[{"n": "Al-Masudi", "u": "/e/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-philosophers/al-masudi/", "s": "Polymath historian and geographer of the Abbasid world."}, {"n": "Anaximenes of Miletus", "u": "/e/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-philosophers/anaximenes-of-miletus/", "s": "Pre-Socratic philosopher who held air as the fundamental substance."}, {"n": "Anna Komnene", "u": "/e/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-philosophers/anna-komnene/", "s": "Byzantine princess and historian who wrote the Alexiad."}, {"n": "Antisthenes", "u": "/e/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-philosophers/antisthenes/", "s": "Pupil of Socrates, founder of Cynic philosophy, advocate of ascetic virtue."}, {"n": "Apollonius of Tyana", "u": "/e/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-philosophers/apollonius-of-tyana/", "s": "Greek philosopher and miracle worker of Neopythagoreanism."}, {"n": "Arrian", "u": "/e/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-philosophers/arrian/", "s": "Greek historian, philosopher, and governor of Cappadocia."}, {"n": "Avempace", "u": "/e/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-philosophers/avempace/", "s": "Arab polymath whose works influenced Averroes, Albertus Magnus, and Galileo."}, {"n": "Boethius", "u": "/e/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-philosophers/boethius/", "s": "Roman philosopher and translator of Greek classics into Latin."}, {"n": "Carneades", "u": "/e/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-philosophers/carneades/", "s": "Skeptical philosopher who doubted certainty but affirmed probability."}, {"n": "Cassius Dio", "u": "/e/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-philosophers/cassius-dio/", "s": "Roman historian and senator who wrote an 80-volume history of Rome."}, {"n": "Diodorus Siculus", "u": "/e/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-philosophers/diodorus-siculus/", "s": "Greek historian who compiled the vast universal history Bibliotheca Historica."}, {"n": "Dong Zhongshu", "u": "/e/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-philosophers/dong-zhongshu/", "s": "Han dynasty philosopher who promoted Confucianism as state ideology."}, {"n": "Bernard of Clairvaux", "u": "/e/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-philosophers/bernard-of-clairvaux/", "s": "Cistercian abbot, mystic, and co-founder of the Knights Templar."}, {"n": "John of Salisbury", "u": "/e/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-philosophers/john-of-salisbury/", "s": "English author, philosopher, and bishop of Chartres."}, {"n": "Peter Abelard", "u": "/e/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-philosophers/peter-abelard/", "s": "French philosopher, logician, theologian, composer, and poet."}]