{"https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/hundred-years-war/": {"t": "Hundred Years' War", "s": "The Hundred Years' War was not a single continuous battle but a long, stop-start series of conflicts between England and France, lasting from 1337 to 1453."}, "https://codexery.com/european-medieval-monarchs/e/european-medieval-monarchs/charles-ii-of-navarre/": {"t": "Charles II of Navarre", "s": "King of Navarre who shifted alliances in the Hundred Years' War."}, "https://codexery.com/european-medieval-monarchs/e/european-medieval-monarchs/charles-v-of-france/": {"t": "Charles V of France", "s": "King of France who reconquered territory from the English."}, "https://codexery.com/french-regions/e/french-regions/aquitaine/": {"t": "Aquitaine", "s": "Historical region of southwestern France, former kingdom and duchy."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/nobility/": {"t": "Nobility", "s": "Hereditary social class ranked below royalty, with varied privileges.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/img/historical-and-cultural-concepts/nobility.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/suleiman-the-magnificent/": {"t": "Suleiman the Magnificent", "s": "Ottoman sultan who expanded the empire and reformed its laws."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/charles-v-holy-roman-emperor/": {"t": "Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor", "s": "Charles V inherited and then led the rising House of Habsburg, ruling a vast collection of European and American territories that became the first realm describ"}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/europe/": {"t": "Europe", "s": "Second-smallest continent, birthplace of Western civilisation and European Union."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/mongol-empire/": {"t": "Mongol Empire", "s": "Largest contiguous land empire in history."}, "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/lore/genghis-khan/": {"t": "Genghis Khan", "s": "Temüjin, the steppe chieftain's son who united the Mongols and founded their empire.", "i": "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/img/lore/genghis-khan.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Genghis Khan · see source"}, "/e/ancient-and-medieval-military-leaders/muqali/": {"t": "Muqali", "s": "Mongol general and viceroy, undefeated in seven years of campaigning."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/jin-dynasty-1115-1234/": {"t": "Jin dynasty (1115–1234)", "s": "The Jurchen-led Great Jin: gold, empire, and the first Chinese dynasty known in Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/beijing/": {"t": "Beijing", "s": "The world's most populous national capital, blending millennia of history with cutting-edge innovation."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-l/e/cities-starting-with-l/liaoyang/": {"t": "Liaoyang", "s": "Ancient city in Liaoning, site of dynastic capitals and major battles."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/qara-khitai/": {"t": "Qara Khitai", "s": "A Khitan-led Central Asian empire continuing the Liao legacy."}, "https://codexery.com/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/e/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/tian-shan/": {"t": "Tian Shan", "s": "Central Asia's majestic Tian Shan: sacred peaks, ancient glaciers, and a World Heritage site.", "i": "https://codexery.com/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/img/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/tian-shan.webp", "c": "Maryliflower · via Wikipedia: Tian Shan · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/caspian-sea/": {"t": "Caspian Sea", "s": "The world's largest inland body of water, a brackish sea between Europe and Asia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/caspian-sea.webp", "c": "NASA · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/e/languages-of-the-world/turkic-languages/": {"t": "Turkic languages", "s": "The Turkic languages form a family of over 35 documented languages, spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast stretch of Eurasia—from Southeastern and Eastern Euro"}, "https://codexery.com/east-asian-history/e/east-asian-history/qi-state/": {"t": "Qi (state)", "s": "A major Zhou dynasty state in ancient China, known for its early hegemony and cultural influence."}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/shang-dynasty/": {"t": "Shang dynasty", "s": "Earliest Chinese dynasty confirmed by archaeology and written records."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/zhou-dynasty/": {"t": "Zhou dynasty", "s": "Longest-reigning Chinese dynasty, spanning nearly eight centuries."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/e/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/duke-of-zhou/": {"t": "Duke of Zhou", "s": "Regent, culture hero, and founder of Zhou governance ideals.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/img/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/duke-of-zhou.webp", "c": "Windmemories · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/states-and-regions/e/states-and-regions/shandong/": {"t": "Shandong", "s": "Coastal province, cradle of Confucianism and Taoism.", "i": "https://codexery.com/states-and-regions/img/states-and-regions/shandong.webp", "c": "Mary Harrsch · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/ming-dynasty/": {"t": "Ming dynasty", "s": "The last Han-led imperial dynasty of China."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/sima-qian/": {"t": "Sima Qian", "s": "Father of Chinese historiography who endured castration to complete the Shiji."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/xi-an/": {"t": "Xi'an", "s": "Ancient capital, modern hub of Western China."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/e/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/di-xin/": {"t": "Di Xin", "s": "Last Shang king, known posthumously as a cautionary tyrant.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/img/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/di-xin.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Di Xin · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/tang-dynasty/": {"t": "Tang dynasty", "s": "The Tang dynasty governed China from 618 to 907, with a break between 690 and 705.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/pre-columbian-empires/tang-dynasty.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Tang dynasty · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/confucius/": {"t": "Confucius", "s": "The paragon of Chinese sages and founder of Confucianism."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/emperor-xuanzong-of-tang/": {"t": "Emperor Xuanzong of Tang", "s": "Tang emperor whose 44-year reign saw golden age and catastrophic decline."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/chinese-folk-religion/": {"t": "Chinese folk religion", "s": "A syncretic tradition of spirit and ancestor veneration."}, "https://codexery.com/constitutional-and-rights-law/e/constitutional-and-rights-law/legitimacy-family-law/": {"t": "Legitimacy (family law)", "s": "Legal status of children born to married parents.", "i": "https://codexery.com/constitutional-and-rights-law/img/constitutional-and-rights-law/legitimacy-family-law.webp", "c": "Asurnipal · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/spanish-empire/": {"t": "Spanish Empire", "s": "A global colonial empire spanning four centuries and multiple continents."}, "https://codexery.com/european-religious-and-political-conflic/e/european-religious-and-political-conflicts/eighty-years-war/": {"t": "Eighty Years' War", "s": "The Eighty Years' War: A struggle for independence and religious freedom in the Habsburg Netherlands."}, "https://codexery.com/notable-buildings-and-monuments/e/notable-buildings-and-monuments/el-escorial/": {"t": "El Escorial", "s": "The largest Renaissance building in the world, a royal monastery and palace built by Philip II.", "i": "https://codexery.com/notable-buildings-and-monuments/img/notable-buildings-and-monuments/el-escorial.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: El Escorial · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/brussels/": {"t": "Brussels", "s": "The capital of Belgium and de facto capital of the European Union."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-spain/e/world-heritage-sites-in-spain/alcal-de-henares/": {"t": "Alcalá de Henares", "s": "Spanish municipality with a UNESCO-listed historic centre and historic university."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/barcelona/": {"t": "Barcelona", "s": "Capital of Catalonia, Mediterranean metropolis, and global cultural hub."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-and-urban-areas/e/cities-and-urban-areas/oran/": {"t": "Oran", "s": "Second-largest city in Algeria, key coastal hub."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/republic-of-venice/": {"t": "Republic of Venice", "s": "A maritime republic that dominated Mediterranean trade for over a millennium."}, "https://codexery.com/capital-cities-of-africa/e/capital-cities-of-africa/tunis/": {"t": "Tunis", "s": "Capital of Tunisia, historic city on the Gulf of Tunis."}, "https://codexery.com/capital-cities-of-africa/e/capital-cities-of-africa/algiers/": {"t": "Algiers", "s": "Capital of Algeria, historic Mediterranean port and cultural hub."}, "https://codexery.com/italian-regions/e/italian-regions/tuscany/": {"t": "Tuscany", "s": "Birthplace of the Renaissance, land of art, wine, and timeless landscapes."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/austria/": {"t": "Austria", "s": "A landlocked Central European nation with a rich imperial history and a modern neutral democracy."}, "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-empires/e/rebellions-against-empires/maccabean-revolt/": {"t": "Maccabean Revolt", "s": "Jewish rebellion against Seleucid rule and Hellenization.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-empires/img/rebellions-against-empires/maccabean-revolt.webp", "c": "Effib · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/seleucid-empire/": {"t": "Seleucid Empire", "s": "Greek state in West Asia founded by Seleucus I Nicator in 312 BC, annexed by the Roman Republic in 63 BC.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/pre-columbian-empires/seleucid-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Seleucid Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/festivals-and-celebrations/e/festivals-and-celebrations/hanukkah/": {"t": "Hanukkah", "s": "Jewish holiday commemorating the rededication of the Second Temple."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/jerusalem/": {"t": "Jerusalem", "s": "A holy city to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, and a focal point of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict."}, "https://codexery.com/deified-male-monarchs/e/deified-male-monarchs/antiochus-iv-epiphanes/": {"t": "Antiochus IV Epiphanes", "s": "Seleucid king whose actions sparked the Maccabean revolt.", "i": "https://codexery.com/deified-male-monarchs/img/deified-male-monarchs/antiochus-iv-epiphanes.webp", "c": "Jan Luyken (etser) (naar) Jan Luyken (tekenaar) Flavius Josephus (auteur) · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/judaism/": {"t": "Judaism", "s": "An Abrahamic, monotheistic ethnic religion of the Jewish people."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/hebrew-language/": {"t": "Hebrew language", "s": "A revived Canaanite language, once extinct, now spoken by millions."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/charles-martel/": {"t": "Charles Martel", "s": "Frankish leader who halted the Umayyad advance at Tours and restored centralized rule in Francia."}, "https://codexery.com/jewish-folklore/e/jewish-folklore/jewish-folklore/": {"t": "Jewish folklore", "s": "Jewish folklore includes legends, proverbs, and tales of the supernatural.", "i": "https://codexery.com/jewish-folklore/img/jewish-folklore/jewish-folklore.webp", "c": "Dina Panayotis · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/christian-sacred-texts/e/christian-sacred-texts/book-of-exodus/": {"t": "Book of Exodus", "s": "Second book of the Bible recounting Israel's departure from Egypt."}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/parthian-empire/": {"t": "Parthian Empire", "s": "The Arsacid Iranian power that ruled from 247 BC to 224 AD and stood astride the Silk Road.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/pre-columbian-empires/parthian-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Parthian Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-israel/e/world-heritage-sites-in-israel/maresha/": {"t": "Maresha", "s": "Ancient Judahite city that became a Hellenistic Idumaean center."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/roman-republic/": {"t": "Roman Republic", "s": "Elective oligarchy that dominated the Mediterranean through near-constant war."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/spanish-language/": {"t": "Spanish language", "s": "A global Romance language originating in the Kingdom of Castile."}, "https://codexery.com/society-and-culture/e/society-and-culture/oral-tradition/": {"t": "Oral tradition", "s": "A vital medium of human communication across generations."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/e/philosophers-and-thinkers/ibn-khaldun/": {"t": "Ibn Khaldun", "s": "Arab scholar and forerunner of modern social sciences.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/img/philosophers-and-thinkers/ibn-khaldun.webp", "c": "Reda Kerbush · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/roman-empire/": {"t": "Roman Empire", "s": "Medieval and early modern empire claiming direct Roman succession, dissolved in 1806."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/ancient-rome/": {"t": "Ancient Rome", "s": "Ancient Rome spanned from 753 BC to 476 AD."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/sudan/": {"t": "Sudan", "s": "Northeast African nation with ancient kingdoms and modern conflicts."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-saints-early-church-fathers/e/christian-saints-and-early-church-fathers/mary-mother-of-jesus/": {"t": "Mary, mother of Jesus", "s": "First-century Jewish woman, mother of Jesus, venerated in multiple faiths."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-tentative-list/e/world-heritage-tentative-list/gab-s/": {"t": "Gabès", "s": "Coastal oasis and historic crossroads of southern Tunisia"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/greek-language/": {"t": "Greek language", "s": "Greek is the world's oldest recorded living language."}, "https://codexery.com/libyan-cuisine/e/libyan-cuisine/bsisa/": {"t": "Bsisa", "s": "A North African powder of roasted barley and legumes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/libyan-cuisine/img/libyan-cuisine/bsisa.webp", "c": "אביעד ‏ • שיחה · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/mediterranean-sea/": {"t": "Mediterranean Sea", "s": "Eponymous mediterranean sea enclosed by Africa, Asia, and Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/img/seas-and-oceans/mediterranean-sea.webp", "c": "of the modification : Eric Gaba (Sting) · via Wikipedia: Mediterranean Sea · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/aegean-sea/": {"t": "Aegean Sea", "s": "A historically important sea between Europe and Asia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/aegean-sea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Aegean Sea · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/e/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/euboea/": {"t": "Euboea", "s": "Second-largest Greek island, historically important for trade and colonization."}, "https://codexery.com/major-islands-and-archipelagos/e/major-islands-and-archipelagos/balearic-islands/": {"t": "Balearic Islands", "s": "Spanish archipelago in the western Mediterranean, known for tourism and slinger history."}, "https://codexery.com/french-regions/e/french-regions/corsica/": {"t": "Corsica", "s": "Mediterranean island, French region with growing nationalist movement."}, "https://codexery.com/stato-da-m-r/e/stato-da-m-r/methoni-messenia/": {"t": "Methoni, Messenia", "s": "Coastal fortress and trade hub in the Peloponnese."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/ionian-sea/": {"t": "Ionian Sea", "s": "Deepest point in the Mediterranean, seismically active sea."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-m/e/cities-starting-with-m/mecca/": {"t": "Mecca", "s": "Holiest city in Islam and birthplace of Muhammad."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-m/e/cities-starting-with-m/medina/": {"t": "Medina", "s": "Second holiest city in Islam, cradle of Islamic civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/e/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/lemnos/": {"t": "Lemnos", "s": "Greek island in the northern Aegean, sacred to Hephaestus."}, "https://codexery.com/straits-and-channels/e/straits-and-channels/dardanelles/": {"t": "Dardanelles", "s": "Narrow strait connecting the Sea of Marmara to the Aegean Sea, forming part of the continental boundary between Asia and Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/joseon/": {"t": "Joseon", "s": "A dynastic kingdom of Korea that existed for 505 years, founded in 1392 and replaced by the Korean Empire in 1897."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/imjin-war/": {"t": "Imjin War", "s": "Two Japanese invasions of Korea ending in stalemate."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/seoul/": {"t": "Seoul", "s": "The dynamic capital of South Korea, blending ancient history with cutting-edge modernity."}, "https://codexery.com/shogun/e/lore/toyotomi-hideyoshi/": {"t": "Toyotomi Hideyoshi", "s": "The peasant-born foot soldier who rose to Kampaku and finished unifying Sengoku Japan.", "i": "https://codexery.com/shogun/img/lore/toyotomi-hideyoshi.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Toyotomi Hideyoshi · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/asian-cities/e/asian-cities/ulsan/": {"t": "Ulsan", "s": "South Korea's industrial powerhouse with world-leading factories."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/south-china-sea/": {"t": "South China Sea", "s": "A marginal sea of the Western Pacific Ocean, vital to global trade and fishing."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/yuan-dynasty/": {"t": "Yuan dynasty", "s": "Mongol-led dynasty that ruled all of China proper."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/jin-dynasty-266-420/": {"t": "Jin dynasty (266–420)", "s": "The Jin dynasty: a reunified China divided by civil war and barbarian invasions."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/l-dynasty/": {"t": "Lê dynasty", "s": "Longest-ruling Vietnamese dynasty, marked by civil wars and Confucian reforms."}, "https://codexery.com/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/e/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/mapuche/": {"t": "Mapuche", "s": "Indigenous people of south-central Chile and southwestern Argentina"}, "https://codexery.com/colonialism-and-exploration/e/colonialism-and-exploration/encomienda/": {"t": "Encomienda", "s": "A Spanish labor system that entrusts conquered peoples to conquerors."}, "https://codexery.com/birds/e/birds/buteo/": {"t": "Buteo", "s": "Genus of broad-winged raptors known as buzzards or hawks."}, "https://codexery.com/south-american-cities/e/south-american-cities/concepci-n-chile/": {"t": "Concepción, Chile", "s": "Second largest city in Chile by urban area and a major industrial and educational hub."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/quechuan-languages/": {"t": "Quechuan languages", "s": "The most widely spoken pre-Columbian language family of the Americas, originating in central Peru."}, "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/e/diseases-and-conditions/smallpox/": {"t": "Smallpox", "s": "Eradicated viral disease that killed hundreds of millions."}, "https://codexery.com/poetry-collections-and-epic-poems/e/poetry-collections-and-epic-poems/la-araucana/": {"t": "La Araucana", "s": "Epic poem of the Spanish Conquest of Chile."}, "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/e/authors-and-poets/pablo-neruda/": {"t": "Pablo Neruda", "s": "Chilean poet-diplomat and Nobel laureate.", "i": "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/img/authors-and-poets/pablo-neruda.webp", "c": "Unknown (Mondadori Publishers) · via Wikipedia: Pablo Neruda · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/turn-based-strategy-games-of-the-2010s/e/turn-based-strategy-games-of-the-2010s/civilization-vi-rise-and-fall/": {"t": "Civilization VI: Rise and Fall", "s": "Expansion adding rise-and-fall mechanics, loyalty, and new civilizations.", "i": "https://codexery.com/turn-based-strategy-games-of-the-2010s/img/turn-based-strategy-games-of-the-2010s/civilization-vi-rise-and-fall.webp", "c": "Internet Archive Book Images · No restrictions"}, "https://codexery.com/turn-based-strategy-games-of-the-2010s/e/turn-based-strategy-games-of-the-2010s/civilization-vi/": {"t": "Civilization VI", "s": "A 4X strategy game introducing city districts and active research."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/emperor-taizong-of-tang/": {"t": "Emperor Taizong of Tang", "s": "Second emperor of Tang, co-founder of the dynasty, and ruler of the golden Zhenguan era."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/e/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/eastern-turkic-khaganate/": {"t": "Eastern Turkic Khaganate", "s": "Eastern successor of the splintered First Turkic Khaganate.", "i": "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/img/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/eastern-turkic-khaganate.webp", "c": "Türk-Genci8 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/sui-dynasty/": {"t": "Sui dynasty", "s": "Brief dynasty that reunified China and shaped the Tang golden age.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/pre-columbian-empires/sui-dynasty.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Sui dynasty · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/east-asian-history/e/east-asian-history/northern-wei/": {"t": "Northern Wei", "s": "The Northern Wei: Unifier of Northern China and Catalyst of Sinicization"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/sun-tzu/": {"t": "Sun Tzu", "s": "Master Sun: legendary strategist of ancient China", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/sun-tzu.webp", "c": "Unknown authorUnknown author · via Wikipedia: Sun Tzu · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/e/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/emperor-yang-of-sui/": {"t": "Emperor Yang of Sui", "s": "Second Sui emperor whose projects and wars bankrupted the empire."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/e/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/g-kt-rks/": {"t": "Göktürks", "s": "Celestial Turks of the First Turkic Khaganate", "i": "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/img/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/g-kt-rks.webp", "c": "Hardcore-Mike · CC BY 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-j/e/cities-starting-with-j/jingzhou/": {"t": "Jingzhou", "s": "Ancient strategic city on the Yangtze River."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/nanjing/": {"t": "Nanjing", "s": "Southern Capital on the Yangtze"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/han-dynasty/": {"t": "Han dynasty", "s": "The golden age that shaped Chinese identity."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/xiongnu/": {"t": "Xiongnu", "s": "Nomadic confederation that dominated the eastern Eurasian Steppe from the 3rd century BC to the late 1st century AD."}, "https://codexery.com/literary-works/e/literary-works/the-art-of-war/": {"t": "The Art of War", "s": "Ancient Chinese military treatise attributed to strategist Sun Tzu."}, "https://codexery.com/literary-novels-and-classics/e/literary-novels-and-classics/romance-of-the-three-kingdoms/": {"t": "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "s": "A 14th-century novel blending history and fiction from China's Three Kingdoms.", "i": "https://codexery.com/literary-novels-and-classics/img/literary-novels-and-classics/romance-of-the-three-kingdoms.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Romance of the Three Kingdoms · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/e/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/emperor-guangwu-of-han/": {"t": "Emperor Guangwu of Han", "s": "Founding emperor of the Eastern Han dynasty.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/img/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/emperor-guangwu-of-han.webp", "c": "Yan Li-pen · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-l/e/cities-starting-with-l/luoyang/": {"t": "Luoyang", "s": "Ancient capital on the Luo River, cradle of Chinese civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/e/chinese-history/sino-vietnamese-war/": {"t": "Sino-Vietnamese War", "s": "The Sino-Vietnamese War, also referred to as the Third Indochina War, erupted in early 1979 when China launched a surprise offensive into northern Vietnam."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/zhuge-liang/": {"t": "Zhuge Liang", "s": "Chinese statesman and strategist of the Three Kingdoms period.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/zhuge-liang.webp", "c": "Unknown authorUnknown author · via Wikipedia: Zhuge Liang · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/greco-persian-wars/": {"t": "Greco-Persian Wars", "s": "A series of conflicts between Greek city-states and the Achaemenid Empire."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/anatolia/": {"t": "Anatolia", "s": "Peninsula in West Asia, historic cradle of civilizations.", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/img/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/anatolia.webp", "c": "Anatolianist · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historic-and-sacred-architecture/e/historic-and-sacred-architecture/mount-athos/": {"t": "Mount Athos", "s": "Eastern Orthodox monastic center on a Greek peninsula."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/darius-the-great/": {"t": "Darius the Great", "s": "Third Achaemenid King of Kings who centralized the empire."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/xerxes-i/": {"t": "Xerxes I", "s": "Fourth King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire, invader of Greece."}, "https://codexery.com/military-history-battles/e/military-history-and-battles/battle-of-plataea/": {"t": "Battle of Plataea", "s": "Final land battle ending the second Persian invasion of Greece."}, "https://codexery.com/greek-inventions/e/greek-inventions/democracy/": {"t": "Democracy", "s": "Government where power is vested in the people."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/macedonia-ancient-kingdom/": {"t": "Macedonia (ancient kingdom)", "s": "Ancient kingdom that became the dominant Hellenistic state."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/herodotus/": {"t": "Herodotus", "s": "The Father of History"}, "https://codexery.com/military-history-battles/e/military-history-and-battles/battle-of-marathon/": {"t": "Battle of Marathon", "s": "Greek victory over Persia at Marathon ended the first invasion."}, "https://codexery.com/military-history-battles/e/military-history-and-battles/battle-of-thermopylae/": {"t": "Battle of Thermopylae", "s": "In 480 BC, the Battle of Thermopylae was fought between the Achaemenid Persian Empire, led by Xerxes, and an alliance of Greek city-states commanded by Sparta u"}, "https://codexery.com/military-history-battles/e/military-history-and-battles/battle-of-salamis/": {"t": "Battle of Salamis", "s": "Outnumbered Greeks defeated the Persian fleet at Salamis."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/plutarch/": {"t": "Plutarch", "s": "Greek and Roman philosopher, historian, and priest of Apollo"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-ea/e/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-east/abd-al-malik-ibn-marwan/": {"t": "Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan", "s": "Fifth Umayyad caliph who reunified the Caliphate and introduced key administrative reforms."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-m/e/cities-starting-with-m/malatya/": {"t": "Malatya", "s": "Ancient city and global apricot capital in eastern Turkey."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-cities/e/russian-cities/derbent/": {"t": "Derbent", "s": "The southernmost city in Russia, a historic gateway between the Caspian Sea and the Caucasus Mountains."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/hajj/": {"t": "Hajj", "s": "Annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca, a required religious duty."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/leo-iii-the-isaurian/": {"t": "Leo III the Isaurian", "s": "Byzantine emperor who ended anarchy and banned icon veneration."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-mysteries/e/ancient-mysteries/greek-fire/": {"t": "Greek Fire", "s": "The lost secret of the Byzantine Empire's devastating naval weapon.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-mysteries/img/ancient-mysteries/greek-fire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Greek fire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/first-bulgarian-empire/": {"t": "First Bulgarian Empire", "s": "Medieval Balkan power that rivaled Byzantium and shaped Slavic culture."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/e/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/kharijites/": {"t": "Kharijites", "s": "Early Islamic sect known for rebellion and strict piety."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/damascus/": {"t": "Damascus", "s": "The oldest capital city in the world, nestled at the foothills of the Anti-Lebanon Mountains."}, "https://codexery.com/iranian-cities/e/iranian-cities/ardabil/": {"t": "Ardabil", "s": "City of silk, carpets, and Safavid heritage in northwestern Iran."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/alexander-the-great/": {"t": "Alexander the Great", "s": "King of Macedon who created a vast empire from Greece to India."}, "https://codexery.com/mythological-duos/e/mythological-duos/gog-and-magog/": {"t": "Gog and Magog", "s": "Eschatological figures from Hebrew Bible, New Testament, and Quran."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/e/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/mihrab/": {"t": "Mihrab", "s": "A niche in a mosque wall indicating the direction of Mecca."}, "https://codexery.com/world-wonders/e/world-wonders/hagia-sophia/": {"t": "Hagia Sophia", "s": "Justinian's great domed church in Istanbul: cathedral, mosque, museum and mosque again.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-wonders/img/world-wonders/hagia-sophia.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Hagia Sophia · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/sports-and-games/e/sports-and-games/ancient-olympic-games/": {"t": "Ancient Olympic Games", "s": "Ancient athletic contests held at Olympia in honor of Zeus."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/pericles/": {"t": "Pericles", "s": "First citizen of Athens during its Golden Age"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/achaemenid-empire/": {"t": "Achaemenid Empire", "s": "The largest empire of its time, founded by Cyrus the Great in 550 BC."}, "https://codexery.com/lost-civilizations/e/lost-civilizations/the-scythians/": {"t": "The Scythians", "s": "Ancient Iranic nomads who dominated the Pontic Steppe."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/danube/": {"t": "Danube", "s": "Europe's second-longest river, a historic frontier and trade route.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/danube.webp", "c": "Visions of Domino · via Wikipedia: Danube · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/epaminondas/": {"t": "Epaminondas", "s": "The Theban general who broke Spartan power and reshaped Greece.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/epaminondas.webp", "c": "Daderot · via Wikipedia: Epaminondas · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/warfare-military-history/e/warfare-and-military-history/cavalry/": {"t": "Cavalry", "s": "Mounted warriors who dominated battlefields until the 20th century."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/themistocles/": {"t": "Themistocles", "s": "The Athenian general who saved Greece from Persia through naval strategy."}, "https://codexery.com/crime-and-deviance/e/crime-and-deviance/treason/": {"t": "Treason", "s": "Crime of disloyalty to a state or sovereign."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/tolui/": {"t": "Tolui", "s": "Youngest son of Genghis Khan, regent of the Mongol Empire, and father of Möngke, Kublai, and Hulagu.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/tolui.webp", "c": "Rashid-al-Din Hamadani · via Wikipedia: Tolui · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/confucianism/": {"t": "Confucianism", "s": "A system of thought emphasizing virtue, harmony, and familial responsibility."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/baghdad/": {"t": "Baghdad", "s": "Center of Learning"}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/e/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/ilkhanate/": {"t": "Ilkhanate", "s": "Mongol khanate ruling Iran and West Asia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/img/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/ilkhanate.webp", "c": "Ali Zifan · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/asian-cities/e/asian-cities/ulaanbaatar/": {"t": "Ulaanbaatar", "s": "Coldest capital city; founded as a nomadic Buddhist monastery."}}