{"/e/amateur-radio/american-radio-relay-league/": {"t": "American Radio Relay League", "s": "Largest US amateur radio membership association, founded 1914."}, "/e/amateur-radio/frequency-plan/": {"t": "Frequency plan", "s": "A band plan defines how a radio band is used and shared."}, "/e/amateur-radio/morse-code/": {"t": "Morse code", "s": "A method of encoding text using dots and dashes."}, "/e/amateur-radio/amateur-radio-operator/": {"t": "Amateur radio operator", "s": "Licensed two-way communicators on amateur radio frequencies worldwide."}, "/e/amateur-radio/amateur-radio-station/": {"t": "Amateur radio station", "s": "A station built and operated by a licensed amateur radio operator."}, "/e/amateur-radio/telegraph-key/": {"t": "Telegraph key", "s": "A specialized switch for sending Morse code pulses."}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-radio-organizations/e/part-1/amateur-radio-emergency-communications/": {"t": "Amateur Radio Emergency Communications", "s": "New Zealand's amateur radio emergency communications service, formerly the Amateur Radio Emergency Corps."}, "/e/amateur-radio/amateur-radio-satellite/": {"t": "Amateur radio satellite", "s": "Amateur-built satellites enabling free radio communication for licensed operators worldwide."}, "https://codexery.com/international-organizations-and-agreemen/e/international-organizations-and-agreements/international-telecommunication-union/": {"t": "International Telecommunication Union", "s": "Oldest UN agency, founded as International Telegraph Union in 1865."}, "/e/amateur-radio/amateur-radio-frequency-allocations/": {"t": "Amateur radio frequency allocations", "s": "National and international rules govern which frequencies amateurs may use."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/frequency/": {"t": "Frequency", "s": "Frequency measures repeating events per unit time."}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-radio-organizations/e/part-1/international-amateur-radio-union/": {"t": "International Amateur Radio Union", "s": "International confederation of national amateur radio organisations.", "i": "https://codexery.com/amateur-radio-organizations/img/part-1/international-amateur-radio-union.webp", "c": "Р. Стрельников · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/linguistic-concepts-and-phenomena/e/linguistic-concepts-and-phenomena/pejorative/": {"t": "Pejorative", "s": "A term expressing negative or disrespectful connotation."}, "https://codexery.com/communication-and-media/e/communication-and-media/telegraphy/": {"t": "Telegraphy", "s": "Long-distance symbolic message transmission, from optical to electrical systems."}, "/e/amateur-radio/amateur-radio-net/": {"t": "Amateur radio net", "s": "A scheduled gathering of amateur radio operators for a common purpose."}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-radio-organizations/e/part-1/summits-on-the-air/": {"t": "Summits On The Air", "s": "Amateur radio operators activate mountain summits for contacts and points."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-modulation-modes/e/radio-modulation-modes/frequency-modulation/": {"t": "Frequency modulation", "s": "Frequency modulation varies carrier frequency with message signal amplitude."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-modulation-modes/e/radio-modulation-modes/single-sideband-modulation/": {"t": "Single-sideband modulation", "s": "A bandwidth- and power-efficient refinement of amplitude modulation."}, "/e/amateur-radio/vintage-amateur-radio/": {"t": "Vintage amateur radio", "s": "Preserving and operating radio gear from the vacuum tube era."}, "/e/amateur-radio/q-code/": {"t": "Q code", "s": "Standardized three-letter codes for unambiguous radio communication."}, "/e/amateur-radio/qrp-operation/": {"t": "QRP operation", "s": "Low-power amateur radio operation emphasizing efficiency and skill."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-modulation-modes/e/radio-modulation-modes/radioteletype/": {"t": "Radioteletype", "s": "Radioteletype connects teleprinters over radio using FSK or AFSK modulation."}, "https://codexery.com/packet-radio-and-radio-hobbies/e/packet-radio-and-radio-hobbies/ax-25/": {"t": "AX.25", "s": "Data link protocol for amateur packet radio, derived from X.25."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-spectrum/e/radio-spectrum/pmr446/": {"t": "PMR446", "s": "Licence-exempt UHF personal radio service used across Europe and beyond."}, "/e/amateur-radio/amateur-radio/": {"t": "Amateur radio", "s": "Non-commercial radio communication for experimentation, recreation, and emergency service."}, "https://codexery.com/physical-ocean-floor-features/e/physical-and-ocean-floor-features/subantarctic/": {"t": "Subantarctic", "s": "Subantarctic region: islands and waters north of Antarctica, south of the Subtropical Front."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/southern-ocean/": {"t": "Southern Ocean", "s": "Southernmost ocean encircling Antarctica, defined by circulation and latitude."}, "/e/amateur-radio/amateur-radio-call-signs/": {"t": "Amateur radio call signs", "s": "Internationally assigned identifiers for amateur radio operators and stations."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-spectrum/e/radio-spectrum/high-frequency/": {"t": "High frequency", "s": "HF enables long-distance radio communication via ionospheric skywave propagation."}, "/e/amateur-radio/sideband/": {"t": "Sideband", "s": "Sidebands carry the information in a modulated radio signal."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-modulation-modes/e/radio-modulation-modes/ft8/": {"t": "FT8", "s": "A weak-signal digital mode for amateur radio using 15-second cycles."}, "https://codexery.com/antenna-types/e/antenna-types/antenna-array/": {"t": "Antenna array", "s": "Multiple antennas working together to form a single, directional antenna.", "i": "https://codexery.com/antenna-types/img/antenna-types/antenna-array.webp", "c": "Quincy Morgan · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/computing-digital/e/computing-and-digital/computer-network/": {"t": "Computer network", "s": "A system of interconnected hosts communicating via protocols and hardware."}, "/e/amateur-radio/1-25-meter-band/": {"t": "1.25-meter band", "s": "A VHF band with a long history and dedicated North American following."}, "https://codexery.com/pc-gaming-brands-and-manufacturers/e/pc-gaming-brands-and-manufacturers/gigabyte/": {"t": "Gigabyte", "s": "A unit of digital information with both decimal and binary definitions."}, "https://codexery.com/american-inventions/e/american-inventions/arpanet/": {"t": "ARPANET", "s": "First packet-switched network; technical foundation of the Internet."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-spectrum/e/radio-spectrum/very-high-frequency/": {"t": "Very high frequency", "s": "VHF spans 30–300 MHz, enabling line-of-sight radio for broadcasting, aviation, and marine use."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-spectrum/e/radio-spectrum/ultra-high-frequency/": {"t": "Ultra high frequency", "s": "UHF band spans 300 MHz to 3 GHz, enabling line-of-sight communications."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-spectrum/e/radio-spectrum/ism-radio-band/": {"t": "ISM radio band", "s": "Reserved for industrial, scientific, medical use; now crowded with unlicensed communications."}, "https://codexery.com/packet-radio-and-radio-hobbies/e/packet-radio-and-radio-hobbies/high-speed-multimedia-radio/": {"t": "High-speed multimedia radio", "s": "Amateur radio high-speed TCP/IP networks using modified Wi-Fi hardware."}, "https://codexery.com/labor-employment/e/labor-and-employment/volunteering/": {"t": "Volunteering", "s": "Volunteering is freely giving time and labor for community service."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/oceania/": {"t": "Oceania", "s": "The smallest continent, spanning the Pacific's vast ocean."}, "/e/amateur-radio/dx-pedition/": {"t": "DX-pedition", "s": "Expeditions to rare locations for amateur radio contacts and awards."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/indian-independence-movement/": {"t": "Indian independence movement", "s": "Political efforts to end British colonial rule in India."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-spectrum/e/radio-spectrum/shortwave-radio/": {"t": "Shortwave radio", "s": "Shortwave radio enables long-distance communication via ionospheric reflection."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/second-world-war/": {"t": "Second World War", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Axis, deadliest in history."}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/e/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/axis-powers/": {"t": "Axis powers", "s": "Military coalition that initiated World War II against the Allies.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/img/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/axis-powers.webp", "c": "Sr L · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-radio-people/e/amateur-radio-people/nariman-printer/": {"t": "Nariman Printer", "s": "Indian amateur radio operator who helped broadcast for the independence movement."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/mahatma-gandhi/": {"t": "Mahatma Gandhi", "s": "Leader of India's nonviolent independence movement"}, "https://codexery.com/governments-and-political-systems/e/governments-and-political-systems/indian-national-congress/": {"t": "Indian National Congress", "s": "India's oldest political party, a big tent centrist force.", "i": "https://codexery.com/governments-and-political-systems/img/governments-and-political-systems/indian-national-congress.webp", "c": "Trouscht · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-radio-organizations-part-2/e/part-1/amateur-radio-society-of-india/": {"t": "Amateur Radio Society of India", "s": "National non-profit representing Indian amateur radio operators."}, "https://codexery.com/indian-states/e/indian-states/madhya-pradesh/": {"t": "Madhya Pradesh", "s": "The central province of India, rich in history and minerals."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/new-delhi/": {"t": "New Delhi", "s": "The capital city of India, seat of government, and a planned city within the National Capital Territory of Delhi."}, "https://codexery.com/disasters/e/historic-disasters/the-2004-indian-ocean-tsunami/": {"t": "The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami", "s": "On 26 December 2004, a massive undersea megathrust earthquake, known scientifically as the Sumatra–Andaman earthquake, struck at 07:58:53 local time off the wes"}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-radio-satellites/e/amateur-radio-satellites/hamsat/": {"t": "HAMSAT", "s": "Indian amateur radio microsatellite providing global U-V communications."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/mumbai/": {"t": "Mumbai", "s": "Financial and entertainment capital of India, built on seven islands."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/alternating-current/": {"t": "Alternating current", "s": "Electric current that reverses direction and enables efficient power transmission."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-electronics/e/radio-electronics/squelch/": {"t": "Squelch", "s": "Squelch suppresses receiver output when no signal is present."}, "https://codexery.com/communication-and-media/e/communication-and-media/signal-to-noise-ratio/": {"t": "Signal-to-noise ratio", "s": "Measure comparing signal power to background noise power."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-propagation/e/radio-propagation/fading/": {"t": "Fading", "s": "Variation of signal attenuation over time, position, and frequency."}, "https://codexery.com/colonialism-and-exploration/e/colonialism-and-exploration/french-india/": {"t": "French India", "s": "French colonial enclaves in India.", "i": "https://codexery.com/colonialism-and-exploration/img/colonialism-and-exploration/french-india.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: History of colonialism · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/indian-states/e/indian-states/sikkim/": {"t": "Sikkim", "s": "The hidden valley of rice in the Eastern Himalaya"}, "https://codexery.com/radio-spectrum/e/radio-spectrum/spectral-density/": {"t": "Spectral density", "s": "Distribution of signal power over frequency components."}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-radio-organizations/e/part-1/national-traffic-system/": {"t": "National Traffic System", "s": "Organized amateur radio network for relaying messages across North America.", "i": "https://codexery.com/amateur-radio-organizations/img/part-1/national-traffic-system.webp", "c": "GrandTetonNPS · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/radio-propagation/e/radio-propagation/radio-propagation/": {"t": "Radio propagation", "s": "Radio waves travel via line-of-sight, ground wave, and skywave modes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/radio-propagation/img/radio-propagation/radio-propagation.webp", "c": "Mysid · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/packet-radio-and-radio-hobbies/e/packet-radio-and-radio-hobbies/dxing/": {"t": "DXing", "s": "Hobby of receiving or contacting distant radio signals."}, "/e/amateur-radio/etymology-of-ham-radio/": {"t": "Etymology of ham radio", "s": "From telegraph slur to proud amateur radio identity."}, "/e/amateur-radio/qsl-card/": {"t": "QSL card", "s": "A postcard-sized confirmation of radio contact or reception."}, "https://codexery.com/packet-radio-and-radio-hobbies/e/packet-radio-and-radio-hobbies/automatic-packet-reporting-system/": {"t": "Automatic Packet Reporting System", "s": "Amateur radio protocol for real-time local data sharing."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-electronics/e/radio-electronics/repeater/": {"t": "Repeater", "s": "A device that receives and retransmits a signal to extend range.", "i": "https://codexery.com/radio-electronics/img/radio-electronics/repeater.webp", "c": "Geographer · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/space-missions/e/space-missions/sputnik-1/": {"t": "Sputnik 1", "s": "Sputnik 1, meaning \"Satellite-One\" in Russian, was the first artificial Earth satellite."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/astronomy-and-space/low-earth-orbit/": {"t": "Low Earth orbit", "s": "Low Earth orbit hosts most artificial satellites and space stations."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-modulation-modes/e/radio-modulation-modes/psk31/": {"t": "PSK31", "s": "A narrowband digital mode for keyboard-to-keyboard amateur radio chat."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-propagation/e/radio-propagation/doppler-effect/": {"t": "Doppler effect", "s": "Frequency shift due to relative motion between source and observer."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/classical-mechanics/velocity/": {"t": "Velocity", "s": "A vector measure of speed with direction."}, "https://codexery.com/military-and-two-way-radios/e/military-and-two-way-radios/walkie-talkie/": {"t": "Walkie-talkie", "s": "Hand-held two-way radio transceiver developed during the Second World War."}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-radio-satellites/e/amateur-radio-satellites/suitsat/": {"t": "SuitSat", "s": "A retired spacesuit became a short-lived amateur radio satellite."}, "https://codexery.com/novels-by-robert-a-heinlein/e/novels-by-robert-a-heinlein/have-space-suit-will-travel/": {"t": "Have Space Suit—Will Travel", "s": "A high school senior wins a used space suit and is kidnapped by aliens."}, "https://codexery.com/science-fiction-and-fantasy-writers/e/science-fiction-and-fantasy-writers/robert-a-heinlein/": {"t": "Robert A. Heinlein", "s": "American science fiction author, engineer, and naval officer."}, "/e/amateur-radio/slow-scan-television/": {"t": "Slow-scan television", "s": "Narrowband still picture transmission for amateur radio."}, "/e/amateur-radio/2-meter-band/": {"t": "2-meter band", "s": "A popular VHF band for local and emergency communications."}, "/e/amateur-radio/23-centimeter-band/": {"t": "23-centimeter band", "s": "A secondary UHF band for amateur radio and satellite use."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/radio-wave/": {"t": "Radio wave", "s": "Electromagnetic waves with the longest wavelengths and lowest frequencies."}, "https://codexery.com/graphics-hardware/e/graphics-hardware/refresh-rate/": {"t": "Refresh rate", "s": "Refresh rate measures how often a raster display updates its image."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-spectrum/e/radio-spectrum/pan-american-television-frequencies/": {"t": "Pan-American television frequencies", "s": "Pan-American TV frequencies span VHF and UHF bands with distinct allocations."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-spectrum/e/radio-spectrum/super-high-frequency/": {"t": "Super high frequency", "s": "SHF enables narrow-beam microwave communication and radar from 3 to 30 GHz."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-spectrum/e/radio-spectrum/extremely-high-frequency/": {"t": "Extremely high frequency", "s": "Millimeter waves enable dense frequency reuse and 5G networks.", "i": "https://codexery.com/radio-spectrum/img/radio-spectrum/extremely-high-frequency.webp", "c": "U.S. Army 1-SB by Staff Sgt. Nicholas Goodman · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/radio-modulation-modes/e/radio-modulation-modes/demodulation/": {"t": "Demodulation", "s": "Demodulation recovers original information from a modulated carrier wave."}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-radio-satellites/e/amateur-radio-satellites/es-hail-2/": {"t": "Es'hail 2", "s": "First geostationary amateur radio satellite with DATV transponder."}, "/e/amateur-radio/13-centimeter-band/": {"t": "13-centimeter band", "s": "A UHF microwave band for amateur radio and satellite use."}, "https://codexery.com/communication-and-media/e/communication-and-media/television/": {"t": "Television", "s": "A telecommunication medium for transmitting moving images and sound."}, "https://codexery.com/meteorology/e/meteorology/hertz/": {"t": "Hertz", "s": "German physicist who proved electromagnetic waves exist."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-propagation/e/radio-propagation/path-loss/": {"t": "Path loss", "s": "Path loss is the reduction in signal strength as it travels from transmitter to receiver."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-propagation/e/radio-propagation/f-region/": {"t": "F region", "s": "The ionospheric layer with the highest free electron concentration."}, "/e/amateur-radio/tropospheric-propagation/": {"t": "Tropospheric propagation", "s": "Tropospheric propagation bends VHF/UHF signals over the horizon via weather inversions."}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-radio-people/e/amateur-radio-people/hiram-percy-maxim/": {"t": "Hiram Percy Maxim", "s": "Co-founder of the American Radio Relay League and inventor of the firearm silencer."}, "https://codexery.com/american-state-capitals/e/american-state-capitals/hartford-connecticut/": {"t": "Hartford, Connecticut", "s": "Hartford: The Insurance Capital of the World and America's Filing Cabinet", "i": "https://codexery.com/american-state-capitals/img/american-state-capitals/hartford-connecticut.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Hartford, Connecticut · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-radio-organizations/e/part-1/amateur-radio-emergency-service/": {"t": "Amateur Radio Emergency Service", "s": "Trained volunteers providing emergency communications when all else fails."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/world-war-i/": {"t": "World War I", "s": "The First World War, a global conflict from 1914 to 1918, was fought between the Allied and Central Powers."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-electronics/e/radio-electronics/spark-gap-transmitter/": {"t": "Spark-gap transmitter", "s": "The first type of radio transmitter, using electric sparks to generate waves."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/france/": {"t": "France", "s": "A global centre of art, science, cuisine and philosophy."}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-radio-organizations-part-2/e/part-1/war-emergency-radio-service/": {"t": "War Emergency Radio Service", "s": "Civil defense radio service during the Second World War."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-spectrum/e/radio-spectrum/microwave/": {"t": "Microwave", "s": "Electromagnetic radiation between radio waves and infrared, used widely in technology."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-spectrum/e/radio-spectrum/citizens-band-radio/": {"t": "Citizens band radio", "s": "A license-free shortwave two-way radio service for personal and business use."}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous/e/miscellaneous/automation/": {"t": "Automation", "s": "Technologies that reduce human intervention in processes via feedback control."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-propagation/e/radio-propagation/antenna-radio/": {"t": "Antenna (radio)", "s": "Interface between radio waves and electric currents."}, "https://codexery.com/electrical-systems/e/electrical-systems/electrical-engineering/": {"t": "Electrical engineering", "s": "Discipline studying and applying electricity, electronics, and electromagnetism."}, "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/e/government-and-public-administration/regulation/": {"t": "Regulation", "s": "Management of complex systems according to rules and trends."}, "https://codexery.com/thermodynamics-and-statistical-mechanics/e/thermodynamics-and-statistical-mechanics/temperature/": {"t": "Temperature", "s": "Temperature measures average particle kinetic energy and thermal energy distribution."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-propagation/e/radio-propagation/radome/": {"t": "Radome", "s": "A weatherproof enclosure that protects radar antennas from the elements."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/nitrogen/": {"t": "Nitrogen", "s": "Nitrogen is a colourless, odourless diatomic gas forming 78% of Earth's air."}, "https://codexery.com/communication-and-media/e/communication-and-media/telephone/": {"t": "Telephone", "s": "A device for distant voice communication via electronic signals."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-manufacturers/e/radio-manufacturers/icom-incorporated/": {"t": "Icom Incorporated", "s": "Japanese manufacturer of radio transmitting and receiving equipment since 1954."}, "https://codexery.com/computing-digital/e/computing-and-digital/character-encoding/": {"t": "Character encoding", "s": "Convention mapping characters to numeric values for digital use."}, "https://codexery.com/telegraph-keys-and-codes/e/telegraph-keys-and-codes/teleprinter/": {"t": "Teleprinter", "s": "Electromechanical device for typed message transmission."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/carl-friedrich-gauss/": {"t": "Carl Friedrich Gauss", "s": "German mathematician, astronomer, geodesist, and physicist"}, "https://codexery.com/corporations-conglomerates/e/corporations-and-conglomerates/western-union/": {"t": "Western Union", "s": "From telegraph pioneer to global money transfer leader.", "i": "https://codexery.com/corporations-conglomerates/img/corporations-and-conglomerates/western-union.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Western Union · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/radio-modulation-modes/e/radio-modulation-modes/types-of-radio-emissions/": {"t": "Types of radio emissions", "s": "ITU system for classifying radio emissions by signal characteristics."}, "https://codexery.com/communication-and-media/e/communication-and-media/signal-modulation/": {"t": "Signal modulation", "s": "Varying waveform properties to transmit information over distance."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-radiation/e/electromagnetism-and-radiation/radio-frequency/": {"t": "Radio frequency", "s": "Oscillation rate enabling radio wave radiation and technology."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-electronics/e/radio-electronics/intermediate-frequency/": {"t": "Intermediate frequency", "s": "A fixed intermediate frequency enables selective filtering and stable amplification.", "i": "https://codexery.com/radio-electronics/img/radio-electronics/intermediate-frequency.webp", "c": "Chetvorno · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/radio-electronics/e/radio-electronics/frequency-mixer/": {"t": "Frequency mixer", "s": "A circuit that produces sum and difference frequencies from two inputs."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-modulation-modes/e/radio-modulation-modes/detector-radio/": {"t": "Detector (radio)", "s": "A circuit that extracts information from a modulated radio signal."}, "https://codexery.com/computing-digital/e/computing-and-digital/computing/": {"t": "Computing", "s": "Goal-oriented activity involving computing machinery and algorithmic processes."}, "https://codexery.com/computing-digital/e/computing-and-digital/computer-program/": {"t": "Computer program", "s": "A sequence of instructions executed by a computer."}, "https://codexery.com/computing-digital/e/computing-and-digital/compiler/": {"t": "Compiler", "s": "Software that translates high-level code into low-level machine code."}, "https://codexery.com/gaming-mechanics-design/e/gaming-mechanics-and-design/game-engine/": {"t": "Game engine", "s": "Software framework for developing and publishing video games across platforms.", "i": "https://codexery.com/gaming-mechanics-design/img/gaming-mechanics-and-design/game-engine.webp", "c": "Nicolas.le-guen · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/design-digital-arts/e/design-and-digital-arts/3d-computer-graphics/": {"t": "3D computer graphics", "s": "3D computer graphics use geometric data to render digital images."}, "https://codexery.com/design-digital-arts/e/design-and-digital-arts/2d-computer-graphics/": {"t": "2D computer graphics", "s": "Computer-based generation of digital images from two-dimensional models."}, "https://codexery.com/antenna-types/e/antenna-types/random-wire-antenna/": {"t": "Random wire antenna", "s": "A versatile, non-resonant wire antenna for multiple bands."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/electrical-impedance/": {"t": "Electrical impedance", "s": "Opposition to alternating current combining resistance and reactance."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/inductance/": {"t": "Inductance", "s": "Inductance opposes changes in electric current via electromagnetic induction."}, "https://codexery.com/electrical-systems/e/electrical-systems/inductor/": {"t": "Inductor", "s": "Passive component that stores energy in a magnetic field."}, "https://codexery.com/dutch-inventions/e/dutch-inventions/electrical-capacitor/": {"t": "Electrical capacitor", "s": "Passive component storing electrical energy via separated conductors."}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-radio-people/e/amateur-radio-people/attilio-gatti/": {"t": "Attilio Gatti", "s": "Italian-born explorer, author, filmmaker, and amateur radio operator OQ5ZZ."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-manufacturers/e/radio-manufacturers/hallicrafters/": {"t": "Hallicrafters", "s": "American radio manufacturer from 1932 to 1975."}, "https://codexery.com/historic-and-sacred-architecture/e/historic-and-sacred-architecture/mount-athos/": {"t": "Mount Athos", "s": "Eastern Orthodox monastic center on a Greek peninsula."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-of-the-pacific/e/islands-of-the-pacific/campbell-island-new-zealand/": {"t": "Campbell Island, New Zealand", "s": "Remote subantarctic island of New Zealand, a UNESCO World Heritage site and haven for albatross.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islands-of-the-pacific/img/islands-of-the-pacific/campbell-island-new-zealand.webp", "c": "Vallee · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/coral-reefs/e/coral-reefs/clipperton-island/": {"t": "Clipperton Island", "s": "Uninhabited French coral atoll in the eastern Pacific Ocean."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-and-landforms/e/geology-and-landforms/atoll/": {"t": "Atoll", "s": "Ring-shaped coral island encircling a lagoon, found in warm tropical seas.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology-and-landforms/img/geology-and-landforms/atoll.webp", "c": "WEY · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/direct-current/": {"t": "Direct current", "s": "Direct current flows in one constant direction."}, "https://codexery.com/human-spaceflight-programs/e/human-spaceflight-programs/apollo-program/": {"t": "Apollo program", "s": "The United States human spaceflight program that landed the first humans on the Moon."}, "https://codexery.com/music/e/music/yankee-doodle/": {"t": "Yankee Doodle", "s": "Pre-Revolutionary tune mocking colonists, later adopted as American patriotic song.", "i": "https://codexery.com/music/img/music/yankee-doodle.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Yankee Doodle · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/e/universities-and-colleges/harvard-university/": {"t": "Harvard University", "s": "Oldest institution 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"https://codexery.com/radio-propagation/e/radio-propagation/communication-with-submarines/": {"t": "Communication with submarines", "s": "Submerged submarines use VLF and ELF radio for one-way communication."}, "https://codexery.com/antenna-types/e/antenna-types/ground-dipole/": {"t": "Ground dipole", "s": "A massive ELF antenna using the earth as part of its circuit."}, "https://codexery.com/crystallography/e/crystallography/absorption-electromagnetic-radiation/": {"t": "Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)", "s": "Matter takes up photon energy, transforming it into internal energy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/crystallography/img/crystallography/absorption-electromagnetic-radiation.webp", "c": "Own work · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-substances-and-materials/e/chemical-substances-and-materials/ozone/": {"t": "Ozone", "s": "A pale-blue gas that protects and pollutes the atmosphere.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemical-substances-and-materials/img/chemical-substances-and-materials/ozone.webp", "c": "Mdemyer · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/radio-propagation/e/radio-propagation/co-channel-interference/": {"t": "Co-channel interference", "s": "Crosstalk from two transmitters using the same channel.", "i": "https://codexery.com/radio-propagation/img/radio-propagation/co-channel-interference.webp", "c": "Andrew Crouthamel · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/charles-babbage/": {"t": "Charles Babbage", "s": "English polymath who originated the concept of a digital programmable computer."}, "https://codexery.com/pioneers-of-computing-and-information-th/e/pioneers-of-computing-and-information-theory/konrad-zuse/": {"t": "Konrad Zuse", "s": "German engineer who built the first programmable computer, the Z3.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pioneers-of-computing-and-information-th/img/pioneers-of-computing-and-information-theory/konrad-zuse.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: History of computing · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/microprocessors/e/microprocessors/microprocessor/": {"t": "Microprocessor", "s": "A single-chip CPU that revolutionized computing through integration.", "i": "https://codexery.com/microprocessors/img/microprocessors/microprocessor.webp", "c": "Piotr433 · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/submachine-guns/e/submachine-guns/borz/": {"t": "Borz", "s": "Chechen improvised submachine gun produced from 1992 to 1999."}, "https://codexery.com/classic-cars/e/classic-cars/volkswagen-beetle/": {"t": "Volkswagen Beetle", "s": "A rear-engine, air-cooled icon produced for 65 years."}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-radio-organizations-part-2/e/part-1/wireless-institute-of-australia/": {"t": "Wireless Institute of Australia", "s": "First and oldest national amateur radio society in the world."}, "https://codexery.com/musculoskeletal-system-and-orthopedics/e/musculoskeletal-system-and-orthopedics/repetitive-strain-injury/": {"t": "Repetitive strain injury", "s": "An umbrella term for musculoskeletal injuries from repetitive strain.", "i": "https://codexery.com/musculoskeletal-system-and-orthopedics/img/musculoskeletal-system-and-orthopedics/repetitive-strain-injury.webp", "c": "Biswarup Ganguly · CC BY 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-united-states/e/rebellions-against-the-united-states/american-civil-war/": {"t": "American Civil War", "s": "Civil war between the Union and Confederacy over slavery and secession."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-modulation-modes/e/radio-modulation-modes/keying-telecommunications/": {"t": "Keying (telecommunications)", "s": "Digital modulation for transmitting digital signals over analog channels."}, "https://codexery.com/transportation-engineering/e/transportation-engineering/cycling/": {"t": "Cycling", "s": "Cycling is a global 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and longitude."}, "https://codexery.com/satellite-navigation-and-gps/e/satellite-navigation-and-gps/world-geodetic-system/": {"t": "World Geodetic System", "s": "Standard for Earth-centered coordinates, geodesy, and satellite navigation."}, "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/e/lines-and-hemispheres/longitude/": {"t": "Longitude", "s": "The east-west coordinate that, with latitude, pinpoints any location on Earth.", "i": "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/img/lines-and-hemispheres/longitude.webp", "c": "Original:  Pearson Scott Forman Vector:  Gregors · via Wikipedia: Longitude · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/physical-ocean-floor-features/e/physical-and-ocean-floor-features/south-pole/": {"t": "South Pole", "s": "Southernmost waters of the World Ocean, encircling Antarctica south of 60° S."}, "https://codexery.com/physical-ocean-floor-features/e/physical-and-ocean-floor-features/north-pole/": {"t": "North Pole", "s": "Northernmost point on Earth, located in the Arctic Ocean."}, "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/e/lines-and-hemispheres/180th-meridian/": {"t": "180th meridian", "s": "The 180th meridian divides hemispheres and anchors the International Date Line."}, "https://codexery.com/other-geographic-features/e/other-geographic-features/prime-meridian/": {"t": "Prime meridian", "s": "The prime meridian is the line of 0° longitude, arbitrarily chosen for Earth as the IERS Reference Meridian."}, "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/e/lines-and-hemispheres/geodetic-datum/": {"t": "Geodetic datum", "s": "A reference frame for unambiguously representing Earth positions.", "i": "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/img/lines-and-hemispheres/geodetic-datum.webp", "c": "Cosmo1976 · via Wikipedia: Geodetic datum · CC BY 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/radio-modulation-modes/e/radio-modulation-modes/wsjt-amateur-radio-software/": {"t": "WSJT (amateur radio software)", "s": "Weak-signal amateur radio software for exotic propagation modes."}, "https://codexery.com/satellite-navigation-and-gps/e/satellite-navigation-and-gps/global-positioning-system/": {"t": "Global Positioning System", "s": "A satellite navigation system providing global positioning and timing."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-spectrum/e/radio-spectrum/medium-frequency/": {"t": "Medium frequency", "s": "Medium frequency spans 300 kHz to 3 MHz, key for AM broadcasting."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-electronics/e/radio-electronics/standing-wave-ratio/": {"t": "Standing wave ratio", "s": "SWR measures impedance matching via standing wave amplitude ratio."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/capacitance/": {"t": "Capacitance", "s": "Capacitance is the ability to store electric charge."}, "https://codexery.com/inventors/e/great-inventors/samuel-morse/": {"t": "Samuel Morse", "s": "American inventor and painter, co-developer of Morse code and the single-wire telegraph.", "i": "https://codexery.com/inventors/img/great-inventors/samuel-morse.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Samuel Morse · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/telegraph-keys-and-codes/e/telegraph-keys-and-codes/electrical-telegraph/": {"t": "Electrical telegraph", "s": "First electrical telecommunications system, used from the 1840s."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/e/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/sound/": {"t": "Sound", "s": "Mechanical wave propagating through an elastic medium."}, "/e/amateur-radio/on-off-keying/": {"t": "On–off keying", "s": "OOK encodes data as carrier presence or absence."}, "https://codexery.com/battery-types/e/battery-types/voltaic-pile/": {"t": "Voltaic pile", "s": "The first battery to provide continuous electric current."}, "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/e/electricity-and-magnetism/electromagnetism/": {"t": "Electromagnetism", "s": "One of four fundamental forces governing atomic and molecular interactions."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/electromagnet/": {"t": "Electromagnet", "s": "Electromagnet produces magnetic field via electric current."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/electric-current/": {"t": "Electric current", "s": "Flow of charged particles through a conductor or space."}, "https://codexery.com/telegraph-keys-and-codes/e/telegraph-keys-and-codes/telegraph-sounder/": {"t": "Telegraph sounder", "s": "An electromechanical receiver that made Morse code audible via clicks."}, "https://codexery.com/inventors-of-everyday-objects/e/inventors-of-everyday-objects/charles-wheatstone/": {"t": "Charles Wheatstone", "s": "English physicist and inventor known for the Wheatstone bridge (originally invented by Samuel Hunter Christie), the English concertina, the stereoscope, and the", "i": "https://codexery.com/inventors-of-everyday-objects/img/inventors-of-everyday-objects/charles-wheatstone.webp", "c": "Peter Trimming · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/german-language/": {"t": "German language", "s": "German, known natively as Deutsch (pronounced [dɔɪ̯tʃ]), belongs to the West Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family and is spoken primarily across"}, "https://codexery.com/transportation-engineering/e/transportation-engineering/airship/": {"t": "Airship", "s": "First powered, controlled aircraft; declined after high-profile accidents.", "i": "https://codexery.com/transportation-engineering/img/transportation-engineering/airship.webp", "c": "Self Scanned · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-navigators/e/explorers-and-navigators/charles-lindbergh/": {"t": "Charles Lindbergh", "s": "Aviator who made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/new-york-city/": {"t": "New York City", "s": "The most populous city in the United States, a global center of finance, culture, and diplomacy."}, "https://codexery.com/warfare-military-history/e/warfare-and-military-history/blitzkrieg/": {"t": "Blitzkrieg", "s": "A German combined arms surprise attack for rapid, decisive victory."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/poland/": {"t": "Poland", "s": "A Central European nation with a rich history, from the Piast dynasty to the Solidarity movement."}, "https://codexery.com/german-states/e/german-states/hamburg/": {"t": "Hamburg", "s": "Second-largest German city and major Hanseatic port."}, "https://codexery.com/writing-systems/e/writing-systems/alphabet/": {"t": "Alphabet", "s": "A writing system where letters represent phonemes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/writing-systems/img/writing-systems/alphabet.webp", "c": "MS Sakib · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/radio-modulation-modes/e/radio-modulation-modes/amplitude-shift-keying/": {"t": "Amplitude-shift keying", "s": "Digital data encoded as carrier amplitude variations."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-electronics/e/radio-electronics/regenerative-circuit/": {"t": "Regenerative circuit", "s": "Positive feedback amplifier circuit used to greatly increase gain.", "i": "https://codexery.com/radio-electronics/img/radio-electronics/regenerative-circuit.webp", "c": "Credited to Central News Photo Service · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/radio-modulation-modes/e/radio-modulation-modes/phase-shift-keying/": {"t": "Phase-shift keying", "s": "Digital modulation that encodes data by varying carrier phase."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-electronics/e/radio-electronics/rolling-code/": {"t": "Rolling code", "s": "A rolling code changes each use to thwart replay attacks.", "i": "https://codexery.com/radio-electronics/img/radio-electronics/rolling-code.webp", "c": "Effeietsanders · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/eritrea/": {"t": "Eritrea", "s": "Eritrea, officially the State of Eritrea, sits in the Horn of Africa 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frequency."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-manufacturers/e/radio-manufacturers/heathkit/": {"t": "Heathkit", "s": "Heathkit produced electronic kits from 1947 until 1992."}, "https://codexery.com/antenna-types/e/antenna-types/whip-antenna/": {"t": "Whip antenna", "s": "Flexible monopole antenna for omnidirectional radio communication."}, "https://codexery.com/space-missions/e/space-missions/the-international-space-station/": {"t": "The International Space Station", "s": "The International Space Station (ISS) is a modular spacecraft in low Earth orbit, assembled and operated by five partner agencies: NASA, Roscosmos, ESA, JAXA, a"}, "https://codexery.com/crewed-spacecraft-and-space-stations/e/crewed-spacecraft-and-space-stations/mir/": {"t": "Mir", "s": "First modular space station, continuously inhabited for over twelve years."}, "/e/amateur-radio/logbook-of-the-world/": {"t": "Logbook of The World", "s": "ARRL's electronic QSL verification service for amateur radio awards."}, "https://codexery.com/computer-peripherals/e/computer-peripherals/post-card/": {"t": "POST card", "s": "A diagnostic card that displays POST codes to troubleshoot startup failures."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/england/": {"t": "England", "s": "Land of the Angles, birthplace of football and the Industrial Revolution."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-propagation/e/radio-propagation/high-frequency-active-auroral-research-program/": {"t": "High-frequency Active Auroral Research Program", "s": "A research facility studying the ionosphere with high-power radio waves."}, "https://codexery.com/shortwave-and-numbers-stations/e/shortwave-and-numbers-stations/wwv-radio-station/": {"t": "WWV (radio station)", "s": "Official U.S. time broadcast continuously since 1945."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-propagation/e/radio-propagation/tv-and-fm-dx/": {"t": "TV and FM DX", "s": "The hobby of receiving distant TV and FM signals via unusual propagation."}, "/e/amateur-radio/lowfer/": {"t": "LowFER", "s": "LowFER is license-free experimental radio below 300 kHz."}, "/e/amateur-radio/10-meter-band/": {"t": "10-meter band", "s": "A wide HF band with variable propagation and many modes."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-propagation/e/radio-propagation/radio-beacon/": {"t": "Radio beacon", "s": "A fixed transmitter used for navigation, direction finding, and emergency location."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/north-america/": {"t": "North America", "s": "Third-largest continent by area; fourth-largest by population.", "i": "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/img/regions-and-cultural-spheres/north-america.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: North America · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/radio-propagation/e/radio-propagation/sporadic-e-propagation/": {"t": "Sporadic E propagation", "s": "Unpredictable VHF propagation via ionized patches in the lower E region."}, "/e/amateur-radio/6-meter-band/": {"t": "6-meter band", "s": "The VHF 'magic band' with occasional HF-like propagation."}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-radio-organizations-part-2/e/part-1/deutscher-amateur-radio-club/": {"t": "Deutscher Amateur-Radio-Club", "s": "National non-profit organization for German amateur radio enthusiasts."}, "https://codexery.com/geology/e/geology/earth-s-magnetic-field/": {"t": "Earth's magnetic field", "s": "Earth's magnetic field, generated by a geodynamo in the outer core, protects the planet from solar wind and cosmic rays."}, "https://codexery.com/headphones-mics-and-mice/e/headphones-mics-and-mice/microphone/": {"t": "Microphone", "s": "A transducer that converts sound into an electrical signal."}, "https://codexery.com/discovery-and-invention-controversies/e/discovery-and-invention-controversies/integrated-circuit/": {"t": "Integrated circuit", "s": "Compact electronic circuits on a semiconductor chip revolutionized modern technology."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-propagation/e/radio-propagation/dbm/": {"t": "DBm", "s": "Logarithmic power unit referenced to one milliwatt, used in communications."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-modulation-modes/e/radio-modulation-modes/software-defined-radio/": {"t": "Software-defined radio", "s": "Radio communication system implemented via software on general-purpose hardware."}, "https://codexery.com/crewed-spacecraft-and-space-stations/e/crewed-spacecraft-and-space-stations/space-shuttle/": {"t": "Space Shuttle", "s": "Partially reusable low Earth orbital spacecraft system."}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-radio-organizations/e/part-1/amateur-radio-on-the-international-space-station/": {"t": "Amateur Radio on the International Space Station", "s": "ARISS connects students and hams with ISS crew via amateur radio.", "i": "https://codexery.com/amateur-radio-organizations/img/part-1/amateur-radio-on-the-international-space-station.webp", "c": "ITU Pictures from Geneva, Switzerland · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/space-shuttle-missions/e/space-shuttle-missions/sts-9/": {"t": "STS-9", "s": "First Spacelab mission; first non-U.S. citizen on Shuttle.", "i": "https://codexery.com/space-shuttle-missions/img/space-shuttle-missions/sts-9.webp", "c": "NASA · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-radio-people/e/amateur-radio-people/hussein-of-jordan/": {"t": "Hussein of Jordan", "s": "King of Jordan who balanced regional pressures and became a peacemaker."}, "https://codexery.com/crewed-spacecraft-and-space-stations/e/crewed-spacecraft-and-space-stations/space-shuttle-challenger/": {"t": "Space Shuttle Challenger", "s": "Second Space Shuttle orbiter, destroyed in 1986 disaster."}, "https://codexery.com/space-shuttle-missions/e/space-shuttle-missions/sts-37/": {"t": "STS-37", "s": "Deployed the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory; first U.S. spacewalks since 1985."}, "/e/amateur-radio/beat-frequency-oscillator/": {"t": "Beat frequency oscillator", "s": "BFO makes CW and SSB signals audible in radio receivers."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-modulation-modes/e/radio-modulation-modes/envelope-detector/": {"t": "Envelope detector", "s": "Circuit that extracts the envelope of a high-frequency signal."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-electronics/e/radio-electronics/phase-locked-loop/": {"t": "Phase-locked loop", "s": "A control system that locks output phase to input phase."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-modulation-modes/e/radio-modulation-modes/double-sideband-suppressed-carrier-transmission/": {"t": "Double-sideband suppressed-carrier transmission", "s": "DSB-SC transmits both sidebands but suppresses the carrier for efficiency."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-modulation-modes/e/radio-modulation-modes/quadrature-amplitude-modulation/": {"t": "Quadrature amplitude modulation", "s": "A family of modulation methods conveying two signals on orthogonal carriers."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-modulation-modes/e/radio-modulation-modes/reduced-carrier-transmission/": {"t": "Reduced-carrier transmission", "s": "AM transmission reducing carrier level to save power and boost sidebands."}, "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/e/electricity-and-magnetism/electric-power/": {"t": "Electric power", "s": "Electric power is the rate of electrical energy transfer.", "i": "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/img/electricity-and-magnetism/electric-power.webp", "c": "Alan O'Dowd · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/radio-spectrum/e/radio-spectrum/broadcast-band/": {"t": "Broadcast band", "s": "Segments of radio spectrum allocated for broadcasting services worldwide."}, "https://codexery.com/successful-space-missions/e/successful-space-missions/luna-3/": {"t": "Luna 3", "s": "First spacecraft to photograph the Moon's far side."}, "https://codexery.com/successful-space-missions/e/successful-space-missions/apollo-7/": {"t": "Apollo 7", "s": "The mission that restored NASA's confidence after the Apollo 1 tragedy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/successful-space-missions/img/successful-space-missions/apollo-7.webp", "c": "NASA; restored by Michel Vuijlsteke · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/successful-space-missions/e/successful-space-missions/apollo-8/": {"t": "Apollo 8", "s": "First crewed mission to reach the Moon", "i": "https://codexery.com/successful-space-missions/img/successful-space-missions/apollo-8.webp", "c": "Unknown author Unknown author or not provided · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/successful-space-missions/e/successful-space-missions/apollo-9/": {"t": "Apollo 9", "s": "First crewed flight of the Apollo Lunar Module.", "i": "https://codexery.com/successful-space-missions/img/successful-space-missions/apollo-9.webp", "c": "NASA; restored by Michel Vuijlsteke · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/apollo-11/e/apollo-11/apollo-11/": {"t": "Apollo 11", "s": "First crewed mission to land humans on the Moon.", "i": "https://codexery.com/apollo-11/img/apollo-11/apollo-11.webp", "c": "Neil A. Armstrong · via Wikipedia: Apollo 11 · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/moon-missions/e/moon-missions/apollo-lunar-module/": {"t": "Apollo Lunar Module", "s": "First crewed spacecraft to land beyond Earth."}, "https://codexery.com/energy-power/e/energy-and-power/cathode-ray-tube/": {"t": "Cathode ray tube", "s": "Vacuum tube display that enabled television and computing."}, "https://codexery.com/flight-instruments-and-avionics/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/radar/": {"t": "Radar", "s": "Radio waves detect and track objects by reflection."}, "https://codexery.com/computing-software/e/computing-and-software/personal-computer/": {"t": "Personal computer", "s": "The definitive guide to personal computers, from early microcomputers to modern Wintel dominance."}, "https://codexery.com/pc-hardware/e/pc-hardware/sound-card/": {"t": "Sound card", "s": "An expansion card providing computer audio input and output."}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-color/e/optics-and-color/rgb-color-model/": {"t": "RGB color model", "s": "Additive color model foundational to electronic displays and imaging.", "i": "https://codexery.com/optics-and-color/img/optics-and-color/rgb-color-model.webp", "c": "Danny William Wilson · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-photonics/e/optics-and-photonics/luminance/": {"t": "Luminance", "s": "Photometric measure of luminous intensity per unit area in a given direction.", "i": "https://codexery.com/optics-and-photonics/img/optics-and-photonics/luminance.webp", "c": "Myself · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/american-inventions/e/american-inventions/amiga/": {"t": "Amiga", "s": "Mid-80s computer family with custom graphics and sound hardware."}, "https://codexery.com/video-games-with-unreliable-narrators/e/video-games-with-unreliable-narrators/portal-video-game/": {"t": "Portal (video game)", "s": "A 2007 puzzle-platform game featuring portal-based physics."}, "https://codexery.com/danish-inventions/e/danish-inventions/google-maps/": {"t": "Google Maps", "s": "Web mapping platform launched by Google in 2005."}, "https://codexery.com/sports-and-athletics/e/sports-and-athletics/mountaineering/": {"t": "Mountaineering", "s": "Mountaineering is mountain climbing or alpinism."}, "https://codexery.com/computing-software/e/computing-and-software/open-source-software/": {"t": "Open-source software", "s": "Software with publicly available source code for use, study, modification, and distribution."}, "/e/amateur-radio/maidenhead-locator-system/": {"t": "Maidenhead Locator System", "s": "A global geocode system for amateur radio location exchange."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/virginia/": {"t": "Virginia", "s": "First permanent English colony in the New World."}, "https://codexery.com/communication-and-media/e/communication-and-media/radio-broadcasting/": {"t": "Radio broadcasting", "s": "Transmission of audio signals via radio waves to receivers."}, "https://codexery.com/energy-power/e/energy-and-power/power-supply/": {"t": "Power supply", "s": "Device converting electric current to power electrical loads."}, "https://codexery.com/electrical-systems/e/electrical-systems/electric-battery/": {"t": "Electric battery", "s": "Device converting chemical energy to electrical power via cells."}, "/e/amateur-radio/transverter/": {"t": "Transverter", "s": "A device that shifts a transceiver's operating frequency range."}, "https://codexery.com/antenna-types/e/antenna-types/directional-antenna/": {"t": "Directional antenna", "s": "A directional antenna focuses radio waves in a specific direction."}, "/e/amateur-radio/maritime-mobile-amateur-radio/": {"t": "Maritime mobile amateur radio", "s": "Amateur radio operation from vessels at sea using /MM suffix."}, "https://codexery.com/design-digital-arts/e/design-and-digital-arts/computer-generated-imagery/": {"t": "Computer-generated imagery", "s": "Computer graphics for images, animation, and simulation."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-spectrum/e/radio-spectrum/family-radio-service/": {"t": "Family Radio Service", "s": "Unlicensed UHF walkie-talkie service for short-range personal communication."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-spectrum/e/radio-spectrum/multi-use-radio-service/": {"t": "Multi-Use Radio Service", "s": "A licensed-by-rule VHF radio service for short-distance personal or business use."}, "/e/amateur-radio/amateur-television/": {"t": "Amateur television", "s": "Amateur television transmits broadcast-quality video over ham radio frequencies."}, "/e/amateur-radio/keyer/": {"t": "Keyer", "s": "A device for hand signaling via switches, in telegraphy and computing."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/b-f-skinner/": {"t": "B. F. Skinner", "s": "Pioneer of operant conditioning and radical behaviorism."}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/e/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/attack-on-pearl-harbor/": {"t": "Attack on Pearl Harbor", "s": "Surprise Japanese air raid on US Pacific Fleet, December 7, 1941.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/img/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/attack-on-pearl-harbor.webp", "c": "Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Katarzyna Kobiljak · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/japanese-cities/e/japanese-cities/kure-hiroshima/": {"t": "Kure, Hiroshima", "s": "City with a strong industrial and naval heritage.", "i": "https://codexery.com/japanese-cities/img/japanese-cities/kure-hiroshima.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Kure, Hiroshima · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/asian-cities/e/asian-cities/sasebo/": {"t": "Sasebo", "s": "Japanese port city with a major naval base and shipbuilding industry."}, "https://codexery.com/asian-cities/e/asian-cities/yokosuka/": {"t": "Yokosuka", "s": "A historic port city on Miura Peninsula, home to a major US Navy base and Nissan's Oppama plant."}, "/e/amateur-radio/9-centimeter-band/": {"t": "9-centimeter band", "s": "A secondary-use SHF band for amateur radio and satellite."}, "/e/amateur-radio/5-centimeter-band/": {"t": "5-centimeter band", "s": "A secondary microwave band for amateur and satellite use."}, "https://codexery.com/rf-connectors-and-coax/e/rf-connectors-and-coax/transmission-line/": {"t": "Transmission line", "s": "A structure designed to conduct electromagnetic waves with minimal reflections and losses.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rf-connectors-and-coax/img/rf-connectors-and-coax/transmission-line.webp", "c": "Thebezaliel · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/radio-electronics/e/radio-electronics/ghosting-television/": {"t": "Ghosting (television)", "s": "A ghost is a replica of the transmitted image, offset in position."}, "https://codexery.com/meteorology/e/meteorology/high-pressure-area/": {"t": "High-pressure area", "s": "High-pressure areas bring clear skies and light winds."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-propagation/e/radio-propagation/line-of-sight-propagation/": {"t": "Line-of-sight propagation", "s": "Radio waves above 30 MHz travel in a direct visual path."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/electromagnetic-radiation/": {"t": "Electromagnetic radiation", "s": "Self-propagating wave of the electromagnetic field carrying energy."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/refractive-index/": {"t": "Refractive index", "s": "Ratio of light speed in vacuum to that in a medium."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/refraction/": {"t": "Refraction", "s": "Refraction redirects waves when they change speed between media."}, "https://codexery.com/meteorology/e/meteorology/fog/": {"t": "Fog", "s": "A low-lying cloud that shapes weather, travel, and even microbial life."}, "https://codexery.com/meteorology/e/meteorology/humidity/": {"t": "Humidity", "s": "Humidity is the concentration of water vapor in air."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/classical-mechanics/density/": {"t": "Density", "s": "Mass per unit volume, an intensive property of matter."}, "https://codexery.com/meteorology/e/meteorology/weather-front/": {"t": "Weather front", "s": "Boundaries where air masses meet, bringing weather changes."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/mediterranean-sea/": {"t": "Mediterranean Sea", "s": "Eponymous mediterranean sea enclosed by Africa, Asia, and Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/img/seas-and-oceans/mediterranean-sea.webp", "c": "of the modification : Eric Gaba (Sting) · via Wikipedia: Mediterranean Sea · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/persian-gulf/": {"t": "Persian Gulf", "s": "A shallow, historically significant sea between Arabia and Iran."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/hawaii/": {"t": "Hawaii", "s": "Island state with a tropical climate and diverse heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-modulation-modes/e/radio-modulation-modes/gnu-radio/": {"t": "GNU Radio", "s": "Free software toolkit for software-defined radio and signal processing."}, "https://codexery.com/pc-hardware/e/pc-hardware/field-programmable-gate-array/": {"t": "Field-programmable gate array", "s": "Configurable integrated circuit reprogrammable after manufacturing."}, "https://codexery.com/microprocessors/e/microprocessors/multiprocessor-system-on-a-chip/": {"t": "Multiprocessor system on a chip", "s": "An SoC integrating multiple processor cores for parallel computing."}, "/e/amateur-radio/boat-anchor-metaphor/": {"t": "Boat anchor (metaphor)", "s": "A metaphor for obsolete, cumbersome equipment or code."}, "https://codexery.com/warplanes/e/warplanes/b-17-flying-fortress/": {"t": "B-17 Flying Fortress", "s": "The American four-engined heavy bomber that dropped more bombs than any other aircraft in World War II.", "i": "https://codexery.com/warplanes/img/warplanes/b-17-flying-fortress.webp", "c": "Unknown author Unknown author or not provided · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/radio-manufacturers/e/radio-manufacturers/rockwell-collins/": {"t": "Rockwell Collins", "s": "Avionics and communications supplier from Collins Radio to Collins Aerospace."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-manufacturers/e/radio-manufacturers/eico/": {"t": "Eico", "s": "New York kit maker of test gear, audio, and amateur radio."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-manufacturers/e/radio-manufacturers/ef-johnson-technologies/": {"t": "EF Johnson Technologies", "s": "American radio manufacturer serving public safety and military."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-manufacturers/e/radio-manufacturers/national-radio-company/": {"t": "National Radio Company", "s": "American radio manufacturer from 1914 to 1991."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-manufacturers/e/radio-manufacturers/r-l-drake-company/": {"t": "R. L. Drake Company", "s": "Drake built compact, innovative amateur radio gear from the 1950s through the 1980s."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-manufacturers/e/radio-manufacturers/swan-electronics/": {"t": "Swan Electronics", "s": "Manufacturer of popular SSB transceivers for amateur radio."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-manufacturers/e/radio-manufacturers/signal-one/": {"t": "Signal/One", "s": "High-performance HF transceivers from a St. Petersburg manufacturer."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-manufacturers/e/radio-manufacturers/lafayette-radio-electronics/": {"t": "Lafayette Radio Electronics", "s": "American radio and electronics retailer and mail-order catalog company."}, "https://codexery.com/military-and-two-way-radios/e/military-and-two-way-radios/an-arc-5/": {"t": "AN/ARC-5", "s": "U.S. Navy airborne command radio set from World War II."}, "https://codexery.com/military-and-two-way-radios/e/military-and-two-way-radios/an-vrc-3/": {"t": "AN/VRC-3", "s": "First radio nicknamed 'walkie talkie', used by US Signal Corps."}, "https://codexery.com/military-and-two-way-radios/e/military-and-two-way-radios/scr-536/": {"t": "SCR-536", "s": "First true hand-held transceiver used by US Army Signal Corps in WWII."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-manufacturers/e/radio-manufacturers/marconi-company/": {"t": "Marconi Company", "s": "Pioneer of wireless communication and mass media broadcasting."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-manufacturers/e/radio-manufacturers/yaesu-brand/": {"t": "Yaesu (brand)", "s": "Japanese amateur radio brand founded in 1959."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-propagation/e/radio-propagation/radiation-pattern/": {"t": "Radiation pattern", "s": "Radiation pattern describes directional dependence of an antenna's emitted field strength."}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-photonics/e/optics-and-photonics/superposition-principle/": {"t": "Superposition principle", "s": "Net response equals sum of individual responses in linear systems."}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-photonics/e/optics-and-photonics/linear-polarization/": {"t": "Linear polarization", "s": "Linear polarization confines the electric field to a single plane.", "i": "https://codexery.com/optics-and-photonics/img/optics-and-photonics/linear-polarization.webp", "c": "Dave3457 · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/antenna-types/e/antenna-types/television-antenna/": {"t": "Television antenna", "s": "Antenna for receiving over-the-air television broadcasts."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-manufacturers/e/radio-manufacturers/rca-corporation/": {"t": "RCA Corporation", "s": "Pioneering American electronics and communications firm for over five decades."}, "https://codexery.com/antenna-types/e/antenna-types/dipole-antenna/": {"t": "Dipole antenna", "s": "One of the two simplest and most widely used antenna types."}, "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/e/electricity-and-magnetism/electrical-reactance/": {"t": "Electrical reactance", "s": "Opposition to alternating current by inductance and capacitance.", "i": "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/img/electricity-and-magnetism/electrical-reactance.webp", "c": "Original version: George H. Brown This version: Chetvorno · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/radio-propagation/e/radio-propagation/radiation-resistance/": {"t": "Radiation resistance", "s": "The effective resistance representing power radiated as radio waves from an antenna."}, "/e/amateur-radio/portable-operation-amateur-radio/": {"t": "Portable operation (amateur radio)", "s": "Portable operation uses /P suffix for remote amateur radio."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/northern-cyprus/": {"t": "Northern Cyprus", "s": "De facto state in northern Cyprus, recognized only by Turkey."}, "https://codexery.com/major-islands-and-archipelagos/e/major-islands-and-archipelagos/balearic-islands/": {"t": "Balearic Islands", "s": "Spanish archipelago in the western Mediterranean, known for tourism and slinger history."}, "https://codexery.com/international-and-comparative-law/e/international-and-comparative-law/organization-of-american-states/": {"t": "Organization of American States", "s": "Promoting democracy, human rights, and security across the Americas."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/americas/": {"t": "Americas", "s": "The New World landmass spanning from Arctic tundra to tropical rainforests.", "i": "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/img/regions-and-cultural-spheres/americas.webp", "c": "GrandEscogriffe · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/western-sahara/": {"t": "Western Sahara", "s": "Africa's last colony, divided by conflict and stalled decolonization."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/rome/": {"t": "Rome", "s": "The Eternal City, capital of Italy and cradle of Western civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-spectrum/e/radio-spectrum/frequency-allocation/": {"t": "Frequency allocation", "s": "Government designation of electromagnetic spectrum into regulated frequency bands.", "i": "https://codexery.com/radio-spectrum/img/radio-spectrum/frequency-allocation.webp", "c": "Neøn · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/radio-propagation/e/radio-propagation/earth-moon-earth-communication/": {"t": "Earth–Moon–Earth communication", "s": "Moon bounce enables two-way radio via lunar reflection."}, "https://codexery.com/meteorology/e/meteorology/weather/": {"t": "Weather", "s": "Weather is the state of the Earth's atmosphere at a specific place and time, driven by air pressure, temperature, and moisture differences."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/classical-mechanics/wave/": {"t": "Wave", "s": "A propagating disturbance that transfers energy and information."}, "/e/amateur-radio/5-meter-band/": {"t": "5-meter band", "s": "A VHF band bridging 6-meter propagation with unique sporadic E and tropospheric paths."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/somalia/": {"t": "Somalia", "s": "Easternmost country in continental Africa, with a long history of trade and conflict."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/new-england/": {"t": "New England", "s": "Six-state region in northeastern U.S. with strong cultural identity."}, "https://codexery.com/international-organizations-and-agreemen/e/international-organizations-and-agreements/international-red-cross-and-red-crescent-movement/": {"t": "International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement", "s": "Humanitarian movement founded to alleviate suffering and protect human life."}, "https://codexery.com/antenna-types/e/antenna-types/collinear-antenna-array/": {"t": "Collinear antenna array", "s": "High gain omnidirectional antenna array of collinear dipoles or quarter-wave elements."}, "/e/amateur-radio/yagi-uda-antenna/": {"t": "Yagi–Uda antenna", "s": "A directional parasitic array invented in 1926 by Shintaro Uda."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-propagation/e/radio-propagation/meteor-burst-communications/": {"t": "Meteor burst communications", "s": "Brief radio links via meteor trails, used for decades."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-spectrum/e/radio-spectrum/unlicensed-national-information-infrastructure/": {"t": "Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure", "s": "FCC-defined spectrum for unlicensed WLAN and wireless ISP use."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/washington-d-c/": {"t": "Washington, D.C.", "s": "The federal capital city of the United States, anchored on the Potomac River."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/cairo/": {"t": "Cairo", "s": "The city of a thousand minarets"}, "https://codexery.com/radio-spectrum/e/radio-spectrum/band-i/": {"t": "Band I", "s": "VHF band originally used for analog television broadcasting worldwide.", "i": "https://codexery.com/radio-spectrum/img/radio-spectrum/band-i.webp", "c": "Ernst Wallis et al · Public domain"}, "/e/amateur-radio/8-meter-band/": {"t": "8-meter band", "s": "Lowest VHF amateur band, bridging HF propagation with VHF characteristics."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/madrid/": {"t": "Madrid", "s": "Capital of Spain, political, economic and cultural centre, and home to the Royal Palace and the Golden Triangle of Art."}, "/e/amateur-radio/amateur-radio-propagation-beacon/": {"t": "Amateur radio propagation beacon", "s": "Beacons probe radio propagation across bands from LF to microwave."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-propagation/e/radio-propagation/kennelly-heaviside-layer/": {"t": "Kennelly–Heaviside layer", "s": "Ionised layer reflecting medium-frequency radio waves beyond the horizon."}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-astronomy/e/amateur-astronomy/american-meteor-society/": {"t": "American Meteor Society", "s": "Non-profit supporting amateur and professional meteor research since 1911."}, "https://codexery.com/prefectures-of-japan/e/prefectures-of-japan/okinawa-prefecture/": {"t": "Okinawa Prefecture", "s": "Prefecture with a flag adopted October 13, 1972, featuring a red, white, and red emblem."}, 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www.mikepeel.net ). · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/astronomical-concepts-and-techniques/e/astronomical-concepts-and-techniques/solar-cycle/": {"t": "Solar cycle", "s": "An 11-year periodic change in solar activity and sunspot numbers."}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-radio-organizations-part-2/e/part-1/radio-amateurs-of-canada/": {"t": "Radio Amateurs of Canada", "s": "National non-profit association for Amateur Radio in Canada."}, "https://codexery.com/energy-power/e/energy-and-power/microwave-oven/": {"t": "Microwave oven", "s": "An electric oven using microwaves for rapid food heating."}, "https://codexery.com/dutch-inventions/e/dutch-inventions/bluetooth/": {"t": "Bluetooth", "s": "Short-range wireless standard uniting devices via radio waves."}, "https://codexery.com/flight-instruments-and-avionics/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/satellite-navigation/": {"t": "Satellite navigation", "s": "Satellite navigation uses satellite signals for precise positioning worldwide."}}