{"https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/confucianism/": {"t": "Confucianism", "s": "A system of thought emphasizing virtue, harmony, and familial responsibility."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/confucius/": {"t": "Confucius", "s": "The paragon of Chinese sages and founder of Confucianism."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-histories-and-epics/e/ancient-histories-and-epics/analects/": {"t": "Analects", "s": "Ancient Chinese philosophical text of Confucius's sayings and ideas."}, "https://codexery.com/founders-of-new-religious-movements/e/founders-of-new-religious-movements/zhu-xi/": {"t": "Zhu Xi", "s": "Neo-Confucian philosopher whose works shaped East Asian state ideology."}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/ezra-pound/": {"t": "Ezra Pound", "s": "American poet and critic, a major figure in early modernism, and a controversial collaborator in Fascist Italy."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutionary-leaders-icons/e/revolutionary-leaders-and-icons/sun-yat-sen/": {"t": "Sun Yat-sen", "s": "Founder of the Republic of China and the Kuomintang."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/chiang-kai-shek/": {"t": "Chiang Kai-shek", "s": "Chinese military commander, revolutionary, and statesman; President of the Republic of China from 1948 to 1975."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/mao-zedong/": {"t": "Mao Zedong", "s": "Founder of the People's Republic of China and CCP leader."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/e/philosophical-concepts/contradiction/": {"t": "Contradiction", "s": "A proposition unconditionally false, central to logical proof."}, "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/e/authors-and-poets/lu-xun/": {"t": "Lu Xun", "s": "Chinese writer who pioneered modern vernacular literature."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/maya-civilization/": {"t": "Maya civilization", "s": "Ancient Mesoamerican civilization known for its temples, glyphs, and advanced mathematics."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/americas/": {"t": "Americas", "s": "The New World landmass spanning from Arctic tundra to tropical rainforests.", "i": "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/img/regions-and-cultural-spheres/americas.webp", "c": "GrandEscogriffe · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/yucat-n-peninsula/": {"t": "Yucatán Peninsula", "s": "Large peninsula in southeast Mexico; heart of the Maya lowlands."}, "https://codexery.com/world-wonders/e/world-wonders/chichen-itza/": {"t": "Chichen Itza", "s": "Major Maya city and regional capital in northern Yucatán.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-wonders/img/world-wonders/chichen-itza.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Chichen Itza · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/charles-v-holy-roman-emperor/": {"t": "Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor", "s": "Charles V inherited and then led the rising House of Habsburg, ruling a vast collection of European and American territories that became the first realm describ"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/hern-n-cort-s/": {"t": "Hernán Cortés", "s": "Spanish conquistador who led the fall of the Aztec Empire", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/hern-n-cort-s.webp", "c": "Unknown artistUnknown artist · via Wikipedia: Hernán Cortés · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/planets-and-dwarf-planets/e/planets-and-dwarf-planets/venus/": {"t": "Venus", "s": "Earth's twin, hottest planet, shrouded in sulfuric acid clouds."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-and-dwarf-planets/e/planets-and-dwarf-planets/mars/": {"t": "Mars", "s": "The fourth planet from the Sun, a desert world with polar ice caps."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/bede/": {"t": "Bede", "s": "Father of English History and Doctor of the Church"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/england/": {"t": "England", "s": "Land of the Angles, birthplace of football and the Industrial Revolution."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/christianity/": {"t": "Christianity", "s": "World's largest religion, centered on Jesus Christ."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/latin/": {"t": "Latin", "s": "A classical language of the Italic branch, Latin evolved into the Romance languages and remained a key scholarly tongue into the early 19th century."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/julius-caesar/": {"t": "Julius Caesar", "s": "Roman general, dictator, and author who transformed the Republic."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-church-bodies/e/christian-church-bodies/archbishop-of-canterbury/": {"t": "Archbishop of Canterbury", "s": "Senior bishop and primate of the Church of England, spiritual leader of the Anglican Communion."}, "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/e/other-european-regions/frisia/": {"t": "Frisia", "s": "Cross-border cultural region of the Frisian people in Northwestern Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/img/other-european-regions/frisia.webp", "c": "Gouwenaar · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/christian-church-bodies/e/christian-church-bodies/celtic-christianity/": {"t": "Celtic Christianity", "s": "A term for early medieval Christian practices in Celtic regions, now seen as problematic by modern historians."}, "https://codexery.com/catholic-saints-popes/e/catholic-saints-and-popes/pope-gregory-i/": {"t": "Pope Gregory I", "s": "The 64th Bishop of Rome and a Father of the Church", "i": "https://codexery.com/catholic-saints-popes/img/catholic-saints-and-popes/pope-gregory-i.webp", "c": "British Library · via Wikipedia: Pope Gregory I · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/rome/": {"t": "Rome", "s": "The Eternal City, capital of Italy and cradle of Western civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-sacred-texts/e/christian-sacred-texts/acts-of-the-apostles/": {"t": "Acts of the Apostles", "s": "Fifth New Testament book recounting early Christian Church founding."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/religious/columba/": {"t": "Columba", "s": "Irish abbot and missionary who spread Christianity in Scotland"}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/north-yorkshire/": {"t": "North Yorkshire", "s": "The largest ceremonial county in England, spanning from the Yorkshire Dales to the North York Moors."}, "https://codexery.com/german-folklore/e/german-folklore/saint-boniface/": {"t": "Saint Boniface", "s": "English Benedictine monk and missionary to the Germanic peoples.", "i": "https://codexery.com/german-folklore/img/german-folklore/saint-boniface.webp", "c": "Chefgervasio · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/egyptian-inventions/e/egyptian-inventions/egyptian-medical-papyri/": {"t": "Egyptian medical papyri", "s": "Ancient Egyptian papyri blending magic, surgery, and herbal remedies."}, "https://codexery.com/writing-systems/e/writing-systems/egyptian-hieroglyphs/": {"t": "Egyptian hieroglyphs", "s": "Ancient Egyptian sacred writing system, influential on later scripts through intermediaries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/writing-systems/img/writing-systems/egyptian-hieroglyphs.webp", "c": "Gtoffoletto · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/archaeologists-and-anthropologists/e/archaeologists-and-anthropologists/james-henry-breasted/": {"t": "James Henry Breasted", "s": "American archaeologist who founded the Oriental Institute."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/imhotep/": {"t": "Imhotep", "s": "Ancient Egyptian chancellor, possible architect of the step pyramid, and later deified god of medicine."}, "https://codexery.com/pathology/e/pathology/pathology/": {"t": "Pathology", "s": "The study of disease, from ancient roots to modern medical practice."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/hippocrates/": {"t": "Hippocrates", "s": "Father of Medicine who separated medicine from religion and emphasized natural causes of disease."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/luxor/": {"t": "Luxor", "s": "The world's greatest open-air museum"}, "https://codexery.com/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/e/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/plato/": {"t": "Plato", "s": "Foundational Western philosopher, student of Socrates, teacher of Aristotle.", "i": "https://codexery.com/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/img/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/plato.webp", "c": "Marie-Lan Nguyen · via Wikipedia: Plato · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/pericles/": {"t": "Pericles", "s": "First citizen of Athens during its Golden Age"}, "https://codexery.com/nonfiction-philosophy/e/nonfiction-and-philosophy/apology-plato/": {"t": "Apology (Plato)", "s": "Plato's account of Socrates' trial defence against impiety and corruption."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophy-theory/e/philosophy-and-theory/theaetetus-dialogue/": {"t": "Theaetetus (dialogue)", "s": "Platonic dialogue investigating the nature of knowledge."}, "https://codexery.com/greek-myths/e/greek-myths/zeus/": {"t": "Zeus", "s": "King of the gods, sky and thunder deity."}, "https://codexery.com/nonfiction-philosophy/e/nonfiction-and-philosophy/crito/": {"t": "Crito", "s": "Platonic dialogue on justice and Socrates' refusal to escape prison."}, "https://codexery.com/phantom-places-discovery/e/phantom-places-and-discovery/geography/": {"t": "Geography", "s": "Geography is the study of Earth's lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena."}, "https://codexery.com/map-projections-cartography-foundations/e/map-projections-and-cartography-foundations/gazetteer/": {"t": "Gazetteer", "s": "A geographical index or dictionary used with maps."}, "https://codexery.com/map-projections-cartography-foundations/e/map-projections-and-cartography-foundations/cartography/": {"t": "Cartography", "s": "The art and science of making and using maps."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/roman-empire/": {"t": "Roman Empire", "s": "Medieval and early modern empire claiming direct Roman succession, dissolved in 1806."}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/parthian-empire/": {"t": "Parthian Empire", "s": "The Arsacid Iranian power that ruled from 247 BC to 224 AD and stood astride the Silk Road.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/pre-columbian-empires/parthian-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Parthian Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/middle-ages/": {"t": "Middle Ages", "s": "The middle epoch between classical antiquity and the modern period.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/img/historical-eras/middle-ages.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Middle Ages · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/istanbul/": {"t": "Istanbul", "s": "A city on two continents, bridging Europe and Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/republic-of-florence/": {"t": "Republic of Florence", "s": "A medieval and early modern state centered on Florence, birthplace of the Renaissance and home of the florin."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/italy/": {"t": "Italy", "s": "A cultural superpower with the eighth-largest economy and the most UNESCO sites."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/eratosthenes/": {"t": "Eratosthenes", "s": "The ancient polymath who measured the Earth"}, "https://codexery.com/maps-their-symbols/e/maps-and-their-symbols/map-projection/": {"t": "Map projection", "s": "Mathematical transformation of a globe's surface onto a plane."}, "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/e/lines-and-hemispheres/longitude/": {"t": "Longitude", "s": "The east-west coordinate that, with latitude, pinpoints any location on Earth.", "i": "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/img/lines-and-hemispheres/longitude.webp", "c": "Original:  Pearson Scott Forman Vector:  Gregors · via Wikipedia: Longitude · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/geometry-and-topology/e/geometry-and-topology/coordinate-system/": {"t": "Coordinate system", "s": "A system using numbers to determine positions in space."}, "https://codexery.com/other-geographic-features/e/other-geographic-features/prime-meridian/": {"t": "Prime meridian", "s": "The prime meridian is the line of 0° longitude, arbitrarily chosen for Earth as the IERS Reference Meridian."}, "https://codexery.com/places-in-celtic-mythology/e/places-in-celtic-mythology/fortunate-isles/": {"t": "Fortunate Isles", "s": "Semi-legendary Atlantic islands, a paradise for blessed heroes."}, "https://codexery.com/major-islands-and-archipelagos/e/major-islands-and-archipelagos/canary-islands/": {"t": "Canary Islands", "s": "The Fortunate Isles: a subtropical archipelago linking Africa, Europe, and the Americas."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/iberian-peninsula/": {"t": "Iberian Peninsula", "s": "Second-largest European peninsula, home to Spain and Portugal.", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/img/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/iberian-peninsula.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Peninsula · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/north-africa/": {"t": "North Africa", "s": "A region of diverse definitions, ancient civilizations, and deep cultural ties to the Arab world and the Mediterranean."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/anatolia/": {"t": "Anatolia", "s": "Peninsula in West Asia, historic cradle of civilizations.", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/img/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/anatolia.webp", "c": "Anatolianist · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/middle-east/": {"t": "Middle East", "s": "A geopolitical region encompassing West Asia, Egypt, and European Turkey, rich in history and strategic importance."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomical-concepts-and-techniques/e/astronomical-concepts-and-techniques/solstice/": {"t": "Solstice", "s": "Twice-yearly event when the Sun's declination appears to stand still."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/persians/": {"t": "Persians", "s": "An Iranian ethnic group indigenous to the Iranian plateau, native speakers of Persian, and founders of ancient empires."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/caliphate/": {"t": "Caliphate", "s": "Islamic political-religious institution led by a caliph.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/img/historical-and-cultural-concepts/caliphate.webp", "c": "أبو العباس · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/florence/": {"t": "Florence", "s": "Birthplace of the Renaissance and capital of Tuscany."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-philosophy-rhetoric/e/classical-philosophy-and-rhetoric/republic-plato/": {"t": "Republic (Plato)", "s": "Plato's Socratic dialogue on justice and the ideal city-state."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/euripides/": {"t": "Euripides", "s": "The most tragic of poets"}, "https://codexery.com/greek-myths/e/greek-myths/cronus/": {"t": "Cronus", "s": "Titan king who overthrew his father and was overthrown by his son."}, "https://codexery.com/mythological-kidnapped-people/e/mythological-kidnapped-people/europa-consort-of-zeus/": {"t": "Europa (consort of Zeus)", "s": "Phoenician princess abducted by Zeus, mother of Minos.", "i": "https://codexery.com/mythological-kidnapped-people/img/mythological-kidnapped-people/europa-consort-of-zeus.webp", "c": "Wikifrits · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/stato-da-m-r/e/stato-da-m-r/aegina/": {"t": "Aegina", "s": "Swift guardian of Venetian seas, named for ancient Aeginetan silver."}, "https://codexery.com/classic-poetry-and-epics/e/classic-poetry-and-epics/the-odyssey/": {"t": "The Odyssey", "s": "Ancient Greek epic of Odysseus's perilous homecoming journey."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/homer/": {"t": "Homer", "s": "Ancient Greek poet traditionally credited with the Iliad and the Odyssey"}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/e/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/legalism-chinese-philosophy/": {"t": "Legalism (Chinese philosophy)", "s": "Legalists emphasized law, merit, and agriculture over virtue."}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/qin-dynasty/": {"t": "Qin dynasty", "s": "First imperial dynasty of China, unifying the Warring States."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/emperor-wu-of-han/": {"t": "Emperor Wu of Han", "s": "Seventh Han emperor who expanded China's borders and centralized the state."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/sun-tzu/": {"t": "Sun Tzu", "s": "Master Sun: legendary strategist of ancient China", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/sun-tzu.webp", "c": "Unknown authorUnknown author · via Wikipedia: Sun Tzu · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/literary-works/e/literary-works/the-art-of-war/": {"t": "The Art of War", "s": "Ancient Chinese military treatise attributed to strategist Sun Tzu."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/zhuge-liang/": {"t": "Zhuge Liang", "s": "Chinese statesman and strategist of the Three Kingdoms period.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/zhuge-liang.webp", "c": "Unknown authorUnknown author · via Wikipedia: Zhuge Liang · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/tang-dynasty/": {"t": "Tang dynasty", "s": "The Tang dynasty governed China from 618 to 907, with a break between 690 and 705.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/pre-columbian-empires/tang-dynasty.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Tang dynasty · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/han-yu/": {"t": "Han Yu", "s": "Tang dynasty essayist, Confucian scholar, and prose master who shaped Neo-Confucianism."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-histories-and-epics/e/ancient-histories-and-epics/book-of-han/": {"t": "Book of Han", "s": "First dynastic history in annals-biography form, covering the Former Han."}, "https://codexery.com/eastern-religions-and-philosophies/e/eastern-religions-and-philosophies/wu-wei/": {"t": "Wu wei", "s": "Ancient Chinese concept of non-doing or effortless action."}, "https://codexery.com/healing/e/healing/qigong/": {"t": "Qigong", "s": "Cultivate and balance life energy through coordinated movement, breath, and meditation."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/sima-qian/": {"t": "Sima Qian", "s": "Father of Chinese historiography who endured castration to complete the Shiji."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/han-dynasty/": {"t": "Han dynasty", "s": "The golden age that shaped Chinese identity."}, "https://codexery.com/traditional-alternative-medicine/e/traditional-and-alternative-medicine/ancient-greek-medicine/": {"t": "Ancient Greek medicine", "s": "Ancient Greek medicine blended spiritual and physical theories of health.", "i": "https://codexery.com/traditional-alternative-medicine/img/traditional-and-alternative-medicine/ancient-greek-medicine.webp", "c": "Arjuno3 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/e/philosophical-concepts/empiricism/": {"t": "Empiricism", "s": "Knowledge derives from sensory experience and empirical evidence."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-movements-and-schools/e/philosophical-movements-and-schools/rationalism/": {"t": "Rationalism", "s": "Epistemological view that reason is the chief source of knowledge."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/e/philosophical-concepts/hypothesis/": {"t": "Hypothesis", "s": "A proposed explanation requiring testable and reproducible prediction."}, "https://codexery.com/human-variation-and-health/e/human-variation-and-health/humorism/": {"t": "Humorism", "s": "An ancient medical theory of four bodily fluids whose balance was thought to determine health and temperament."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-and-logicians/e/philosophers-and-logicians/protagoras/": {"t": "Protagoras", "s": "Pre-Socratic sophist who argued that truth is relative to each individual."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/e/philosophical-concepts/epistemology/": {"t": "Epistemology", "s": "Philosophical study of knowledge, its sources, and its limits."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/e/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/materialism/": {"t": "Materialism", "s": "Matter is the fundamental substance of nature."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/e/philosophical-concepts/determinism/": {"t": "Determinism", "s": "The view that all events occur in only one possible way."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/herodotus/": {"t": "Herodotus", "s": "The Father of History"}, "/e/ancient-and-classical-texts/histories-polybius/": {"t": "Histories (Polybius)", "s": "2nd-century BC Greek account of Rome's rise to power."}, "/e/ancient-and-classical-texts/histories-tacitus/": {"t": "Histories (Tacitus)", "s": "Roman historical chronicle covering the Year of Four Emperors.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-classical-texts/img/ancient-and-classical-texts/histories-tacitus.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Tacitus · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/achaemenid-empire/": {"t": "Achaemenid Empire", "s": "The largest empire of its time, founded by Cyrus the Great in 550 BC."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/greco-persian-wars/": {"t": "Greco-Persian Wars", "s": "A series of conflicts between Greek city-states and the Achaemenid Empire."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/polis/": {"t": "Polis", "s": "Ancient Greek city-state that was the native land of its citizens."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/eusebius/": {"t": "Eusebius", "s": "Historian of Christianity and bishop of Caesarea."}, "https://codexery.com/filipino-cuisine/e/filipino-cuisine/crocodile-meat/": {"t": "Crocodile meat", "s": "Crocodile meat comes from tropical, semiaquatic reptiles sensitive to cold."}, "https://codexery.com/cryptids/e/cryptids-and-folklore/the-phoenix/": {"t": "The Phoenix", "s": "Legendary immortal bird reborn from its own ashes."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/danube/": {"t": "Danube", "s": "Europe's second-longest river, a historic frontier and trade route.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/danube.webp", "c": "Visions of Domino · via Wikipedia: Danube · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/e/rivers-of-the-world/nile/": {"t": "Nile", "s": "Longest river in the world, central to African history and civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/aeschylus/": {"t": "Aeschylus", "s": "Father of tragedy, soldier of Marathon"}, "https://codexery.com/military-history-battles/e/military-history-and-battles/battle-of-salamis/": {"t": "Battle of Salamis", "s": "Outnumbered Greeks defeated the Persian fleet at Salamis."}, "https://codexery.com/classic-poetry-and-epics/e/classic-poetry-and-epics/the-iliad/": {"t": "The Iliad", "s": "Ancient Greek epic poem attributed to Homer, central to classical philology."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/cicero/": {"t": "Cicero", "s": "Roman statesman, orator, and philosopher who shaped Latin rhetoric and thought."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/polybius/": {"t": "Polybius", "s": "Ancient Greek historian of the middle Hellenistic period, author of The Histories"}, "/e/ancient-and-classical-texts/histories-herodotus/": {"t": "Histories (Herodotus)", "s": "Founding work of history in Western literature."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/ancient-rome/": {"t": "Ancient Rome", "s": "Ancient Rome spanned from 753 BC to 476 AD."}, "https://codexery.com/international-relations-and-concepts/e/international-relations-and-concepts/great-power/": {"t": "Great power", "s": "Sovereign state with global influence and recognized power status."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/carthage/": {"t": "Carthage", "s": "Ancient Phoenician city on the coast of Tunisia, capital of a Punic empire."}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/ptolemaic-kingdom/": {"t": "Ptolemaic Kingdom", "s": "The Greek-ruled Egyptian kingdom of the Ptolemies, from Ptolemy I in 305 BC to Cleopatra VII in 30 BC.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/pre-columbian-empires/ptolemaic-kingdom.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Ptolemaic Kingdom · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/macedonia-ancient-kingdom/": {"t": "Macedonia (ancient kingdom)", "s": "Ancient kingdom that became the dominant Hellenistic state."}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/punic-wars/": {"t": "Punic Wars", "s": "Three wars that ended Carthage and made Rome supreme.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/punic-wars.webp", "c": "User:AlexiusHoratius, User:Rowanwindwhistler · CC BY 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/major-islands-and-archipelagos/e/major-islands-and-archipelagos/crete/": {"t": "Crete", "s": "Largest Greek island, centre of Minoan civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/themistocles/": {"t": "Themistocles", "s": "The Athenian general who saved Greece from Persia through naval strategy."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/epaminondas/": {"t": "Epaminondas", "s": "The Theban general who broke Spartan power and reshaped Greece.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/epaminondas.webp", "c": "Daderot · via Wikipedia: Epaminondas · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/greek-inventions/e/greek-inventions/democracy/": {"t": "Democracy", "s": "Government where power is vested in the people."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/aristocracy/": {"t": "Aristocracy", "s": "Rule by a small, privileged class of aristocrats.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/img/historical-and-cultural-concepts/aristocracy.webp", "c": "DzHaruna · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/hannibal/": {"t": "Hannibal", "s": "Carthaginian general who crossed the Alps and fought Rome in the Second Punic War."}, "https://codexery.com/sieges-and-battles/e/sieges-and-battles/third-punic-war/": {"t": "Third Punic War", "s": "The final conflict that erased Carthage from the map."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/hellenistic-period/": {"t": "Hellenistic period", "s": "Era of Greek cultural expansion after Alexander the Great's conquests."}, "https://codexery.com/constitutional-law/e/constitutional-law/constitution/": {"t": "Constitution", "s": "The fundamental principles that govern a polity."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/aristotle/": {"t": "Aristotle", "s": "Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath, founder of the Peripatetic school."}, "https://codexery.com/government-and-law/e/government-and-law/oligarchy/": {"t": "Oligarchy", "s": "Rule by a small, often wealthy, minority."}, "https://codexery.com/economic-and-social-concepts/e/economic-and-social-concepts/mob-rule/": {"t": "Mob rule", "s": "Pejorative term for oppressive majoritarian rule by the mob.", "i": "https://codexery.com/economic-and-social-concepts/img/economic-and-social-concepts/mob-rule.webp", "c": "Guy Evans · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/domitian/": {"t": "Domitian", "s": "Last of the Flavians: Ruthless autocrat who expanded Rome's borders and rebuilt the city, but was assassinated and condemned by the Senate."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-histories-and-epics/e/ancient-histories-and-epics/annals-tacitus/": {"t": "Annals (Tacitus)", "s": "Tacitus' final work, a key source for 1st-century Roman history, though incomplete after AD 66."}, "https://codexery.com/family-and-kinship/e/family-and-kinship/adoption/": {"t": "Adoption", "s": "A practice of permanently transferring parental rights and responsibilities."}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/monarchy/": {"t": "Monarchy", "s": "A hereditary system of rule by a single sovereign."}, "https://codexery.com/military-history-battles/e/military-history-and-battles/battle-of-actium/": {"t": "Battle of Actium", "s": "Naval battle that ended the Roman Republic."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/e/philosophers-and-thinkers/seneca-the-younger/": {"t": "Seneca the Younger", "s": "Stoic philosopher, dramatist, and advisor to Nero"}, "https://codexery.com/physiology-medicine/e/physiology-and-medicine/acupuncture/": {"t": "Acupuncture", "s": "Alternative medicine involving needle insertion, lacking scientific evidence of efficacy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/physiology-medicine/img/physiology-and-medicine/acupuncture.webp", "c": "Acuhealth · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-classical-poets/e/chinese-classical-poets/du-fu/": {"t": "Du Fu", "s": "Poet-Historian of the Tang dynasty", "i": "https://codexery.com/chinese-classical-poets/img/chinese-classical-poets/du-fu.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Du Fu · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/ming-dynasty/": {"t": "Ming dynasty", "s": "The last Han-led imperial dynasty of China."}, "https://codexery.com/herbs-and-spices/e/herbs-and-spices/yarrow/": {"t": "Yarrow", "s": "A flowering plant used in traditional medicine and as livestock feed."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-inventions/e/chinese-inventions/bamboo-and-wooden-slips/": {"t": "Bamboo and wooden slips", "s": "Primary writing medium in China before paper's spread."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/zhou-dynasty/": {"t": "Zhou dynasty", "s": "Longest-reigning Chinese dynasty, spanning nearly eight centuries."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/e/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/duke-of-zhou/": {"t": "Duke of Zhou", "s": "Regent, culture hero, and founder of Zhou governance ideals.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/img/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/duke-of-zhou.webp", "c": "Windmemories · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/shang-dynasty/": {"t": "Shang dynasty", "s": "Earliest Chinese dynasty confirmed by archaeology and written records."}, "https://codexery.com/sports-and-recreation/e/sports-and-recreation/dice/": {"t": "Dice", "s": "Small objects used since prehistory to generate random values in games."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/e/ancient-civilizations/sumer/": {"t": "Sumer", "s": "Earliest known civilization, emerging in southern Mesopotamia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/img/ancient-civilizations/sumer.webp", "c": "Original: Phirosiberia Derivative: باسم · CC BY 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-and-kingdoms/e/ancient-empires-and-kingdoms/sumerian-king-list/": {"t": "Sumerian King List", "s": "Ancient list legitimizing kingship through successive Mesopotamian cities.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-and-kingdoms/img/ancient-empires-and-kingdoms/sumerian-king-list.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Sumerian King List · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-mysteries/e/ancient-mysteries/the-epic-of-gilgamesh/": {"t": "The Epic of Gilgamesh", "s": "The world's oldest surviving narrative literature, exploring mortality, friendship, and the quest for eternal life."}, "https://codexery.com/writing-systems/e/writing-systems/cuneiform/": {"t": "Cuneiform", "s": "One of the oldest known writing systems, used for over three millennia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/writing-systems/img/writing-systems/cuneiform.webp", "c": "Mason, William Albert, 1855-1923 · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/christian-sacred-texts/e/christian-sacred-texts/book-of-proverbs/": {"t": "Book of Proverbs", "s": "A collection of collections on wisdom and moral conduct."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/e/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/ilkhanate/": {"t": "Ilkhanate", "s": "Mongol khanate ruling Iran and West Asia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/img/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/ilkhanate.webp", "c": "Ali Zifan · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/persian-language/": {"t": "Persian language", "s": "Persian is a Western Iranian language with three standard varieties."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/mongol-empire/": {"t": "Mongol Empire", "s": "Largest contiguous land empire in history."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/indian-subcontinent/": {"t": "Indian subcontinent", "s": "A physiographic region below the Himalayas, divided into three nations."}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-landmarks/e/architectural-landmarks/topkap-palace/": {"t": "Topkapı Palace", "s": "Ottoman administrative center and sultan's residence from the 1460s to 1853.", "i": "https://codexery.com/architectural-landmarks/img/architectural-landmarks/topkap-palace.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Topkapı Palace · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/iranian-cities/e/iranian-cities/hamadan/": {"t": "Hamadan", "s": "Ancient Iranian city, once capital of the Medes and Seljuks."}, "https://codexery.com/il-khan-emperors/e/il-khan-emperors/abaqa-khan/": {"t": "Abaqa Khan", "s": "Second Ilkhan of the Ilkhanate, reigned 1265–1282."}, "https://codexery.com/il-khan-emperors/e/il-khan-emperors/ghazan/": {"t": "Ghazan", "s": "Seventh Ilkhan who converted to Islam and reformed the state."}, "https://codexery.com/il-khan-emperors/e/il-khan-emperors/ljait/": {"t": "Öljaitü", "s": "Eighth Ilkhanid ruler who shifted between religions and built Soltaniyeh."}, "https://codexery.com/iranian-cities/e/iranian-cities/tabriz/": {"t": "Tabriz", "s": "Major economic and cultural hub in northwestern Iran."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/e/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/mosque/": {"t": "Mosque", "s": "A place of worship and community for Muslims worldwide."}, "https://codexery.com/literary-novels-and-classics/e/literary-novels-and-classics/shahnameh/": {"t": "Shahnameh", "s": "National epic of Greater Iran by Ferdowsi."}}