{"/e/anatomical-pathology/gross-processing/": {"t": "Gross processing", "s": "Bare-eye examination and sampling of pathology specimens."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/italy/": {"t": "Italy", "s": "A cultural superpower with the eighth-largest economy and the most UNESCO sites."}, "https://codexery.com/pathology/e/pathology/pathology/": {"t": "Pathology", "s": "The study of disease, from ancient roots to modern medical practice."}, "https://codexery.com/pathology/e/pathology/clinical-pathology/": {"t": "Clinical pathology", "s": "Diagnoses disease via lab analysis of bodily fluids and tissues."}, "https://codexery.com/congenital-disorders/e/congenital-disorders/birth-defect/": {"t": "Birth defect", "s": "Birth defects are present at birth and vary widely.", "i": "https://codexery.com/congenital-disorders/img/congenital-disorders/birth-defect.webp", "c": "Judgefloro · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/human-anatomy/e/human-anatomy/esophagus/": {"t": "Esophagus", "s": "A 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tumor", "s": "Benign tumors are non-cancerous growths that can still cause harm."}, "https://codexery.com/human-anatomy/e/human-anatomy/epithelium/": {"t": "Epithelium", "s": "Protective layer of cells lining body surfaces and cavities."}, "https://codexery.com/human-anatomy/e/human-anatomy/gland/": {"t": "Gland", "s": "A cell or organ that produces and secretes needed substances."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-causes-of-cancer/e/infectious-causes-of-cancer/adenocarcinoma/": {"t": "Adenocarcinoma", "s": "A malignant tumor of glandular epithelial tissue occurring in many organs."}, "https://codexery.com/medical-triads/e/medical-triads/renal-cell-carcinoma/": {"t": "Renal cell carcinoma", "s": "Kidney cancer arising from proximal tubule lining."}, "https://codexery.com/diseases-named-after-discoverers/e/diseases-named-after-discoverers/cushing-s-syndrome/": {"t": "Cushing's syndrome", "s": "A hormonal disorder from prolonged glucocorticoid exposure."}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/progesterone/": {"t": "Progesterone", "s": "Endogenous steroid hormone essential for reproduction and pregnancy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/img/cell-and-molecular-biology/progesterone.webp", "c": "Rhododendronbusch · via Wikipedia: Progesterone · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/italian-inventions/e/italian-inventions/cabergoline/": {"t": "Cabergoline", "s": "Dopaminergic medication for prolactin disorders and Parkinson's disease."}, "https://codexery.com/breast-diseases/e/breast-diseases/fibroadenoma/": {"t": "Fibroadenoma", "s": "Benign breast tumor with stromal and epithelial components."}, "https://codexery.com/medical-specialties/e/medical-specialties/gastroenterology/": {"t": "Gastroenterology", "s": "Branch of medicine studying the digestive system and its disorders."}, "https://codexery.com/medical-conditions-related-to-obesity/e/medical-conditions-related-to-obesity/fatty-liver-disease/": {"t": "Fatty liver disease", "s": "Excess liver fat can lead to cirrhosis and cancer."}, "https://codexery.com/inflammations/e/inflammations/alcoholic-hepatitis/": {"t": "Alcoholic hepatitis", "s": "Liver inflammation from heavy alcohol use, often progressing to cirrhosis."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/hepatitis/": {"t": "Hepatitis", "s": "Inflammation of the liver, often caused by viruses or toxins."}, "https://codexery.com/viral-infections/e/viral-infections/hepatitis-b/": {"t": "Hepatitis B", "s": "A viral liver infection preventable by vaccination since 1982.", "i": "https://codexery.com/viral-infections/img/viral-infections/hepatitis-b.webp", "c": "melvil · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/microbiology/e/microbiology/cytokine/": {"t": "Cytokine", "s": "Small proteins crucial for immune signaling and inflammation."}, "https://codexery.com/medical-conditions/e/medical-conditions/inflammation/": {"t": "Inflammation", "s": "Biological defence response of body tissues to harmful stimuli."}, "https://codexery.com/cellular-biology/e/cellular-biology/apoptosis/": {"t": "Apoptosis", "s": "Programmed cell death: a regulated process essential for life and implicated in disease."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/e/chemistry-fundamentals/acetic-acid/": {"t": "Acetic acid", "s": "The second simplest carboxylic acid, key to vinegar and industrial chemistry.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/img/chemistry-fundamentals/acetic-acid.webp", "c": "Michael D. Turnbull · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide/": {"t": "Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide", "s": "Coenzyme central to metabolism, carrying electrons in redox reactions."}, "https://codexery.com/cellular-biology/e/cellular-biology/necrosis/": {"t": "Necrosis", "s": "Unregulated cell death causing inflammation and tissue damage."}, "https://codexery.com/animal-anatomy/e/animal-anatomy/cell-membrane/": {"t": "Cell membrane", "s": "Semipermeable lipid bilayer separating cell interior from environment.", "i": "https://codexery.com/animal-anatomy/img/animal-anatomy/cell-membrane.webp", "c": "Blackout Sea · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/symptoms-and-sensations/e/symptoms-and-sensations/jaundice/": {"t": "Jaundice", "s": "A sign of high bilirubin indicating underlying disease."}, "https://codexery.com/cardiovascular-blood/e/cardiovascular-and-blood/blood-pressure/": {"t": "Blood pressure", "s": "A vital sign measuring pressure of circulating blood against vessel walls."}, "https://codexery.com/symptoms-and-signs-digestive-system/e/symptoms-and-signs-digestive-system-and-abdomen/ascites/": {"t": "Ascites", "s": "Abnormal fluid accumulation in the peritoneal cavity, often from cirrhosis."}, "https://codexery.com/symptoms-and-signs-digestive-system/e/symptoms-and-signs-digestive-system-and-abdomen/hepatomegaly/": {"t": "Hepatomegaly", "s": "Enlargement of the liver, a sign with many possible causes."}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/mitochondria/": {"t": "Mitochondria", "s": "Double-membraned organelles that produce cellular energy as ATP."}, "https://codexery.com/nutrition-and-diet/e/nutrition-and-diet/folate/": {"t": "Folate", "s": "Essential B vitamin for DNA synthesis and fetal development."}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/white-blood-cell/": {"t": "White blood cell", "s": "Nucleated immune cells that defend against infection and disease.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/img/cell-and-molecular-biology/white-blood-cell.webp", "c": "BruceBlaus. When using this image in external sources it can be cited as:\n\nBlausen.com staff (2014). \"Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014\". WikiJournal of M · via Wikipedia: White blood cell · CC BY 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/neutrophil/": {"t": "Neutrophil", "s": "Most abundant white blood cell, key in innate immunity."}, "https://codexery.com/biochemistry-and-cell-biology/e/biochemistry-and-cell-biology/amino-acid/": {"t": "Amino acid", "s": "The building blocks of proteins, with 20 standard α-amino acids directly encoded by the genetic code and two rare ones incorporated via recoding."}, "/e/anatomical-pathology/cancer-staging/": {"t": "Cancer staging", "s": "Determining cancer extent via tumor, node, metastasis criteria."}, "https://codexery.com/common-diseases-disorders/e/common-diseases-and-disorders/hodgkin-lymphoma/": {"t": "Hodgkin lymphoma", "s": "Cancer of lymphocytes with Reed–Sternberg cells in lymph nodes."}, "https://codexery.com/surgery-trauma/e/surgery-and-trauma/biopsy/": {"t": "Biopsy", "s": "A medical test extracting cells or tissues for disease 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"Eunice Laurent · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/types-of-cancer/e/types-of-cancer/cancer-of-unknown-primary-origin/": {"t": "Cancer of unknown primary origin", "s": "Metastatic cancer diagnosed without known primary tumor site."}, "https://codexery.com/biology-concepts/e/biology-concepts/mutation/": {"t": "Mutation", "s": "Mutations are alterations in DNA sequence driving evolution and disease."}, "https://codexery.com/cellular-biology/e/cellular-biology/cellular-differentiation/": {"t": "Cellular differentiation", "s": "Process where stem cells become specialized cell types."}, "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/e/diseases-and-conditions/neoplasm/": {"t": "Neoplasm", "s": "An abnormal growth of tissue that may be benign or malignant.", "i": "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/img/diseases-and-conditions/neoplasm.webp", "c": "Shibata, Hideki; Ohike, Nobuyuki; Norose, Tomoko; Isobe, Tomohide; Suzuki, Reika · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/microbiology-and-immunology/e/microbiology-and-immunology/lymph/": {"t": "Lymph", "s": "Fluid that returns interstitial fluid and proteins to the bloodstream."}, "https://codexery.com/respiratory-infectious-diseases/e/respiratory-and-infectious-diseases/bloodstream-infection/": {"t": "Bloodstream infection", "s": "Infection of blood by bacteria, often leading to sepsis."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry/e/chemistry/formaldehyde/": {"t": "Formaldehyde", "s": "Simplest aldehyde, key industrial chemical, and atmospheric pollutant."}, "https://codexery.com/genetics/e/genetics/epigenetics/": {"t": "Epigenetics", "s": "Study of heritable gene expression changes without DNA sequence alteration."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-causes-of-cancer/e/infectious-causes-of-cancer/hepatocellular-carcinoma/": {"t": "Hepatocellular carcinoma", "s": "Most common primary liver cancer in adults."}, "https://codexery.com/common-diseases-disorders/e/common-diseases-and-disorders/colorectal-cancer/": {"t": "Colorectal cancer", "s": "A common cancer of the colon or rectum."}, "https://codexery.com/molecular-biology/e/molecular-biology/staining/": {"t": "Staining", "s": "Technique to enhance contrast in microscopic samples."}, "https://codexery.com/probability-and-stochastic-processes/e/probability-and-stochastic-processes/correlation/": {"t": "Correlation", "s": "Correlation measures linear relationships but does not imply causation."}, "https://codexery.com/pain/e/pain/headache/": {"t": "Headache", "s": "Pain in the head, face, or neck; often benign but sometimes serious."}, "https://codexery.com/aging-associated-diseases/e/aging-associated-diseases/effort-incontinence/": {"t": "Effort incontinence", "s": "Involuntary urine leakage during physical exertion due to sphincter weakness.", "i": 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"Cerevisae · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/teratogens/e/teratogens/phenytoin/": {"t": "Phenytoin", "s": "Anti-seizure drug; risk of fetal abnormalities during pregnancy."}, "https://codexery.com/respiratory-diseases/e/respiratory-diseases/hereditary-hemorrhagic-telangiectasia/": {"t": "Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia", "s": "A rare genetic disorder causing abnormal blood vessels and bleeding."}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/mitochondrial-dna/": {"t": "Mitochondrial DNA", "s": "Mitochondrial DNA is a small, maternally inherited genome essential for energy conversion.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/img/cell-and-molecular-biology/mitochondrial-dna.webp", "c": "National Human Genome Research Institute · via Wikipedia: Mitochondrial DNA · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/e/diseases-and-conditions/prostate-cancer/": {"t": "Prostate cancer", "s": "Prostate cancer: uncontrolled growth of prostate cells, often detected by PSA screening.", "i": "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/img/diseases-and-conditions/prostate-cancer.webp", "c": "Cancer Research UK · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/natural-killer-cell/": {"t": "Natural killer cell", "s": "Innate immune cells that kill stressed cells lacking self markers."}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/red-blood-cell/": {"t": "Red blood cell", "s": "The most common blood cell, responsible for oxygen transport via hemoglobin.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/img/cell-and-molecular-biology/red-blood-cell.webp", "c": "BruceBlaus. When using this image in external sources it can be cited as:\n\nBlausen.com staff (2014). \"Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014\". WikiJournal of M · via Wikipedia: Red blood cell · CC BY 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cellular-biology/e/cellular-biology/cytoskeleton/": {"t": "Cytoskeleton", "s": "Dynamic protein network shaping and organizing all cells."}, "https://codexery.com/animal-anatomy/e/animal-anatomy/capillary/": {"t": "Capillary", "s": "Smallest blood vessels enabling nutrient and waste exchange."}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/organelle/": {"t": "Organelle", "s": "Specialized subunit within a cell with a specific function"}, "https://codexery.com/respiratory-diseases/e/respiratory-diseases/epithelial-mesenchymal-transition/": {"t": "Epithelial–mesenchymal transition", "s": "EMT is a cellular process driving development, fibrosis, and cancer metastasis."}, "https://codexery.com/pathology/e/pathology/blood-smear/": {"t": "Blood smear", "s": "A thin layer of blood on a slide, stained and examined microscopically to diagnose blood disorders and parasites."}, "https://codexery.com/genetics-fundamentals/e/genetics-fundamentals/molecular-genetics/": {"t": "Molecular genetics", "s": "Branch of biology linking DNA structure to organism variation."}, "https://codexery.com/nutrition-and-diet/e/nutrition-and-diet/biotin/": {"t": "Biotin", "s": "Essential B vitamin, cofactor for carboxylase enzymes in metabolism."}, "https://codexery.com/pathology/e/pathology/fluorescence-in-situ-hybridization/": {"t": "Fluorescence in situ hybridization", "s": "Molecular cytogenetic technique using fluorescent probes to localize nucleic acid sequences."}, "https://codexery.com/common-diseases-disorders/e/common-diseases-and-disorders/crohn-s-disease/": {"t": "Crohn's disease", "s": "A chronic inflammatory bowel disease affecting any part of the GI tract."}, "/e/anatomical-pathology/circulating-tumor-cell/": {"t": "Circulating tumor cell", "s": "Cancer cells in circulation that can seed metastases."}, "https://codexery.com/universities/e/universities/johns-hopkins-university/": {"t": "Johns Hopkins University", "s": "First U.S. research university, founded by a Quaker philanthropist.", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities/img/universities/johns-hopkins-university.webp", "c": "Daderot · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/types-of-cancer/e/types-of-cancer/bladder-cancer/": {"t": "Bladder cancer", "s": "Bladder cancer is a common malignancy often presenting with blood in urine.", "i": "https://codexery.com/types-of-cancer/img/types-of-cancer/bladder-cancer.webp", "c": "1 User:Rαge 2 Der Reisende at German Wikipedia · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/receptor-biochemistry/": {"t": "Receptor (biochemistry)", "s": "Proteins that bind ligands and transduce biological signals.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/img/cell-and-molecular-biology/receptor-biochemistry.webp", "c": "Wyatt Pyzynski · via Wikipedia: Receptor (biochemistry) · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cellular-biology/e/cellular-biology/biochemical-cascade/": {"t": "Biochemical cascade", "s": "A series of chemical reactions triggered by a stimulus within a cell."}, "https://codexery.com/biochemistry-and-cell-biology/e/biochemistry-and-cell-biology/cell-signaling/": {"t": "Cell signaling", "s": "Biological process by which cells interact with themselves, others, and environment."}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/stem-cell/": {"t": "Stem cell", "s": "Undifferentiated cells capable of self-renewal and differentiation into specialized cell types."}, "https://codexery.com/genetics/e/genetics/gene-expression/": {"t": "Gene expression", "s": "Process by which genes produce functional products."}, "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/e/science-and-measurement/microscope/": {"t": "Microscope", "s": "Instrument for viewing objects invisible to the naked eye.", "i": "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/img/science-and-measurement/microscope.webp", "c": "Chad Anderson, staff photographer for SFO Museum · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/injuries-and-conditions/e/injuries-and-conditions/vitiligo/": {"t": "Vitiligo", "s": "Chronic autoimmune disorder causing skin depigmentation.", "i": "https://codexery.com/injuries-and-conditions/img/injuries-and-conditions/vitiligo.webp", "c": "DataBase Center for Life Science (DBCLS) · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cysts/e/cysts/cyst/": {"t": "Cyst", "s": "A closed sac of abnormal cells, often self-resolving or requiring surgery."}, "https://codexery.com/surgery-trauma/e/surgery-and-trauma/abscess/": {"t": "Abscess", "s": "A pus-filled pocket caused by infection, often requiring drainage."}, "https://codexery.com/pathology-organizations/e/pathology-organizations/american-osteopathic-board-of-pathology/": {"t": "American Osteopathic Board of Pathology", "s": "Certifying osteopathic pathologists since 1974."}, "/e/anatomical-pathology/anatomical-pathology/": {"t": "Anatomical pathology", "s": "Medical specialty diagnosing disease through tissue examination."}, "https://codexery.com/polymers-and-macromolecules/e/polymers-and-macromolecules/polyethylene-glycol/": {"t": "Polyethylene glycol", "s": "A versatile polyether used in medicine, industry, and preservation."}, "https://codexery.com/polymers-and-macromolecules/e/polymers-and-macromolecules/polyvinyl-alcohol/": {"t": "Polyvinyl alcohol", "s": "Water-soluble synthetic polymer with diverse industrial and medical uses."}, "/e/anatomical-pathology/adenoma/": {"t": "Adenoma", "s": "Benign glandular tumor with potential for malignant transformation."}, "https://codexery.com/medical-specialties/e/medical-specialties/pediatrics/": {"t": "Pediatrics", "s": "Branch of medicine for the medical care of children and young adults."}, "https://codexery.com/steroid-responsive-inflammatory/e/steroid-responsive-inflammatory-conditions/inflammatory-bowel-disease/": {"t": "Inflammatory bowel disease", "s": "Chronic inflammatory conditions of the colon and small intestine."}, "https://codexery.com/medical-specialties/e/medical-specialties/radiology/": {"t": "Radiology", "s": "Medical specialty using imaging to diagnose and guide treatment."}, "https://codexery.com/symptoms-and-signs/e/symptoms-and-signs/fibrosis/": {"t": "Fibrosis", "s": "Fibrosis is excessive connective tissue deposition disrupting organ function."}, "https://codexery.com/vasculitis/e/vasculitis/granulomatosis-with-polyangiitis/": {"t": "Granulomatosis with polyangiitis", "s": "Rare autoimmune vasculitis affecting respiratory tract and kidneys."}, "https://codexery.com/zoonoses/e/zoonoses/cat-scratch-disease/": {"t": "Cat-scratch disease", "s": "Infectious disease from cat scratches or bites.", "i": "https://codexery.com/zoonoses/img/zoonoses/cat-scratch-disease.webp", "c": "Nephron · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/steroid-responsive-inflammatory/e/steroid-responsive-inflammatory-conditions/sarcoidosis/": {"t": "Sarcoidosis", "s": "A non-infectious granulomatous disease often affecting lungs, skin, or lymph nodes."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/tuberculosis/": {"t": "Tuberculosis", "s": "A contagious bacterial disease, historically called consumption, that remains a global killer."}, "https://codexery.com/bovine-diseases/e/bovine-diseases/cryptococcosis/": {"t": "Cryptococcosis", "s": "A fungal infection causing pneumonia and meningitis, often fatal."}, "https://codexery.com/occupational-diseases/e/occupational-diseases/berylliosis/": {"t": "Berylliosis", "s": "Chronic lung disease from beryllium exposure, with no cure.", "i": "https://codexery.com/occupational-diseases/img/occupational-diseases/berylliosis.webp", "c": "Yale Rosen from USA · via Wikipedia: Berylliosis · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/vasculitis/e/vasculitis/eosinophilic-granulomatosis-with-polyangiitis/": {"t": "Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis", "s": "Rare autoimmune vasculitis with three stages, formerly Churg–Strauss syndrome."}, "https://codexery.com/pathogenic-bacteria/e/pathogenic-bacteria/mycobacterium-tuberculosis/": {"t": "Mycobacterium tuberculosis", "s": "Mycobacterium tuberculosis, often called Koch’s bacillus, is the bacterium that causes tuberculosis."}, "https://codexery.com/yeasts/e/yeasts/cryptococcus/": {"t": "Cryptococcus", "s": "A fungal genus including yeasts and pathogens causing cryptococcosis."}, "https://codexery.com/pathogenic-bacteria/e/pathogenic-bacteria/listeria-monocytogenes/": {"t": "Listeria monocytogenes", "s": "A virulent foodborne pathogen causing listeriosis, often fatal in high-risk groups."}, "https://codexery.com/insects-and-their-relatives/e/insects-and-their-relatives/sandfly/": {"t": "Sandfly", "s": "Biting flies that transmit leishmaniasis and other diseases worldwide."}, "https://codexery.com/steroid-responsive-inflammatory/e/steroid-responsive-inflammatory-conditions/rheumatoid-arthritis/": {"t": "Rheumatoid arthritis", "s": "Chronic autoimmune disorder causing joint inflammation and systemic effects."}, "https://codexery.com/medical-emergencies/e/medical-emergencies/carbon-monoxide-poisoning/": {"t": "Carbon monoxide poisoning", "s": "A common, often fatal poisoning from colorless, odorless carbon monoxide gas."}, "https://codexery.com/poisoning-by-drugs-medicaments-and-biolo/e/poisoning-by-drugs-medicaments-and-biological-substances/opioid-overdose/": {"t": "Opioid overdose", "s": "Opioid overdose is a preventable cause of respiratory depression and death."}, "https://codexery.com/animal-anatomy/e/animal-anatomy/cerebral-cortex/": {"t": "Cerebral cortex", "s": "Outer neural layer of the cerebrum, key to higher cognition."}, "https://codexery.com/biochemistry-and-cell-biology/e/biochemistry-and-cell-biology/adenosine-triphosphate/": {"t": "Adenosine triphosphate", "s": "The molecular unit of currency for intracellular energy transfer."}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/myelin/": {"t": "Myelin", "s": "Lipid-rich insulator enabling rapid nerve impulse conduction in vertebrates."}, "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/e/diseases-and-conditions/myocardial-infarction/": {"t": "Myocardial infarction", "s": "A heart attack occurs when blood flow to the heart is blocked.", "i": "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/img/diseases-and-conditions/myocardial-infarction.webp", "c": "Authors of the study: Stefan Gustafsson, Erik Lampa, Karin Jensevik Eriksson, Ad · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/pathology/e/pathology/electron-microscope/": {"t": "Electron microscope", "s": "Uses electron beams for much higher resolution than light microscopes."}}