{"https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/part-1/monarchy/": {"t": "monarchy", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/part-1/greco-persian-wars/": {"t": "greco-persian-wars", "s": ""}, "/e/ancient-empires/medes/": {"t": "Medes", "s": "Iron Age Iranian people of Media, known from foreign sources and archaeology."}, "/e/ancient-empires/ptolemaic-kingdom/": {"t": "Ptolemaic Kingdom", "s": "The final dynasty of ancient Egypt, blending Greek and Egyptian cultures for nearly three centuries."}, "/e/ancient-empires/sassanid-empire/": {"t": "Sassanid Empire", "s": "The Sasanian Empire: Iran's late antique power, from 224 to 651 AD."}, "https://codexery.com/landforms-and-regions/e/part-1/iranian-plateau/": {"t": "iranian-plateau", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/part-1/anatolia/": {"t": "Anatolia", "s": "Peninsula in West Asia, historic cradle of civilizations.", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/img/part-1/anatolia.webp", "c": "Anatolianist · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/landforms-and-regions/e/part-1/eastern-arabia/": {"t": "eastern-arabia", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/alexander-the-great/": {"t": "Alexander the Great", "s": "King of Macedon who created a vast empire from Greece to India."}, "/e/ancient-empires/macedonia-ancient-kingdom/": {"t": "Macedonia (ancient kingdom)", "s": "Ancient kingdom that became the dominant Hellenistic state."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/part-1/hellenistic-period/": {"t": "hellenistic-period", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/part-1/seleucid-empire/": {"t": "Seleucid Empire", "s": "Greek state in West Asia founded by Seleucus I Nicator in 312 BC, annexed by the Roman Republic in 63 BC.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/part-1/seleucid-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Seleucid Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/part-1/parthian-empire/": {"t": "Parthian Empire", "s": "The Arsacid Iranian power that ruled from 247 BC to 224 AD and stood astride the Silk Road.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/part-1/parthian-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Parthian Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/darius-the-great/": {"t": "Darius the Great", "s": "Third Achaemenid King of Kings who centralized the empire."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-ea/e/part-1/darius-iii/": {"t": "darius-iii", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/part-1/persians/": {"t": "persians", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-histories-and-epics/e/part-1/cyrus-cylinder/": {"t": "cyrus-cylinder", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-iran/e/part-1/behistun-inscription/": {"t": "Behistun inscription", "s": "A trilingual cuneiform inscription key to deciphering ancient scripts.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-iran/img/part-1/behistun-inscription.webp", "c": "Leen van Dorp · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/herodotus/": {"t": "Herodotus", "s": "The Father of History"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-classical-texts/e/part-1/histories-herodotus/": {"t": "histories-herodotus", "s": ""}, "/e/ancient-empires/bactria/": {"t": "Bactria", "s": "Ancient Iranian civilization, key Zoroastrian center and Greco-Bactrian kingdom."}, "https://codexery.com/kings-of-the-universe/e/part-1/nabonidus/": {"t": "nabonidus", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/jerusalem/": {"t": "Jerusalem", "s": "A holy city to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, and a focal point of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/e/part-1/phoenicia/": {"t": "phoenicia", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-ea/e/part-1/amasis-ii/": {"t": "amasis-ii", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-cities/e/part-1/memphis-egypt/": {"t": "memphis-egypt", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/lost-civilizations/e/part-1/the-kingdom-of-kush/": {"t": "the-kingdom-of-kush", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/lost-civilizations/e/part-1/the-scythians/": {"t": "the-scythians", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/part-1/danube/": {"t": "Danube", "s": "Europe's second-longest river, a historic frontier and trade route.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/part-1/danube.webp", "c": "Visions of Domino · via Wikipedia: Danube · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/part-1/black-sea/": {"t": "Black Sea", "s": "Marginal sea between Europe and Asia with anoxic deep waters.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/part-1/black-sea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Black Sea · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/romania/": {"t": "Romania", "s": "A country at 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"https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/e/part-1/sumer/": {"t": "sumer", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/e/part-1/sumerian-language/": {"t": "sumerian-language", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas/e/part-1/arabian-peninsula/": {"t": "Arabian Peninsula", "s": "The world's largest peninsula, cradle of Islam, and a land of ancient trade and modern oil wealth."}, "https://codexery.com/deified-male-monarchs/e/part-1/naram-sin-of-akkad/": {"t": "naram-sin-of-akkad", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/part-1/semitic-languages/": {"t": "semitic-languages", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/linguistic-concepts-and-phenomena/e/part-1/language-isolate/": {"t": "language-isolate", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts-and-schools/e/part-1/planned-economy/": {"t": "planned-economy", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/kings-of-the-universe/e/part-1/rimush/": {"t": "rimush", "s": ""}, "/e/ancient-empires/mitanni/": {"t": "Mitanni", "s": "A Hurrian kingdom of northern Syria and Anatolia, known from foreign records."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-and-kingdoms/e/part-1/third-dynasty-of-ur/": {"t": "third-dynasty-of-ur", "s": ""}, "/e/ancient-empires/ebla/": {"t": "Ebla", "s": "Early Syrian kingdom with a vast trading network and cuneiform archive."}, "https://codexery.com/great-collapses/e/part-1/the-bronze-age-collapse/": {"t": "the-bronze-age-collapse", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/rivers/e/part-1/tigris/": {"t": "Tigris", "s": "Eastern great river of Mesopotamia, flowing through history.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers/img/part-1/tigris.webp", "c": "Hamza Al Mosuly · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-and-kingdoms/e/part-1/sumerian-king-list/": {"t": "sumerian-king-list", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/specific-languages/e/part-1/hittite-language/": {"t": "Hittite language", "s": "Earliest attested Indo-European language, preserved in cuneiform from Bronze Age Anatolia."}, "https://codexery.com/gemstones/e/part-1/lapis-lazuli/": {"t": "lapis-lazuli", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/conifers/e/part-1/cedrus-libani/": {"t": "cedrus-libani", "s": ""}, "/e/ancient-empires/srivijaya/": {"t": "Srivijaya", "s": "A Malay thalassocratic empire dominating western Maritime Southeast Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/ashoka/": {"t": "Ashoka", "s": "Mauryan emperor who promoted Buddhism and righteous conduct."}, "/e/ancient-empires/maurya-empire/": {"t": "Maurya Empire", "s": "Iron Age empire unifying much of South Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/hindu-and-buddhist-masters/e/part-1/agastya/": {"t": "agastya", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/part-1/bay-of-bengal/": {"t": "Bay of Bengal", "s": "Northeastern part of the Indian Ocean, rich in history and biodiversity."}, "https://codexery.com/indian-states/e/part-1/odisha/": {"t": "odisha", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/e/part-1/eastern-ganga-dynasty/": {"t": "eastern-ganga-dynasty", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/indian-states/e/part-1/tamil-nadu/": {"t": "tamil-nadu", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-indonesia/e/part-1/prambanan/": {"t": "Prambanan", "s": "9th-century Hindu temple compound in Java, Indonesia."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/part-1/jainism/": {"t": "Jainism", "s": "Indian religion centered on nonviolence and spiritual liberation."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/e/part-1/tamil-language/": {"t": "tamil-language", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/world-conquest-board-games/e/part-1/history-of-the-world-board-game/": {"t": "History of the World (board game)", "s": "A board game of empire-building across historical epochs.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-conquest-board-games/img/part-1/history-of-the-world-board-game.webp", "c": "Sterling, Don L · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/part-1/indian-subcontinent/": {"t": "Indian subcontinent", "s": "A physiographic region below the Himalayas, divided into three nations."}, "https://codexery.com/novels-and-epics/e/part-1/mahabharata/": {"t": "mahabharata", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/part-1/k-lid-sa/": {"t": "Kālidāsa", "s": "Classical Sanskrit author, often considered ancient India's greatest poet and playwright.", "i": "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/img/part-1/k-lid-sa.webp", "c": "William Douglas Almond · via Wikipedia: Kalidasa · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/part-1/aryabhata/": {"t": "Aryabhata", "s": "First major mathematician-astronomer of classical Indian science."}, "https://codexery.com/indian-states/e/part-1/uttar-pradesh/": {"t": "uttar-pradesh", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/indian-states/e/part-1/bihar/": {"t": "bihar", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/universities/e/part-1/nalanda-mahavihara/": {"t": "Nalanda mahavihara", "s": "A renowned Buddhist mahavihara and ancient centre of learning."}, "/e/ancient-empires/kushan-empire/": {"t": "Kushan Empire", "s": "Syncretic empire that spread Buddhism and linked Rome and China."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/part-1/aristocracy/": {"t": "aristocracy", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/legendary-birds/e/part-1/garuda/": {"t": "garuda", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/landforms-and-regions/e/part-1/indo-gangetic-plain/": {"t": "indo-gangetic-plain", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-of-the-americas-and-pacific/e/part-1/faxian/": {"t": "faxian", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/part-1/sanskrit/": {"t": "sanskrit", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/part-1/europe/": {"t": "Europe", "s": "Second-smallest continent, birthplace of Western civilisation and European Union."}, "https://codexery.com/gemstones/e/part-1/pearl/": {"t": "pearl", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/fate-grand-order/e/world/qin-empire/": {"t": "Qin Empire", "s": "China's first imperial dynasty, forged by Qin Shi Huang's unification in 221 BC."}, "https://codexery.com/east-asian-history/e/part-1/shu-han/": {"t": "shu-han", "s": ""}, "/e/ancient-empires/xiongnu/": {"t": "Xiongnu", "s": "Nomadic confederation that dominated the eastern Eurasian Steppe from the 3rd century BC to the late 1st century AD."}, "/e/ancient-empires/tang-dynasty/": {"t": "Tang dynasty", "s": "Imperial dynasty ruling China from 618 to 907."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/part-1/emperor-gaozu-of-han/": {"t": "emperor-gaozu-of-han", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/east-asian-history/e/part-1/rebellion-of-the-seven-states/": {"t": "rebellion-of-the-seven-states", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/part-1/confucianism/": {"t": "Confucianism", "s": "A system of thought emphasizing virtue, harmony, and familial responsibility."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-phil/e/part-1/dong-zhongshu/": {"t": "dong-zhongshu", "s": ""}, "/e/ancient-empires/zhou-dynasty/": {"t": "Zhou dynasty", "s": "Longest-reigning Chinese dynasty, spanning nearly eight centuries."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-inventions/e/part-1/hydraulics/": {"t": "hydraulics", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-inventions/e/part-1/armillary-sphere/": {"t": "armillary-sphere", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/landforms-and-regions/e/part-1/eurasian-steppe/": {"t": "eurasian-steppe", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/e/part-1/hexi-corridor/": {"t": "hexi-corridor", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/part-1/silk-road/": {"t": "silk-road", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/part-1/korean-peninsula/": {"t": "Korean Peninsula", "s": "Divided peninsula with ancient kingdoms and modern global influence."}, "https://codexery.com/bruce-lee/e/places/taoism/": {"t": "Taoism", "s": "Be like water: the ultimate path to fluidity and formless combat."}, "https://codexery.com/founders-and-unifiers-of-asian-dynasties/e/part-1/cao-pi/": {"t": "cao-pi", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/spiral-galaxies-part-2/e/part-1/milky-way/": {"t": "milky-way", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/part-1/modu-chanyu/": {"t": "modu-chanyu", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/history-of-imperial-china/e/part-1/heqin/": {"t": "heqin", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/e/part-1/emperor-wen-of-han/": {"t": "emperor-wen-of-han", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/landforms-and-regions/e/part-1/gobi-desert/": {"t": "gobi-desert", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/e/part-1/lake-baikal/": {"t": "Lake Baikal", "s": "World's deepest and oldest freshwater lake by volume.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/img/part-1/lake-baikal.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Lake Baikal · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-j/e/part-1/jiuquan/": {"t": "jiuquan", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-conquistadors/e/part-1/zhang-qian/": {"t": "zhang-qian", "s": ""}, "/e/ancient-empires/achaemenid-empire/": {"t": "Achaemenid Empire", "s": "The largest empire of its time, founded by Cyrus the Great in 550 BC."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/part-1/polis/": {"t": "polis", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-cities/e/part-1/pella/": {"t": "pella", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/part-1/odrysian-kingdom/": {"t": "Odrysian kingdom", "s": "The first large Thracian state, from the 5th century BC to Roman annexation."}, "https://codexery.com/painting-visual-arts/e/part-1/hellenistic-art/": {"t": "Hellenistic art", "s": "Hellenistic art spans from Alexander's death to Rome's conquest of Egypt."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-movements-and-schools/e/part-1/ancient-greek-philosophy/": {"t": "Ancient Greek philosophy", "s": "Ancient Greek philosophy shaped Western thought from its 6th century BCE origins."}, "https://codexery.com/greek-inventions/e/part-1/ancient-greek-technology/": {"t": "ancient-greek-technology", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/aristotle/": {"t": "Aristotle", "s": "Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath, founder of the Peripatetic school."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-traditions/e/part-1/aristotelianism/": {"t": "Aristotelianism", "s": "Philosophical tradition inspired by Aristotle's logic, ethics, and metaphysics."}, "/e/ancient-empires/ancient-rome/": {"t": "Ancient Rome", "s": "Ancient Rome spanned from 753 BC to 476 AD."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/part-1/absolute-monarchy/": {"t": "absolute-monarchy", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/thucydides/": {"t": "Thucydides", "s": "Athenian historian and general who chronicled the Peloponnesian War."}, "https://codexery.com/origin-myths/e/part-1/origin-myth/": {"t": "Origin myth", "s": "Narratives explaining how aspects of the world began."}, "https://codexery.com/stato-da-m-r/e/part-1/argos-peloponnese/": {"t": "Argos, Peloponnese", "s": "One of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world."}, "https://codexery.com/greek-myths/e/part-1/heracles/": {"t": "heracles", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/greek-myths/e/part-1/zeus/": {"t": "zeus", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/sports-and-games/e/part-1/ancient-olympic-games/": {"t": "Ancient Olympic Games", "s": "Ancient athletic contests held at Olympia in honor of Zeus."}, "https://codexery.com/greek-myths/e/part-1/mount-olympus/": {"t": "mount-olympus", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/e/part-1/macedonia-greece/": {"t": "Macedonia (Greece)", "s": "Largest Greek region, ancient kingdom of Alexander the Great."}, "https://codexery.com/international-relations-and-concepts/e/part-1/hegemony/": {"t": "hegemony", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/xerxes-i/": {"t": "Xerxes I", "s": "Fourth King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire, invader of Greece."}, "https://codexery.com/as-roma/e/stadiums/rome/": {"t": "Rome", "s": "An eternal city where ancient history pulses with the yellow-red heartbeat of its football club."}, "https://codexery.com/historic-and-sacred-architecture/e/part-1/maya-architecture/": {"t": "maya-architecture", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/e/part-1/maya-peoples/": {"t": "maya-peoples", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/fruits-and-vegetables/e/part-1/maize/": {"t": "maize", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/common-plants-and-crops/e/part-1/phaseolus-vulgaris/": {"t": "phaseolus-vulgaris", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/edible-fruits-vegetables/e/part-1/cucurbita/": {"t": "cucurbita", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-cities/e/part-1/tikal/": {"t": "tikal", "s": ""}, 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"https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/part-1/dead-sea/": {"t": "Dead Sea", "s": "Lowest land elevation on Earth, deepest hypersaline lake, 9.6 times saltier than the ocean."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/part-1/new-kingdom-of-egypt/": {"t": "new-kingdom-of-egypt", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-mysteries/e/part-1/the-amarna-letters/": {"t": "the-amarna-letters", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-israel/e/part-1/tel-hazor/": {"t": "Tel Hazor", "s": "Largest fortified city in the region from Middle Bronze to Iron Age."}, "https://codexery.com/national-parks-of-israel/e/part-1/gezer/": {"t": "gezer", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-israel/e/part-1/tel-megiddo/": {"t": "Tel Megiddo", "s": "Ancient Canaanite and Israelite city, site of Armageddon."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/part-1/senate/": {"t": "senate", "s": ""}, 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"https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/heraclius/": {"t": "Heraclius", "s": "Byzantine emperor who defeated the Persians but lost newly regained lands to the Arab conquests."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers/e/part-1/volga/": {"t": "Volga", "s": "Europe's longest river, flowing through Russia into the Caspian Sea."}, "https://codexery.com/sieges-and-battles/e/part-1/siege-of-constantinople-674-678/": {"t": "Siege of Constantinople (674–678)", "s": "The first major Arab defeat in 50 years of expansion"}, "https://codexery.com/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/e/part-1/balkan-mountains/": {"t": "balkan-mountains", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/part-1/christianity/": {"t": "Christianity", "s": "World's largest religion, centered on Jesus Christ."}, "https://codexery.com/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/e/part-1/andes/": {"t": "andes", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/ecuador/": {"t": "Ecuador", "s": "A megadiverse nation straddling the 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