and unifier of Iran."}, {"n": "Bahram V", "u": "/e/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-east/bahram-v/", "s": "Sasanian King of Kings from 420 to 438; known for his peaceful reign, brief wars with Rome and the Kidarites, "}, {"n": "Bahram Chobin", "u": "/e/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-east/bahram-chobin/", "s": "Rebel general who briefly ruled as Bahram VI"}, {"n": "Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf", "u": "/e/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-east/al-hajjaj-ibn-yusuf/", "s": "Umayyad governor of Iraq and the east, known for reforms and ruthlessness."}, {"n": "Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan", "u": "/e/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-east/abd-al-malik-ibn-marwan/", "s": "Fifth Umayyad caliph who reunified the Caliphate and introduced key administrative reforms."}, {"n": "Abd Allah al-Mahdi Billah", "u": "/e/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-east/abd-allah-al-mahdi-billah/", "s": "Founder of the Fatimid Caliphate and eleventh Isma'ili Imam."}, {"n": "Abd al-Mu'min", "u": "/e/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-east/abd-al-mu-min/", "s": "First Almohad caliph who built an empire across North Africa and Spain."}, {"n": "Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr", "u": "/e/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-east/abd-allah-ibn-al-zubayr/", "s": "Leader of a Meccan caliphate opposing Umayyad rule during the Second Fitna."}, {"n": "Akhenaten", "u": "/e/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-east/akhenaten/", "s": "Pharaoh who introduced Atenism and was nearly erased from history."}, {"n": "Alara of Kush", "u": "/e/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-east/alara-of-kush/", "s": "First recorded prince of Kush and founder of the Napatan dynasty."}, {"n": "Amenemhat I", "u": "/e/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-east/amenemhat-i/", "s": "First pharaoh of Egypt's Twelfth Dynasty, moved capital to Itjtawy."}, {"n": "Amenemhat III", "u": "/e/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-east/amenemhat-iii/", "s": "Pharaoh who oversaw Egypt's Middle Kingdom golden age."}, {"n": "Amenhotep I", "u": "/e/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-east/amenhotep-i/", "s": "Second pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty, known for Nubian campaigns and founding Deir el-Medina."}, {"n": "Amenhotep II", "u": "/e/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-east/amenhotep-ii/", "s": "Ninth pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty, son of Thutmose IV and Mutemwiya."}, {"n": "Amenhotep III", "u": "/e/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-east/amenhotep-iii/", "s": "The ninth pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty, a ruler of exceptional prosperity and divine worship."}, {"n": "Apepi", "u": "/e/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-east/apepi/", "s": "Hyksos pharaoh who ruled Lower Egypt for forty years."}, {"n": "Artaxerxes I", "u": "/e/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-east/artaxerxes-i/", "s": "Fifth Achaemenid king who supported Jewish rebuilding and faced revolts."}, {"n": "Artaxerxes III", "u": "/e/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-east/artaxerxes-iii/", "s": "Achaemenid king who reconquered Egypt and built at Persepolis."}, {"n": "Cambyses II", "u": "/e/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-east/cambyses-ii/", "s": "Second Achaemenid king who conquered Egypt and died childless."}]