{"https://codexery.com/assault-rifles/e/assault-rifles/ak-47/": {"t": "AK-47", "s": "The originating firearm of the Kalashnikov family of rifles."}, "https://codexery.com/machine-guns/e/machine-guns/pk-machine-gun/": {"t": "PK machine gun", "s": "Soviet general-purpose machine gun adopted in 1961, widely exported."}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-radio/e/amateur-radio/amateur-radio/": {"t": "Amateur radio", "s": "Non-commercial radio communication for experimentation, recreation, and emergency service."}, "https://codexery.com/asian-middle-eastern-monarchs-strongmen/e/asian-and-middle-eastern-monarchs-and-strongmen/hamid-karzai/": {"t": "Hamid Karzai", "s": "First president of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, 2004–2014.", "i": "https://codexery.com/asian-middle-eastern-monarchs-strongmen/img/asian-and-middle-eastern-monarchs-and-strongmen/hamid-karzai.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Hamid Karzai · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/six-feet-under/e/powers/primetime-emmy-awards/": {"t": "Primetime Emmy Awards", "s": "The Academy of Television Arts & Sciences' top honours for American primetime programming."}, "https://codexery.com/nickelodeon-original-programming/e/nickelodeon-original-programming/nickelodeon-kids-choice-awards/": {"t": "Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards", "s": "Annual Nickelodeon awards voted by kids worldwide."}, "https://codexery.com/tv-land-original-programming/e/tv-land-original-programming/tv-land-award/": {"t": "TV Land Award", "s": "Awards ceremony for classic television shows and performers."}, "https://codexery.com/holiday-characters/e/holiday-characters/santa-claus/": {"t": "Santa Claus", "s": "Legendary gift-bringer on Christmas Eve, rooted in Saint Nicholas."}, "https://codexery.com/santa-claus-in-film/e/santa-claus-in-film/christmas-with-the-kranks/": {"t": "Christmas with the Kranks", "s": "A couple skips Christmas, then races to celebrate."}, "https://codexery.com/economics-and-business/e/economics-and-business/real-estate/": {"t": "Real estate", "s": "Land and buildings as immovable property under ownership.", "i": "https://codexery.com/economics-and-business/img/economics-and-business/real-estate.webp", "c": "Yates & Jones, draftsmen, George Street, Brisbane · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/corporations/e/corporations/pixar/": {"t": "Pixar", "s": "American animation studio known for computer-animated feature films.", "i": "https://codexery.com/corporations/img/corporations/pixar.webp", "c": "Coolcaesar · via Wikipedia: Pixar · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/pixar/e/works/toy-story/": {"t": "Toy Story", "s": "The first computer-animated feature film from Pixar."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-leading-men-women/e/modern-leading-men-and-women/sigourney-weaver/": {"t": "Sigourney Weaver", "s": "American actress known for pioneering action heroines and independent film roles.", "i": "https://codexery.com/modern-leading-men-women/img/modern-leading-men-and-women/sigourney-weaver.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Sigourney Weaver · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/writers/alan-rickman/": {"t": "Alan Rickman", "s": "The iconic actor known for his deep voice and memorable roles from Die Hard to Harry Potter."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-leading-men-women/e/modern-leading-men-and-women/sam-rockwell/": {"t": "Sam Rockwell", "s": "American actor; Academy Award-winning performance in Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri."}, "https://codexery.com/playwrights-and-dramatists/e/playwrights-and-dramatists/david-mamet/": {"t": "David Mamet", "s": "Pulitzer-winning playwright, screenwriter, and film director.", "i": "https://codexery.com/playwrights-and-dramatists/img/playwrights-and-dramatists/david-mamet.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: David Mamet · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/midwestern-united-states/": {"t": "Midwestern United States", "s": "A north-central U.S. region of industry, agriculture, and political swing states."}, "https://codexery.com/touring-cars/e/touring-cars/chevrolet-cruze/": {"t": "Chevrolet Cruze", "s": "Global compact car replacing multiple models across markets.", "i": "https://codexery.com/touring-cars/img/touring-cars/chevrolet-cruze.webp", "c": "Dinkun Chen · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/films-about-technological-impact/e/films-about-technological-impact/toy-story-5/": {"t": "Toy Story 5", "s": "Old toys confront a tablet in the fifth Toy Story film."}, "https://codexery.com/universities/e/universities/nagoya-university/": {"t": "Nagoya University", "s": "One of seven Imperial Universities, birthplace of Sakata and Hirata schools."}, "https://codexery.com/materials-and-states-of-matter/e/materials-and-states-of-matter/semiconductor/": {"t": "Semiconductor", "s": "Materials with conductivity between conductors and insulators."}, "https://codexery.com/inventors-and-engineers/e/inventors-and-engineers/shuji-nakamura/": {"t": "Shuji Nakamura", "s": "Co-inventor of the blue LED and Nobel laureate in physics.", "i": "https://codexery.com/inventors-and-engineers/img/inventors-and-engineers/shuji-nakamura.webp", "c": "Glenn Beltz · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/japanese-cities/e/japanese-cities/hamamatsu/": {"t": "Hamamatsu", "s": "City of Music"}, "https://codexery.com/prefectures-of-japan/e/prefectures-of-japan/shizuoka-prefecture/": {"t": "Shizuoka Prefecture", "s": "Pacific coast prefecture home to Mount Fuji and major industries."}, "https://codexery.com/finnish-inventions/e/finnish-inventions/linux-kernel/": {"t": "Linux kernel", "s": "Free and open-source kernel powering billions of devices worldwide."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/bah-faith/": {"t": "Baháʼí Faith", "s": "Concept in the Baháʼí Faith referring to prophets as perfect mirrors of God's attributes."}, "https://codexery.com/pc-gaming-brands-and-manufacturers/e/pc-gaming-brands-and-manufacturers/intel/": {"t": "Intel", "s": "A key architect of the personal computer revolution."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/world-war-i/": {"t": "World War I", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Central Powers, 1914–1918."}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/german-empire/": {"t": "German Empire", "s": "German Empire from 1871 unification to 1918 revolution.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/img/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/german-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: German Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/international-and-comparative-law/e/international-and-comparative-law/neutral-country/": {"t": "Neutral country", "s": "Neutrality in international law: rights, responsibilities, and evolving interpretations.", "i": "https://codexery.com/international-and-comparative-law/img/international-and-comparative-law/neutral-country.webp", "c": "The Hawaiian Gazette (newspaper), April 2, 1889, Image 1 · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/new-york-city/": {"t": "New York City", "s": "The most populous city in the United States, a global center of finance, culture, and diplomacy."}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-radio/e/amateur-radio/amateur-radio-station/": {"t": "Amateur radio station", "s": "A station built and operated by a licensed amateur radio operator."}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-radio/e/amateur-radio/american-radio-relay-league/": {"t": "American Radio Relay League", "s": "Largest US amateur radio membership association, founded 1914."}, "https://codexery.com/headphones-and-audio-gear/e/headphones-and-audio-gear/headphones/": {"t": "Headphones", "s": "Electroacoustic transducers worn over or in the ears for private listening.", "i": "https://codexery.com/headphones-and-audio-gear/img/headphones-and-audio-gear/headphones.webp", "c": "R. Henrik Nilsson · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/discovery-and-invention-controversies/e/discovery-and-invention-controversies/edwin-howard-armstrong/": {"t": "Edwin Howard Armstrong", "s": "Inventor of FM radio and superheterodyne receiver system."}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-radio/e/amateur-radio/morse-code/": {"t": "Morse code", "s": "A method of encoding text using dots and dashes."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-manufacturers/e/radio-manufacturers/telefunken/": {"t": "Telefunken", "s": "German electronics pioneer from radio to television and computing."}, "https://codexery.com/telegraph-keys-and-codes/e/telegraph-keys-and-codes/electrical-telegraph/": {"t": "Electrical telegraph", "s": "First electrical telecommunications system, used from the 1840s."}, "https://codexery.com/treaties-of-austria-hungary/e/treaties-of-austria-hungary/hague-conventions-of-1899-and-1907/": {"t": "Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907", "s": "First multilateral treaties codifying laws of war."}, "https://codexery.com/telegraph-keys-and-codes/e/telegraph-keys-and-codes/wheatstone-system/": {"t": "Wheatstone system", "s": "Automated telegraph system using punched paper tape for fast Morse transmission."}, "/e/amateur-radio-people/hiram-percy-maxim/": {"t": "Hiram Percy Maxim", "s": "Co-founder of the American Radio Relay League and inventor of the firearm silencer."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/second-world-war/": {"t": "Second World War", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Axis, deadliest in history."}, "https://codexery.com/dutch-inventions/e/dutch-inventions/cassette-tape/": {"t": "Cassette tape", "s": "Analog magnetic tape format for audio recording and playback."}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/library-of-congress/": {"t": "Library of Congress", "s": "Oldest federal cultural institution and de facto national library of the United States.", "i": "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/img/media-and-publishing/library-of-congress.webp", "c": "Library of Congress Life · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/culture/london/": {"t": "London", "s": "A global city on the Thames, London blends nearly 2,000 years of history with a vibrant, multicultural present."}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/publishing/": {"t": "Publishing", "s": "Industry making content available to the public in print and digital forms."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/explorers/clive-sinclair/": {"t": "Clive Sinclair", "s": "English inventor and entrepreneur who pioneered home computing.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/explorers/clive-sinclair.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Clive Sinclair · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/prague/": {"t": "Prague", "s": "City of a Hundred Spires"}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/kingdom-of-bohemia/": {"t": "Kingdom of Bohemia", "s": "A medieval and early modern monarchy in Central Europe, predecessor of the modern Czech Republic."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/austria-hungary/": {"t": "Austria-Hungary", "s": "A dual monarchy that shaped Central Europe for half a century."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/czechoslovakia/": {"t": "Czechoslovakia", "s": "A Central European nation that existed from 1918 to 1992, known for its democratic origins and peaceful dissolution."}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-radio/e/amateur-radio/amateur-radio-operator/": {"t": "Amateur radio operator", "s": "Licensed two-way communicators on amateur radio frequencies worldwide."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/moscow/": {"t": "Moscow", "s": "Capital of Russia, largest city in Europe, and a historic center of power and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/english-language/": {"t": "English language", "s": "A West Germanic language that became the world's lingua franca."}, "https://codexery.com/ball-games/e/ball-games/national-football-league/": {"t": "National Football League", "s": "The premier barnstorming exhibition professional baseball league playing Banana Ball."}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-radio-organizations/e/part-1/salvation-army-team-emergency-radio-network/": {"t": "Salvation Army Team Emergency Radio Network", "s": "Volunteer amateur radio network for Salvation Army emergency communications."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-of-england/e/regions-of-england/essex/": {"t": "Essex", "s": "Ceremonial county in South East England with ancient woodland and long coastline."}, "https://codexery.com/paranormal/e/paranormal/paranormal/": {"t": "Paranormal", "s": "Phenomena described as beyond normal scientific understanding."}, "https://codexery.com/paranormal/e/paranormal/coast-to-coast-am/": {"t": "Coast to Coast AM", "s": "Late-night radio show exploring paranormal and conspiracy topics."}, "https://codexery.com/paranormal/e/paranormal/art-bell-s-dark-matter/": {"t": "Art Bell's Dark Matter", "s": "A short-lived satellite radio show on paranormal and scientific topics."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/north-carolina/": {"t": "North Carolina", "s": "Southern state known for first flight and early independence call."}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-radio/e/amateur-radio/amateur-radio-call-signs/": {"t": "Amateur radio call signs", "s": "Internationally assigned identifiers for amateur radio operators and stations."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/vietnam-war/": {"t": "Vietnam War", "s": "Cold War proxy war ending in communist victory across Indochina."}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/the-washington-post/": {"t": "The Washington Post", "s": "American daily newspaper and newspaper of record."}, "https://codexery.com/luke-combs/e/places/willie-nelson/": {"t": "Willie Nelson", "s": "American outlaw country singer, guitarist, and activist."}, "https://codexery.com/luke-combs/e/places/merle-haggard/": {"t": "Merle Haggard", "s": "Pioneer of the Bakersfield sound with 38 number-one hits."}, "https://codexery.com/performers-and-entertainers/e/performers-and-entertainers/george-carlin/": {"t": "George Carlin", "s": "American stand-up comedian and social critic famed for dark wit and the seven dirty words.", "i": "https://codexery.com/performers-and-entertainers/img/performers-and-entertainers/george-carlin.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: George Carlin · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/american-science-fiction-film-directors/e/american-science-fiction-film-directors/chris-carter-screenwriter/": {"t": "Chris Carter (screenwriter)", "s": "Creator of The X-Files and its film spin-offs."}, "https://codexery.com/comedy-legends/e/comedy-legends/regis-philbin/": {"t": "Regis Philbin", "s": "Holds the Guinness World Record for most hours on US television.", "i": "https://codexery.com/comedy-legends/img/comedy-legends/regis-philbin.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Regis Philbin · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/film-history/e/film-history/star-trek/": {"t": "Star Trek", "s": "A franchise exploring strange new worlds and moral dilemmas."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/writers/leonard-nimoy/": {"t": "Leonard Nimoy", "s": "The actor who made Spock iconic, Leonard Nimoy left a legacy in Star Trek and beyond."}, "https://codexery.com/electrical-systems/e/electrical-systems/electrical-engineering/": {"t": "Electrical engineering", "s": "Discipline studying and applying electricity, electronics, and electromagnetism."}, "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/e/universities-and-colleges/harvard-university/": {"t": "Harvard University", "s": "Oldest institution of higher learning in the United States.", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/img/universities-and-colleges/harvard-university.webp", "c": "Harvard University · via Wikipedia: Harvard University · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/education-schools/e/education-and-schools/one-room-school/": {"t": "One-room school", "s": "A single teacher instructs multiple grades in one room."}, "https://codexery.com/instruments/e/musical-instruments/the-drum-kit/": {"t": "The Drum kit", "s": "A single-player percussion ensemble central to modern music.", "i": "https://codexery.com/instruments/img/musical-instruments/the-drum-kit.webp", "c": "Stephan Czuratis ( Jazz-face ) · CC BY-SA 2.5"}, "https://codexery.com/radio-manufacturers/e/radio-manufacturers/rockwell-collins/": {"t": "Rockwell Collins", "s": "Avionics and communications supplier from Collins Radio to Collins Aerospace."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/german-language/": {"t": "German language", "s": "German, known natively as Deutsch (pronounced [dɔɪ̯tʃ]), belongs to the West Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family and is spoken primarily across"}, "https://codexery.com/electrical-systems/e/electrical-systems/electrical-wiring/": {"t": "Electrical wiring", "s": "Electrical wiring systems power buildings under varied safety and environmental codes."}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/john-cage/": {"t": "John Cage", "s": "American composer known for 4′33″ and chance-controlled music.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/img/composers-and-musicians/john-cage.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: John Cage · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cedille-records-artists/e/cedille-records-artists/boston-symphony-orchestra/": {"t": "Boston Symphony Orchestra", "s": "American orchestra founded in 1881, one of the Big Five."}, "https://codexery.com/television-series-by-mark-goodson-bill/e/television-series-by-mark-goodson-bill-todman-productions/to-tell-the-truth/": {"t": "To Tell the Truth", "s": "Three contestants, one truth, four panelists."}, "https://codexery.com/orchestral-instruments/e/orchestral-instruments/trombone/": {"t": "Trombone", "s": "A brass instrument with a slide, used in orchestras and bands."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/nevada/": {"t": "Nevada", "s": "Landlocked Western state known for silver, gambling, and libertarian laws."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/san-francisco/": {"t": "San Francisco", "s": "The City by the Bay, a center of liberal activism and innovation."}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/time-magazine/": {"t": "Time (magazine)", "s": "A weekly news magazine that pioneered telling news through people."}, "https://codexery.com/magazines/e/magazines/life-magazine/": {"t": "Life (magazine)", "s": "To see life; to see the world; to eyewitness great events", "i": "https://codexery.com/magazines/img/magazines/life-magazine.webp", "c": "Life Magazine · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/rock-and-roll-record-labels/e/rock-and-roll-record-labels/dot-records/": {"t": "Dot Records", "s": "American label spanning country, R&B, pop, and early rock."}, "https://codexery.com/norwegian-inventions/e/norwegian-inventions/torpedo-battery/": {"t": "Torpedo battery", "s": "Concealed underwater torpedo battery that sank the Blücher."}, "https://codexery.com/engineering-disciplines/e/engineering-disciplines/mechanical-engineering/": {"t": "Mechanical engineering", "s": "Engineering branch focused on force, motion, and mechanical systems."}, "https://codexery.com/shortwave-and-numbers-stations/e/shortwave-and-numbers-stations/nrk/": {"t": "NRK", "s": "Norwegian public broadcaster, former shortwave and mediumwave international service."}, "https://codexery.com/education-schools/e/education-and-schools/stanford-university/": {"t": "Stanford University", "s": "Private research university in Stanford, California, founded in 1885 by Leland and Jane Stanford.", "i": "https://codexery.com/education-schools/img/education-and-schools/stanford-university.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Stanford University · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/computer-storage/e/computer-storage/file-server/": {"t": "File server", "s": "A network computer providing shared disk access to client workstations."}, "https://codexery.com/communication-and-media/e/communication-and-media/radio-broadcasting/": {"t": "Radio broadcasting", "s": "Transmission of audio signals via radio waves to receivers."}, "https://codexery.com/magazines-newspapers/e/magazines-and-newspapers/the-economist/": {"t": "The Economist", "s": "A severe contest between intelligence, which presses forward, and an unworthy, timid ignorance obstructing our progress."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/south-carolina/": {"t": "South Carolina", "s": "A southeastern U.S. state with a pivotal role in American history."}, "https://codexery.com/notable-asteroids/e/notable-asteroids/near-earth-asteroid/": {"t": "Near-Earth asteroid", "s": "Near-Earth asteroids are small bodies whose orbits bring them close to Earth."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-church-bodies/e/christian-church-bodies/congregationalism/": {"t": "Congregationalism", "s": "A Reformed tradition of self-governing congregations rooted in Puritanism."}, "https://codexery.com/criminal-law-and-procedure/e/criminal-law-and-procedure/misdemeanor/": {"t": "Misdemeanor", "s": "A lesser criminal offense typically punished by up to one year in jail."}, "https://codexery.com/military-and-two-way-radios/e/military-and-two-way-radios/wireless-set-number-10/": {"t": "Wireless Set Number 10", "s": "First multi-channel microwave relay telephone system, used from D-Day beaches."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/sydney/": {"t": "Sydney", "s": "The Harbour City, capital of New South Wales and Australia's largest city."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/north-sea/": {"t": "North Sea", "s": "A shallow European shelf sea, rich in history, fisheries, and energy resources."}, "https://codexery.com/flight-instruments-and-avionics/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/radar/": {"t": "Radar", "s": "Radio waves detect and track objects by reflection."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/bernard-montgomery/": {"t": "Bernard Montgomery", "s": "The victor of El Alamein who led Allied ground forces from D-Day to the German surrender."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/outback/": {"t": "Outback", "s": "Vast, remote, and deeply Australian.", "i": "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/img/countries-and-regions/outback.webp", "c": "Alexander Gerst · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/adelaide/": {"t": "Adelaide", "s": "Capital of South Australia, founded as a free colony.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/img/cities-of-the-world/adelaide.webp", "c": "Photograph by Doug Barber · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/german-inventions/e/german-inventions/acoustic-torpedo/": {"t": "Acoustic torpedo", "s": "An acoustic torpedo aims itself by listening for characteristic sounds of its target or by searching for it using sonar."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-sacred-texts/e/christian-sacred-texts/book-of-genesis/": {"t": "Book of Genesis", "s": "First book of the Hebrew Bible, recounting creation and Israel's origins."}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/national-geographic/": {"t": "National Geographic", "s": "A monthly magazine published by National Geographic Partners, based in Washington, DC, covering geography, popular science, world history, culture, and current ", "i": "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/img/media-and-publishing/national-geographic.webp", "c": "Benjamín Núñez González · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/magazines-newspapers/e/magazines-and-newspapers/people-magazine/": {"t": "People (magazine)", "s": "The weekly magazine that focuses on people, not issues.", "i": "https://codexery.com/magazines-newspapers/img/magazines-and-newspapers/people-magazine.webp", "c": "Elizabeth Shippen Green · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/seventh-day-adventist-church/": {"t": "Seventh-day Adventist Church", "s": "A global Protestant denomination rooted in the Millerite movement, emphasizing Saturday Sabbath, the Second Coming, and holistic health."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/polynesians/": {"t": "Polynesians", "s": "Polynesians are an ethnolinguistic group native to the Polynesian Triangle, known for their ancient navigation skills and 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"https://codexery.com/computing-software/e/computing-and-software/ms-dos/": {"t": "MS-DOS", "s": "The foundational operating system for IBM PC compatibles, MS-DOS evolved from a six-week clone of CP/M into the backbone of early personal computing."}, "https://codexery.com/computing-software/e/computing-and-software/mac-computer/": {"t": "Mac (computer)", "s": "The Mac: a brand of personal computers designed and marketed by Apple since 1984."}, "https://codexery.com/inventors-and-engineers/e/inventors-and-engineers/steve-wozniak/": {"t": "Steve Wozniak", "s": "Co-founder of Apple Inc. and personal computer pioneer.", "i": "https://codexery.com/inventors-and-engineers/img/inventors-and-engineers/steve-wozniak.webp", "c": "vonguard from Oakland, Nmibia · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/communication-and-media/e/communication-and-media/telecommunications/": {"t": "Telecommunications", "s": "Transmission of information over distance by electrical or electronic means."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/illinois/": {"t": "Illinois", "s": "Land of Lincoln", "i": "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/img/u-s-states/illinois.webp", "c": "TylerKutschbach · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/massachusetts/": {"t": "Massachusetts", "s": "A New England state with a rich colonial and revolutionary history.", "i": "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/img/u-s-states/massachusetts.webp", "c": "TylerKutschbach · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/pioneers-of-computing-and-information-th/e/pioneers-of-computing-and-information-theory/john-vincent-atanasoff/": {"t": "John Vincent Atanasoff", "s": "American physicist who invented the first electronic digital computer.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pioneers-of-computing-and-information-th/img/pioneers-of-computing-and-information-theory/john-vincent-atanasoff.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: John Vincent Atanasoff · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/flight-instruments-and-avionics/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/horizontal-situation-indicator/": {"t": "Horizontal situation indicator", "s": "Combines heading indicator with VOR-ILS display to reduce pilot workload."}, "https://codexery.com/computing-software/e/computing-and-software/personal-computer/": {"t": "Personal computer", "s": "The definitive guide to personal computers, from early microcomputers to modern Wintel dominance."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-modulation-modes/e/radio-modulation-modes/single-sideband-modulation/": {"t": "Single-sideband modulation", "s": "A bandwidth- and power-efficient refinement of amplitude modulation."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-propagation/e/radio-propagation/earth-moon-earth-communication/": {"t": "Earth–Moon–Earth communication", "s": "Moon bounce enables two-way radio via lunar reflection."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/dwight-d-eisenhower/": {"t": "Dwight D. 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G. Wells", "s": "English writer and prophetic social critic."}, "https://codexery.com/american-state-capitals/e/american-state-capitals/hartford-connecticut/": {"t": "Hartford, Connecticut", "s": "Hartford: The Insurance Capital of the World and America's Filing Cabinet", "i": "https://codexery.com/american-state-capitals/img/american-state-capitals/hartford-connecticut.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Hartford, Connecticut · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/particle-and-nuclear-physics/particle-physics/": {"t": "Particle physics", "s": "Study of fundamental particles and forces that constitute matter and radiation."}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-radio-organizations/e/part-1/amateur-radio-emergency-communications/": {"t": "Amateur Radio Emergency Communications", "s": "New Zealand's amateur radio emergency communications service, formerly the Amateur Radio Emergency Corps."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-classical-texts/e/ancient-and-classical-texts/i-ching/": {"t": "I Ching", "s": "Ancient Chinese divination text and classic of changes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-classical-texts/img/ancient-and-classical-texts/i-ching.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: I Ching · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/us-parks/e/us-national-parks/yosemite/": {"t": "Yosemite", "s": "Internationally recognized for its granite cliffs, waterfalls, and giant sequoia groves.", "i": "https://codexery.com/us-parks/img/us-national-parks/yosemite.webp", "c": "Brocken Inaglory · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/eastern-and-islamic-philosophers/e/eastern-and-islamic-philosophers/laozi/": {"t": "Laozi", "s": "Legendary Chinese philosopher and author of the Tao Te Ching."}, "https://codexery.com/healing/e/healing/qigong/": {"t": "Qigong", "s": "Cultivate and balance life energy through coordinated movement, breath, and meditation."}, "https://codexery.com/card-tabletop-games/e/card-and-tabletop-games/tarot/": {"t": "Tarot", "s": "Playing cards used for games and divination since the 15th century."}, "https://codexery.com/volcanoes/e/volcanoes/mount-shasta/": {"t": "Mount Shasta", "s": "Potentially active stratovolcano, second-highest peak in the Cascade Range."}, "https://codexery.com/housing-furniture/e/housing-and-furniture/tipi/": {"t": "Tipi", "s": "A conical lodge tent with smoke flaps, historically used by Plains Indigenous peoples."}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-radio-organizations/e/part-1/radio-amateur-civil-emergency-service/": {"t": "Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Service", "s": "A standby emergency radio service authorized under FCC Part 97.407."}, "https://codexery.com/conifers-and-gymnosperms/e/conifers-and-gymnosperms/pinus-strobus/": {"t": "Pinus strobus", "s": "Tallest eastern North American pine, symbol of the Haudenosaunee Tree of Peace."}, "https://codexery.com/socio-political-concepts/e/socio-political-concepts/conscription/": {"t": "Conscription", "s": "Compulsory enlistment in national service, enforced by law."}, "https://codexery.com/australian-folklore/e/australian-folklore/disappearance-of-harold-holt/": {"t": "Disappearance of Harold Holt", "s": "Australian prime minister who vanished while swimming."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/henry-george/": {"t": "Henry George", "s": "American political economist and journalist, author of Progress and Poverty"}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-radio-organizations-part-2/e/part-1/wireless-institute-of-australia/": {"t": "Wireless Institute of Australia", "s": "First and oldest national amateur radio society in the world."}, "https://codexery.com/communication-and-media/e/communication-and-media/search-engine/": {"t": "Search engine", "s": "A system indexing web content for user queries."}, "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/e/diseases-and-conditions/myocardial-infarction/": {"t": "Myocardial infarction", "s": "A heart attack occurs when blood flow to the heart is blocked.", "i": "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/img/diseases-and-conditions/myocardial-infarction.webp", "c": "Authors of the study: Stefan Gustafsson, Erik Lampa, Karin Jensevik Eriksson, Ad · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/performance-voice/e/performance-and-voice/bass-guitar/": {"t": "Bass guitar", "s": "Lowest-pitched guitar-family instrument, often replacing double bass in popular music."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements-styles/e/art-movements-and-styles/avant-garde/": {"t": "Avant-garde", "s": "Experimental art challenging societal norms and artistic conventions."}, "https://codexery.com/people-with-lupus/e/people-with-lupus/seal-musician/": {"t": "Seal (musician)", "s": "British singer known for \"Kiss from a Rose\" and \"Crazy.\""}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-causes-of-cancer/e/infectious-causes-of-cancer/stomach-cancer/": {"t": "Stomach cancer", "s": "A malignant tumor of the stomach lining, often diagnosed late."}, "https://codexery.com/space-shuttle-missions/e/space-shuttle-missions/sts-9/": {"t": "STS-9", "s": "First Spacelab mission; first non-U.S. citizen on Shuttle.", "i": "https://codexery.com/space-shuttle-missions/img/space-shuttle-missions/sts-9.webp", "c": "NASA · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/crewed-spacecraft-and-space-stations/e/crewed-spacecraft-and-space-stations/skylab/": {"t": "Skylab", "s": "America's first space station, built from a repurposed Saturn V stage."}, "https://codexery.com/microbiology-and-cell-biology/e/microbiology-and-cell-biology/microorganism/": {"t": "Microorganism", "s": "Microscopic organisms that shape life, health, and history."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-propagation/e/radio-propagation/ionosphere/": {"t": "Ionosphere", "s": "Ionized upper atmosphere enabling long-distance radio propagation."}, "https://codexery.com/transportation/e/transportation/jet-aircraft/": {"t": "Jet aircraft", "s": "Aircraft propelled by jet engines, enabling high-speed flight."}, "https://codexery.com/named-stars/e/named-stars/sun/": {"t": "Sun", "s": "The Sun is the central star of the Solar System."}, "https://codexery.com/crewed-spacecraft-and-space-stations/e/crewed-spacecraft-and-space-stations/space-shuttle-columbia/": {"t": "Space Shuttle Columbia", "s": "First spaceworthy Space Shuttle orbiter, lost on its 28th mission."}, "https://codexery.com/crewed-spacecraft-and-space-stations/e/crewed-spacecraft-and-space-stations/mir/": {"t": "Mir", "s": "First modular space station, continuously inhabited for over twelve years."}, "https://codexery.com/space-missions/e/space-missions/the-international-space-station/": {"t": "The International Space Station", "s": "The International Space Station (ISS) is a modular spacecraft in low Earth orbit, assembled and operated by five partner agencies: NASA, Roscosmos, ESA, JAXA, a"}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/antarctica/": {"t": "Antarctica", "s": "Earth's southernmost, coldest, and least-populated continent."}, "https://codexery.com/ultima/e/ultima/richard-garriott/": {"t": "Richard Garriott", "s": "Creator of Ultima and second-generation space traveler.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ultima/img/ultima/richard-garriott.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Richard Garriott · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/space-program-fatalities/e/space-program-fatalities/vladimir-komarov/": {"t": "Vladimir Komarov", "s": "One of the first humans to die in a space flight incident.", "i": "https://codexery.com/space-program-fatalities/img/space-program-fatalities/vladimir-komarov.webp", "c": "Почта России · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-indigenous-groups/e/ethnic-and-indigenous-groups/tutsi/": {"t": "Tutsi", "s": "A Bantu-speaking ethnic group established primarily in Rwanda and Burundi, traditionally pastoralist and historically the ruling class."}, "https://codexery.com/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/e/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/maasai-people/": {"t": "Maasai people", "s": "Eastern Nilotic pastoralists of Kenya and Tanzania, known for their warrior tradition and distinct culture."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/georgia-u-s-state/": {"t": "Georgia (U.S. state)", "s": "Southern state, last of the Thirteen Colonies, civil rights hub.", "i": "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/img/u-s-states/georgia-u-s-state.webp", "c": "TylerKutschbach · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/island-records-artists/e/island-records-artists/the-b-52s/": {"t": "The B-52s", "s": "American rock band known for quirky new-wave sound and camp aesthetic."}, "https://codexery.com/film-and-theater-icons/e/film-and-theater-icons/werner-herzog/": {"t": "Werner Herzog", "s": "Pioneer of New German Cinema, filmmaker of impossible dreams.", "i": "https://codexery.com/film-and-theater-icons/img/film-and-theater-icons/werner-herzog.webp", "c": "Colleen Sturtevant · via Wikipedia: Werner Herzog · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/ghana/": {"t": "Ghana", "s": "First Sub-Saharan African colony to achieve sovereignty."}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/joseph-conrad/": {"t": "Joseph Conrad", "s": "Polish-British novelist who mastered English prose."}, "https://codexery.com/novels-and-epics/e/novels-and-epics/heart-of-darkness/": {"t": "Heart of Darkness", "s": "Novella critiquing colonialism and exploring power and morality."}, "https://codexery.com/pandemics/e/pandemics/covid-19-pandemic/": {"t": "COVID-19 pandemic", "s": "Global pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2, beginning in late 2019."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/washington-d-c/": {"t": "Washington, D.C.", "s": "The federal capital city of the United States, anchored on the Potomac River."}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/the-new-york-times/": {"t": "The New York Times", "s": "The Gray Lady, a U.S."}, "https://codexery.com/power-generation/e/power-generation/nuclear-power/": {"t": "Nuclear power", "s": "Nuclear reactions produce electricity via fission, decay, or fusion."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy/e/astronomy/cosmic-ray/": {"t": "Cosmic ray", "s": "High-energy particles from space, discovered via balloon flights in 1912.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomy/img/astronomy/cosmic-ray.webp", "c": "Vahram Mekhitarian · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/particle-and-nuclear-physics/nuclear-fission/": {"t": "Nuclear fission", "s": "Nuclear fission splits atomic nuclei, releasing vast energy."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/enrico-fermi/": {"t": "Enrico Fermi", "s": "Architect of the nuclear age and the atomic bomb."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/niels-bohr/": {"t": "Niels Bohr", "s": "Danish physicist who revolutionized atomic theory and quantum mechanics."}, "https://codexery.com/german-inventions/e/german-inventions/accordion/": {"t": "Accordion", "s": "A bellows-driven free-reed instrument with melody and accompaniment sections."}, "https://codexery.com/headphones-and-audio-gear/e/headphones-and-audio-gear/shure/": {"t": "Shure", "s": "American audio equipment manufacturer since 1925."}, "https://codexery.com/supernatural/e/world/new-orleans-louisiana/": {"t": "New Orleans, Louisiana", "s": "The Crescent City on the Mississippi, where Creole culture, Voodoo and Mardi Gras grew up together.", "i": "https://codexery.com/supernatural/img/world/new-orleans-louisiana.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: New Orleans · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/pc-gaming-brands-and-manufacturers-2/e/pc-gaming-brands-and-manufacturers/altec-lansing/": {"t": "Altec Lansing", "s": "American audio pioneer from theater sound to PC speakers."}, "https://codexery.com/meteorology/e/meteorology/hertz/": {"t": "Hertz", "s": "German physicist who proved electromagnetic waves exist."}, "https://codexery.com/theatrical-occupations/e/theatrical-occupations/front-of-house/": {"t": "Front of house", "s": "The public-facing area of a performance venue."}, "https://codexery.com/magazines/e/magazines/billboard-magazine/": {"t": "Billboard (magazine)", "s": "The bible of the recording industry", "i": "https://codexery.com/magazines/img/magazines/billboard-magazine.webp", "c": "Billboard · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/nhl-arenas/e/nhl-arenas/madison-square-garden/": {"t": "Madison Square Garden", "s": "The fourth Madison Square Garden, atop Penn Station since 1968."}, "/e/amateur-radio-people/leo-laporte/": {"t": "Leo Laporte", "s": "Technology broadcaster, author, and founder of TWiT.tv."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-manufacturers/e/radio-manufacturers/rca-corporation/": {"t": "RCA Corporation", "s": "Pioneering American electronics and communications firm for over five decades."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/modern-metropolis/toronto/": {"t": "Toronto", "s": "Canada's largest city and a global hub of multiculturalism, finance, and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/coupe-cars/e/cars/ford-thunderbird/": {"t": "Ford Thunderbird", "s": "Ford's personal luxury car, the T-Bird, spanned 50 years."}, "https://codexery.com/communication-and-media/e/communication-and-media/television/": {"t": "Television", "s": "A telecommunication medium for transmitting moving images and sound."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-propagation/e/radio-propagation/antenna-radio/": {"t": "Antenna (radio)", "s": "Interface between radio waves and electric currents."}, "https://codexery.com/apollo-11/e/apollo-11/neil-armstrong/": {"t": "Neil Armstrong", "s": "First human to walk on the Moon, Apollo 11 commander.", "i": "https://codexery.com/apollo-11/img/apollo-11/neil-armstrong.webp", "c": "Unknown authorUnknown author · via Wikipedia: Neil Armstrong · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/apollo-11/e/apollo-11/apollo-11/": {"t": "Apollo 11", "s": "First crewed mission to land humans on the Moon.", "i": "https://codexery.com/apollo-11/img/apollo-11/apollo-11.webp", "c": "Neil A. Armstrong · via Wikipedia: Apollo 11 · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/satellites/e/satellites/satellite/": {"t": "Satellite", "s": "Artificial objects placed into orbit around a celestial body."}, "https://codexery.com/education-schools/e/education-and-schools/middle-school/": {"t": "Middle school", "s": "Educational stage between primary and secondary school."}, "https://codexery.com/narrative-techniques-genres/e/narrative-techniques-and-genres/fan-fiction/": {"t": "Fan fiction", "s": "Amateur fiction by fans, based on existing works."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/influenza/": {"t": "Influenza", "s": "A viral respiratory disease causing seasonal epidemics and pandemics."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/tuberculosis/": {"t": "Tuberculosis", "s": "A contagious bacterial disease, historically called consumption, that remains a global killer."}, "https://codexery.com/energy-power/e/energy-and-power/petroleum/": {"t": "Petroleum", "s": "A fossil fuel central to modern industry and climate change."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/mohammad-reza-pahlavi/": {"t": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi", "s": "Last Shah of Iran, overthrown in the Islamic Revolution.", "i": "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/img/leaders-and-monarchs/mohammad-reza-pahlavi.webp", "c": "Ghazarians · via Wikipedia: Mohammad Reza Pahlavi · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/e/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/anglo-soviet-invasion-of-iran/": {"t": "Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran", "s": "Joint Allied invasion of neutral Iran in August 1941.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/img/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/anglo-soviet-invasion-of-iran.webp", "c": "Unknown authorUnknown author · via Wikipedia: Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/corporations-conglomerates/e/corporations-and-conglomerates/standard-oil/": {"t": "Standard Oil", "s": "The trust that shaped an industry."}, "https://codexery.com/fictional-dinosaurs/e/fictional-dinosaurs/sinclair-oil-corporation/": {"t": "Sinclair Oil Corporation", "s": "Petroleum company with a Brontosaurus mascot since 1930."}, "https://codexery.com/corporations-conglomerates/e/corporations-and-conglomerates/shell-plc/": {"t": "Shell plc", "s": "Shell plc is a British publicly traded oil and gas company with its headquarters in London, England.", "i": "https://codexery.com/corporations-conglomerates/img/corporations-and-conglomerates/shell-plc.webp", "c": "Marek Ślusarczyk ( Tupungato ) Photo portfolio · CC BY 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cold-war-conflicts/e/cold-war-conflicts/abadan-crisis/": {"t": "Abadan Crisis", "s": "A Cold War crisis over oil nationalization and foreign intervention.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cold-war-conflicts/img/cold-war-conflicts/abadan-crisis.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Iran–Israel proxy conflict · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cold-war-conflicts/e/cold-war-conflicts/1953-iranian-coup-d-tat/": {"t": "1953 Iranian coup d'état", "s": "The 1953 Iranian coup d'état, instigated by the UK and US, overthrew Prime Minister Mosaddegh and strengthened the Shah's rule."}, "https://codexery.com/cosmic-mysteries/e/cosmic-mysteries/seti/": {"t": "SETI", "s": "Exploring, understanding, and explaining the origin and nature of life in the universe."}, "https://codexery.com/german-inventions-of-the-nazi-period/e/german-inventions-of-the-nazi-period/scanning-electron-microscope/": {"t": "Scanning electron microscope", "s": "An electron microscope scanning surfaces with a focused beam."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-and-dwarf-planets/e/planets-and-dwarf-planets/earth/": {"t": "Earth", "s": "The only known planet with liquid surface water and life."}, "https://codexery.com/education-schools/e/education-and-schools/postgraduate-education/": {"t": "Postgraduate education", "s": "Postgraduate education comprises advanced degrees beyond the bachelor's level."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/carl-sagan/": {"t": "Carl Sagan", "s": "American astronomer and influential science communicator."}, "https://codexery.com/hard-science-fiction-novels/e/hard-science-fiction-novels/contact-novel/": {"t": "Contact (novel)", "s": "A 1985 novel about humanity's first contact with extraterrestrial intelligence."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/sunni-islam/": {"t": "Sunni Islam", "s": "Largest branch of Islam, following the sunnah of Muhammad."}, "https://codexery.com/entering-heaven-alive/e/entering-heaven-alive/muhammad/": {"t": "Muhammad", "s": "Founder of Islam and final prophet in Islamic belief."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/amman/": {"t": "Amman", "s": "Jordan's capital and largest city, ancient and modern center."}, "https://codexery.com/cold-war-conflicts/e/cold-war-conflicts/six-day-war/": {"t": "Six-Day War", "s": "In June 1967, a brief but intense conflict broke out between Israel and a coalition of Arab states—chiefly Egypt, Syria, and Jordan—lasting from the 5th to the "}, "https://codexery.com/international-and-comparative-law/e/international-and-comparative-law/palestine-liberation-organization/": {"t": "Palestine Liberation Organization", "s": "Palestinian nationalist coalition and internationally recognized representative of the Palestinian people."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/arab-israeli-conflict/": {"t": "Arab–Israeli conflict", "s": "A century of conflict rooted in competing nationalisms and colonial mandates."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/israeli-palestinian-conflict/": {"t": "Israeli–Palestinian conflict", "s": "Ongoing conflict over land and self-determination in former Mandatory Palestine.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/img/revolutions-and-conflicts/israeli-palestinian-conflict.webp", "c": "Nizzan Cohen · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/royalty-and-heads-of-state/e/royalty-and-heads-of-state/abdullah-ii-of-jordan/": {"t": "Abdullah II of Jordan", "s": "King of Jordan since 1999, Hashemite monarch and reformer.", "i": "https://codexery.com/royalty-and-heads-of-state/img/royalty-and-heads-of-state/abdullah-ii-of-jordan.webp", "c": "European Parliament · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/e/diseases-and-conditions/pneumonia/": {"t": "Pneumonia", "s": "Inflammatory lung condition primarily affecting alveoli, caused by infection.", "i": "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/img/diseases-and-conditions/pneumonia.webp", "c": "Nephron · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/rebellions-in-the-ottoman-empire/e/rebellions-in-the-ottoman-empire/arab-revolt/": {"t": "Arab Revolt", "s": "Hashemite-led uprising against Ottoman rule in World War I.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rebellions-in-the-ottoman-empire/img/rebellions-in-the-ottoman-empire/arab-revolt.webp", "c": "Maurice Bauche (1878–1956) · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/family-relationships/e/family-and-relationships/patrilineality/": {"t": "Patrilineality", "s": "Kinship system tracing descent and inheritance through the father's lineage."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/jerusalem/": {"t": "Jerusalem", "s": "A holy city to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, and a focal point of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict."}, "https://codexery.com/computer-mice-and-monitors/e/computer-mice-and-monitors/compaq-171fs/": {"t": "Compaq 171FS", "s": "A 17-inch CRT monitor from the leading PC supplier of the 1990s."}, "https://codexery.com/corporations/e/corporations/nokia/": {"t": "Nokia", "s": "Finnish telecom giant that dominated mobile phones for a decade.", "i": "https://codexery.com/corporations/img/corporations/nokia.webp", "c": "Strubbl · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/turkish-inventions/e/turkish-inventions/camshaft/": {"t": "Camshaft", "s": "A shaft with cams converting rotation to reciprocating motion."}, "https://codexery.com/clothing-types/e/clothing-types/t-shirt/": {"t": "T-shirt", "s": "A simple T-shaped shirt that became a global casual clothing staple."}, "https://codexery.com/international-motorsports-hall-of-fame/e/international-motorsports-hall-of-fame-inductees/don-garlits/": {"t": "Don Garlits", "s": "Pioneer of rear-engine Top Fuel dragsters and drag racing legend.", "i": "https://codexery.com/international-motorsports-hall-of-fame/img/international-motorsports-hall-of-fame-inductees/don-garlits.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Don Garlits · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/flight-instruments-and-avionics/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/avionics/": {"t": "Avionics", "s": "Electronic systems used on aircraft, from communications to navigation."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-spectrum/e/radio-spectrum/very-high-frequency/": {"t": "Very high frequency", "s": "VHF spans 30–300 MHz, enabling line-of-sight radio for broadcasting, aviation, and marine use."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-manufacturers/e/radio-manufacturers/general-electric/": {"t": "General Electric", "s": "American conglomerate formed from Edison and Thomson-Houston merger in 1892."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/abraham-lincoln/": {"t": "Abraham Lincoln", "s": "16th president who led the Union through the Civil War and abolished slavery."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/explorers/henry-ford/": {"t": "Henry Ford", "s": "Pioneer of affordable automobiles and Fordism", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/explorers/henry-ford.webp", "c": "Ford Motor Company. Photographic Department · via Wikipedia: Henry Ford · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/missouri/": {"t": "Missouri", "s": "Gateway to the West, birthplace of ragtime and Kansas City jazz."}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/spanish-american-war/": {"t": "Spanish–American War", "s": "Conflict that ended Spanish empire and launched U.S. overseas power.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/spanish-american-war.webp", "c": "Barbudo Barbudo and TEP · via Wikipedia: Spanish–American War · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/criminal-law-and-procedure/e/criminal-law-and-procedure/prohibition/": {"t": "Prohibition", "s": "Legal ban on alcohol manufacture, sale, and consumption."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-electronics/e/radio-electronics/crystal-radio/": {"t": "Crystal radio", "s": "A passive radio receiver powered solely by received radio waves."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/mississippi/": {"t": "Mississippi", "s": "State in the Southeastern and Deep South regions of the United States.", "i": "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/img/u-s-states/mississippi.webp", "c": "TylerKutschbach · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-radio/e/amateur-radio/qrp-operation/": {"t": "QRP operation", "s": "Low-power amateur radio operation emphasizing efficiency and skill."}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/e/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/energy-esotericism/": {"t": "Energy (esotericism)", "s": "Esoteric energy is a claimed force beyond scientific measurement."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-movements-and-schools/e/philosophical-movements-and-schools/eastern-philosophy/": {"t": "Eastern philosophy", "s": "Philosophical traditions originating in East and South Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/e/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/plato/": {"t": "Plato", "s": "Foundational Western philosopher, student of Socrates, teacher of Aristotle.", "i": "https://codexery.com/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/img/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/plato.webp", "c": "Marie-Lan Nguyen · via Wikipedia: Plato · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/e/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/metaphysics/": {"t": "Metaphysics", "s": "Study of the most fundamental structure of reality."}, "https://codexery.com/business-magnates-tycoons/e/business-magnates-and-tycoons/andrew-grove/": {"t": "Andrew Grove", "s": "Hungarian-American businessman and engineer who served as the third CEO of Intel, transforming it into the world's largest semiconductor company."}, "https://codexery.com/corporations-conglomerates/e/corporations-and-conglomerates/yamaha-corporation/": {"t": "Yamaha Corporation", "s": "Japanese multinational musical instrument and audio equipment manufacturer.", "i": "https://codexery.com/corporations-conglomerates/img/corporations-and-conglomerates/yamaha-corporation.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Yamaha Corporation · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/american-southern-rock-musical-groups/e/american-southern-rock-musical-groups/lynyrd-skynyrd/": {"t": "Lynyrd Skynyrd", "s": "Definitive Southern rock band from Jacksonville, Florida.", "i": "https://codexery.com/american-southern-rock-musical-groups/img/american-southern-rock-musical-groups/lynyrd-skynyrd.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Lynyrd Skynyrd · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/arena-rock-musical-groups/e/arena-rock-musical-groups/38-special-band/": {"t": "38 Special (band)", "s": "American rock band formed in Jacksonville, Florida, in 1974."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-modulation-modes/e/radio-modulation-modes/software-defined-radio/": {"t": "Software-defined radio", "s": "Radio communication system implemented via software on general-purpose hardware."}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-radio-organizations/e/part-1/tucson-amateur-packet-radio/": {"t": "Tucson Amateur Packet Radio", "s": "A community advancing the radio art through digital technology."}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-radio-organizations/e/part-1/international-amateur-radio-union/": {"t": "International Amateur Radio Union", "s": "International confederation of national amateur radio organisations.", "i": "https://codexery.com/amateur-radio-organizations/img/part-1/international-amateur-radio-union.webp", "c": "Р. Стрельников · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/corporations/e/corporations/qualcomm/": {"t": "Qualcomm", "s": "American multinational developer of wireless communications and semiconductor technologies."}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-radio/e/amateur-radio/amateur-radio-digital-communications/": {"t": "Amateur Radio Digital Communications", "s": "Amateur radio's early IP network, now partly a research telescope."}, "https://codexery.com/packet-radio-and-radio-hobbies/e/packet-radio-and-radio-hobbies/ka9q/": {"t": "KA9Q", "s": "Early TCP/IP implementation for amateur packet radio and small computers."}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-radio/e/amateur-radio/amateur-radio-satellite/": {"t": "Amateur radio satellite", "s": "Amateur-built satellites enabling free radio communication for licensed operators worldwide."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-modulation-modes/e/radio-modulation-modes/phase-shift-keying/": {"t": "Phase-shift keying", "s": "Digital modulation that encodes data by varying carrier phase."}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-radio-satellites/e/amateur-radio-satellites/oscar-40/": {"t": "OSCAR 40", "s": "Amateur radio satellite that suffered a propulsion failure and later battery loss."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/astronomy-and-space/low-earth-orbit/": {"t": "Low Earth orbit", "s": "Low Earth orbit hosts most artificial satellites and space stations."}, "https://codexery.com/computer-storage/e/computer-storage/floppy-disk/": {"t": "Floppy disk", "s": "A magnetic storage medium enclosed in a square plastic shell."}, "https://codexery.com/discovery-and-invention-controversies/e/discovery-and-invention-controversies/invention-of-the-integrated-circuit/": {"t": "Invention of the integrated circuit", "s": "Multiple inventors contributed to the integrated circuit's creation."}, "https://codexery.com/discovery-and-invention-controversies/e/discovery-and-invention-controversies/integrated-circuit/": {"t": "Integrated circuit", "s": "Compact electronic circuits on a semiconductor chip revolutionized modern technology."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry/e/chemistry/germanium/": {"t": "Germanium", "s": "A lustrous, hard-brittle metalloid in the carbon group, used in semiconductors and fiber optics.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemistry/img/chemistry/germanium.webp", "c": "Mister rf · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/e/science-and-measurement/oscilloscope/": {"t": "Oscilloscope", "s": "Electronic test instrument that graphically displays varying voltages as a function of time.", "i": "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/img/science-and-measurement/oscilloscope.webp", "c": "Leif Jørgensen · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements-metals/e/chemical-elements-and-metals/silicon/": {"t": "Silicon", "s": "The semiconductor element that shapes the modern world."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-scotland/e/world-heritage-sites-in-scotland/old-and-new-towns-of-edinburgh/": {"t": "Old and New Towns of Edinburgh", "s": "Medieval Old Town and Georgian New Town, a UNESCO site."}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/e/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/martyr/": {"t": "Martyr", "s": "A witness who suffers death for a religious or political cause."}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/e/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/extermination-camp/": {"t": "Extermination camp", "s": "Nazi camps built for systematic mass murder by gassing.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/img/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/extermination-camp.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/e/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/auschwitz-concentration-camp/": {"t": "Auschwitz concentration camp", "s": "Site of the largest mass murder in a single location in history.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/img/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/auschwitz-concentration-camp.webp", "c": "Ynnarski · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/warsaw/": {"t": "Warsaw", "s": "Capital and largest city of Poland, on the Vistula River."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church/": {"t": "Catholic Church", "s": "The largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.41 billion baptized members.", "i": "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/img/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Christianity by country · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/russian-empire/": {"t": "Russian Empire", "s": "Third-largest empire in history, spanning northern Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-ukraine/e/world-heritage-sites-in-ukraine/lviv/": {"t": "Lviv", "s": "Historic city centre listed as UNESCO World Heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/rome/": {"t": "Rome", "s": "The Eternal City, capital of Italy and cradle of Western civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-saints-early-church-fathers/e/christian-saints-and-early-church-fathers/pope-benedict-xv/": {"t": "Pope Benedict XV", "s": "Pope during World War I, focused on peace and humanitarian aid.", "i": "https://codexery.com/christian-saints-early-church-fathers/img/christian-saints-and-early-church-fathers/pope-benedict-xv.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Pope Benedict XV · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/giordano-bruno/": {"t": "Giordano Bruno", "s": "Italian philosopher burned at the stake for heresy."}, "https://codexery.com/theology-and-religious-concepts/e/theology-and-religious-concepts/holy-orders/": {"t": "Holy orders", "s": "Ordained ministries of bishop, priest, and deacon in Christian churches."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/shanghai/": {"t": "Shanghai", "s": "China's most populous city and a global hub for finance and innovation."}, "https://codexery.com/japanese-cities/e/japanese-cities/nagasaki/": {"t": "Nagasaki", "s": "Capital of Nagasaki Prefecture on Kyushu, Japan."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-poland/e/world-heritage-sites-in-poland/krak-w/": {"t": "Kraków", "s": "Historic royal capital and UNESCO World Heritage city in southern Poland."}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/e/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/invasion-of-poland/": {"t": "Invasion of Poland", "s": "Joint invasion that started World War II.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/img/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/invasion-of-poland.webp", "c": "The National Archives UK · No restrictions"}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-substances-and-materials/e/chemical-substances-and-materials/phenol/": {"t": "Phenol", "s": "Aromatic compound essential for plastics, drugs, and explosives."}, "https://codexery.com/engineering-disciplines/e/engineering-disciplines/civil-engineering/": {"t": "Civil engineering", "s": "Professional discipline designing and maintaining the built environment."}, "https://codexery.com/sports-and-recreation/e/sports-and-recreation/arcade-game/": {"t": "Arcade game", "s": "Coin-operated machines of skill installed in public venues."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/covid-19/": {"t": "COVID-19", "s": "COVID-19 is a contagious disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2."}, "https://codexery.com/literary-forms-tropes/e/literary-forms-and-tropes/author/": {"t": "Author", "s": "Creator of original published works, holding exclusive copyright."}, "https://codexery.com/us-cities/e/us-cities/san-jose-california/": {"t": "San Jose, California", "s": "Capital of Silicon Valley"}, "https://codexery.com/shortwave-and-numbers-stations/e/shortwave-and-numbers-stations/american-forces-network/": {"t": "American Forces Network", "s": "U.S. military radio and television service for overseas personnel.", "i": "https://codexery.com/shortwave-and-numbers-stations/img/shortwave-and-numbers-stations/american-forces-network.webp", "c": "U.S. Navy photo by Petty Officer 3rd Class Jack Pridham · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/ontario/": {"t": "Ontario", "s": "Canada's most populous province, home to Ottawa and Toronto."}, "https://codexery.com/comedy-legends/e/comedy-legends/steve-martin/": {"t": "Steve Martin", "s": "American comedian, actor, writer, producer and musician.", "i": "https://codexery.com/comedy-legends/img/comedy-legends/steve-martin.webp", "c": "Davidwbaker · via Wikipedia: Steve Martin · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/entertainment-news-shows-in-the-united/e/entertainment-news-shows-in-the-united-states/showbiz-tonight/": {"t": "Showbiz Tonight", "s": "Celebrity news, debate, and viewer interaction on HLN."}, "https://codexery.com/internet-culture-and-platforms/e/internet-culture-and-platforms/reddit/": {"t": "Reddit", "s": "A social news platform where communities vote on content."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-m/e/cities-starting-with-m/madurai/": {"t": "Madurai", "s": "Ancient city on the Vaigai River, cultural capital of Tamil Nadu."}, "https://codexery.com/rf-connectors-and-coax/e/rf-connectors-and-coax/transmission-line/": {"t": "Transmission line", "s": "A structure designed to conduct electromagnetic waves with minimal reflections and losses.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rf-connectors-and-coax/img/rf-connectors-and-coax/transmission-line.webp", "c": "Thebezaliel · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/radio-electronics/e/radio-electronics/spark-gap-transmitter/": {"t": "Spark-gap transmitter", "s": "The first type of radio transmitter, using electric sparks to generate waves."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-radiation/e/electromagnetism-and-radiation/synchrotron/": {"t": "Synchrotron", "s": "Cyclic accelerator with synchronized magnetic field and particle energy."}, "https://codexery.com/materials-and-states-of-matter/e/materials-and-states-of-matter/solid-state-physics/": {"t": "Solid-state physics", "s": "Study of solids' atomic-scale properties determining large-scale behavior."}, "https://codexery.com/computing-digital/e/computing-and-digital/computer-science/": {"t": "Computer science", "s": "Study of computation, information, and automation spanning theory to application."}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-radio/e/amateur-radio/yagi-uda-antenna/": {"t": "Yagi–Uda antenna", "s": "A directional parasitic array invented in 1926 by Shintaro Uda."}, "https://codexery.com/notable-mountains-and-peaks/e/notable-mountains-and-peaks/matterhorn/": {"t": "Matterhorn", "s": "A pyramidal peak emblematic of the Alps and Switzerland.", "i": "https://codexery.com/notable-mountains-and-peaks/img/notable-mountains-and-peaks/matterhorn.webp", "c": "Photo: chil, on Camptocamp.org\nDerivative work:Zacharie Grossen · via Wikipedia: Matterhorn · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/notable-mountains-and-peaks/e/notable-mountains-and-peaks/kilimanjaro/": {"t": "Kilimanjaro", "s": "Africa's highest mountain and a major climbing destination."}, "https://codexery.com/video-game-consoles-by-generation/e/video-game-consoles-by-generation/fairchild-channel-f/": {"t": "Fairchild Channel F", "s": "First microprocessor-based console with interchangeable ROM cartridges."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/george-washington-carver/": {"t": "George Washington Carver", "s": "Agricultural scientist and inventor who promoted alternative crops and soil conservation."}, "https://codexery.com/san-francisco-49ers/e/culture/santa-clara-california/": {"t": "Santa Clara, California", "s": "Silicon Valley city founded by Spanish 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"https://codexery.com/playwrights-and-dramatists/img/playwrights-and-dramatists/clifford-odets.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Clifford Odets · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/magazines/e/magazines/cosmopolitan-magazine/": {"t": "Cosmopolitan (magazine)", "s": "Formerly The Cosmopolitan, often called Cosmo."}, "https://codexery.com/film-history-milestones/e/film-history-and-milestones/cinema-of-the-united-states/": {"t": "Cinema of the United States", "s": "Hollywood shaped global cinema from the early 20th century."}, "https://codexery.com/music/e/music/west-side-story/": {"t": "West Side Story", "s": "A landmark musical adaptation of Romeo and Juliet."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/writers/cary-grant/": {"t": "Cary Grant", "s": "The debonair leading man of classic Hollywood."}, "https://codexery.com/historic-and-sacred-architecture/e/historic-and-sacred-architecture/mount-rushmore/": {"t": "Mount Rushmore", "s": "Colossal sculpture of four U.S. presidents in the Black 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"https://codexery.com/arab-inventions/e/arab-inventions/cryptanalysis/": {"t": "Cryptanalysis", "s": "Arab scholars first systematically documented methods for breaking codes."}, "https://codexery.com/science-and-technology/e/science-and-technology/meteorology/": {"t": "Meteorology", "s": "Study of Earth's atmosphere and weather forecasting."}, "https://codexery.com/political-systems-elections/e/political-systems-and-elections/federal-government-of-the-united-states/": {"t": "Federal government of the United States", "s": "National government of the United States, established by the Constitution."}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/second-sino-japanese-war/": {"t": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "s": "Largest Asian war of the 20th century, intertwined with World War II.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/second-sino-japanese-war.webp", "c": "Unknown photographer, Ministry of the Navy · via Wikipedia: Second Sino-Japanese War · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/chiang-kai-shek/": {"t": "Chiang Kai-shek", "s": "Chinese military commander, revolutionary, and statesman; President of the Republic of China from 1948 to 1975."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/e/chinese-history/republic-of-china-1912-1949/": {"t": "Republic of China (1912–1949)", "s": "First Chinese republic, ruled mainland until 1949."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/mao-zedong/": {"t": "Mao Zedong", "s": "Founder of the People's Republic of China and CCP leader."}, "https://codexery.com/landforms-and-regions/e/landforms-and-regions/kunlun-mountains/": {"t": "Kunlun Mountains", "s": "A vast Asian mountain chain on the northern rim of the Tibetan Plateau, central to Chinese myth.", "i": "https://codexery.com/landforms-and-regions/img/landforms-and-regions/kunlun-mountains.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Kunlun Mountains · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/plateaus-and-plains/e/plateaus-and-plains/tibetan-plateau/": {"t": "Tibetan Plateau", "s": "Largest and highest plateau in the world, sometimes called the 'Roof of the World'.", "i": "https://codexery.com/plateaus-and-plains/img/plateaus-and-plains/tibetan-plateau.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Plateau · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/buddhist-traditions/e/buddhist-traditions/dalai-lama/": {"t": "Dalai Lama", "s": "Spiritual head of Tibetan Buddhism and historical symbol of Tibetan unity."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-l/e/cities-starting-with-l/lhasa/": {"t": "Lhasa", "s": "High-altitude capital of Tibet, center of Buddhist culture and history."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/korean-war/": {"t": "Korean War", "s": "A frozen conflict that divided a peninsula."}, "https://codexery.com/crewed-spacecraft-and-space-stations/e/crewed-spacecraft-and-space-stations/space-shuttle-atlantis/": {"t": "Space Shuttle Atlantis", "s": "Fourth operational Space Shuttle, flew the program's final mission."}, "https://codexery.com/crew-members-of-the-international/e/crew-members-of-the-international-space-station/michael-barratt-astronaut/": {"t": "Michael Barratt (astronaut)", "s": "American physician and NASA astronaut with four spaceflights."}, "https://codexery.com/crewed-spacecraft-and-space-stations/e/crewed-spacecraft-and-space-stations/soyuz-spacecraft/": {"t": "Soyuz (spacecraft)", "s": "A long-serving crewed spacecraft for orbital and station missions."}, "https://codexery.com/human-analog-missions/e/human-analog-missions/neemo/": {"t": "NEEMO", "s": "Undersea analog for space exploration missions."}, "https://codexery.com/satellite-operators/e/satellite-operators/national-oceanic-and-atmospheric-administration/": {"t": "National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration", "s": "U.S. agency for weather, oceans, and atmosphere."}, "https://codexery.com/space-shuttle-program-astronauts/e/space-shuttle-program-astronauts/bob-behnken/": {"t": "Bob Behnken", "s": "Former NASA astronaut and Chief of the Astronaut Office.", "i": "https://codexery.com/space-shuttle-program-astronauts/img/space-shuttle-program-astronauts/bob-behnken.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Bob Behnken · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/crew-members-of-the-international/e/crew-members-of-the-international-space-station/timothy-creamer/": {"t": "Timothy Creamer", "s": "NASA flight director, retired astronaut, and U.S. Army colonel.", "i": "https://codexery.com/crew-members-of-the-international/img/crew-members-of-the-international-space-station/timothy-creamer.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Timothy Creamer · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/moon-landing/": {"t": "Moon landing", "s": "Arrival of a spacecraft on the lunar surface."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/classical-mechanics/gravity/": {"t": "Gravity", "s": "Gravity is the fundamental attraction between objects with mass.", "i": "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/img/classical-mechanics/gravity.webp", "c": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Nicoguaro · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/spacex-astronauts/e/spacex-astronauts/koichi-wakata/": {"t": "Koichi Wakata", "s": "First Japanese commander of the International Space Station.", "i": "https://codexery.com/spacex-astronauts/img/spacex-astronauts/koichi-wakata.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Koichi Wakata · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/human-spaceflight-programs/e/human-spaceflight-programs/virgin-galactic/": {"t": "Virgin Galactic", "s": "Commercial spaceflight company offering suborbital tourist flights."}, "https://codexery.com/astronauts-and-space-pioneers/e/astronauts-and-space-pioneers/chris-hadfield/": {"t": "Chris Hadfield", "s": "First Canadian to walk in space and command the ISS.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronauts-and-space-pioneers/img/astronauts-and-space-pioneers/chris-hadfield.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Chris Hadfield · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/e/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/attack-on-pearl-harbor/": {"t": "Attack on Pearl Harbor", "s": "Surprise Japanese air raid on US Pacific Fleet, December 7, 1941.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/img/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/attack-on-pearl-harbor.webp", "c": "Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Katarzyna Kobiljak · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/frequency/": {"t": "Frequency", "s": "Frequency measures repeating events per unit time."}, "https://codexery.com/mechanics-and-fluid-dynamics/e/mechanics-and-fluid-dynamics/hysteresis/": {"t": "Hysteresis", "s": "History-dependent behavior observed across many natural and artificial systems."}, "https://codexery.com/named-stars/e/named-stars/algol/": {"t": "Algol", "s": "A bright multiple star and prototype of Algol variables."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/resonance/": {"t": "Resonance", "s": "Resonance amplifies vibrations when frequency matches a system's natural frequency."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/capacitance/": {"t": "Capacitance", "s": "Capacitance is the ability to store electric charge."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/dielectric/": {"t": "Dielectric", "s": "An electrical insulator that stores energy through polarisation."}, "/e/amateur-radio-people/guglielmo-marconi/": {"t": "Guglielmo Marconi", "s": "Italian inventor of practical wireless telegraphy and Nobel laureate."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/e/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/edo-period/": {"t": "Edo period", "s": "Period of Tokugawa rule marked by peace, isolation, and cultural flourishing."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/texas/": {"t": "Texas", "s": "Second-largest U.S. state by area, but first in Fortune 500 headquarters and gross state product."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/new-mexico/": {"t": "New Mexico", "s": "Land of diverse cultures, history, and high desert."}, "https://codexery.com/corporations-conglomerates/e/corporations-and-conglomerates/toshiba/": {"t": "Toshiba", "s": "Japanese electronics conglomerate known for flash memory and laptops.", "i": "https://codexery.com/corporations-conglomerates/img/corporations-and-conglomerates/toshiba.webp", "c": "photo: Qurren (talk) Taken with Samsung Galaxy J (NTT docomo SC-02F) · via Wikipedia: Toshiba · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/sports-athletics/e/sports-and-athletics/equestrianism/": {"t": "Equestrianism", "s": "Horse riding spans work, sport, therapy, and tradition worldwide."}, "https://codexery.com/royalty-and-heads-of-state/e/royalty-and-heads-of-state/akihito/": {"t": "Akihito", "s": "125th Emperor of Japan; reigned during the Heisei era.", "i": "https://codexery.com/royalty-and-heads-of-state/img/royalty-and-heads-of-state/akihito.webp", "c": "State Department photo by William Ng / Public domain East Asia and Pacific Media · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/inventors-and-engineers/e/inventors-and-engineers/wilhelm-maybach/": {"t": "Wilhelm Maybach", "s": "German engine designer hailed as 'King of Designers'."}, "https://codexery.com/sports-and-games/e/sports-and-games/american-football/": {"t": "American football", "s": "Team sport evolved from rugby and soccer, popular in the US."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/inorganic-chemistry/": {"t": "Inorganic chemistry", "s": "Study of non-carbon-based compounds and their industrial applications."}, "https://codexery.com/space-program-of-australia/e/space-program-of-australia/csiro/": {"t": "CSIRO", "s": "Australia's national science agency, advancing research since 1916."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-spectrum/e/radio-spectrum/microwave/": {"t": "Microwave", "s": "Electromagnetic radiation between radio waves and infrared, used widely in technology."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements/e/chemical-elements/zirconium/": {"t": "Zirconium", "s": "A corrosion-resistant transition metal used in nuclear and aerospace applications."}, "https://codexery.com/australian-inventions/e/australian-inventions/csirac/": {"t": "CSIRAC", "s": "Australia's first digital computer and the oldest surviving first-generation electronic computer."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/lead/": {"t": "Lead", "s": "Heavy metal with stable isotopes and historical industrial use."}, "https://codexery.com/sodium-compounds/e/sodium-compounds/sodium-carbonate/": {"t": "Sodium carbonate", "s": "A versatile alkali used in glass, soap, and food."}, "https://codexery.com/sodium-compounds/e/sodium-compounds/sodium-hypochlorite/": {"t": "Sodium hypochlorite", "s": "Alkaline compound used as bleach and disinfectant; household use became widespread in the early 20th century."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/brussels/": {"t": "Brussels", "s": "The capital of Belgium and de facto capital of the European Union."}, "https://codexery.com/materials-and-states-of-matter/e/materials-and-states-of-matter/plasma-physics/": {"t": "Plasma (physics)", "s": "Plasma is the fourth state of matter, consisting of ionized gas."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/buenos-aires/": {"t": "Buenos Aires", "s": "The Autonomous City of Buenos Aires: a multicultural capital with eclectic European architecture."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/belgrade/": {"t": "Belgrade", "s": "Capital of Serbia, ancient city at Danube and Sava confluence."}, "https://codexery.com/international-organizations-and-agreemen/e/international-organizations-and-agreements/international-union-of-pure-and-applied-chemistry/": {"t": "International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry", "s": "International authority for chemical nomenclature and standards."}, "https://codexery.com/minerals-ore-deposits/e/minerals-and-ore-deposits/rutile/": {"t": "Rutile", "s": "Common titanium dioxide mineral with high refractive index and optical uses."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry/e/chemistry/graphite/": {"t": "Graphite", "s": "A crystalline carbon allotrope used in refractories, batteries, and lubricants.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemistry/img/chemistry/graphite.webp", "c": "D.S. Soriano · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/e/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/henry-norris-russell/": {"t": "Henry Norris Russell", "s": "American astronomer who co-created the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/img/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/henry-norris-russell.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Henry Norris Russell · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/variable-stars/e/variable-stars/v603-aquilae/": {"t": "V603 Aquilae", "s": "Brightest nova since Kepler's Supernova, peaked at magnitude −0.5."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/latin-america/": {"t": "Latin America", "s": "The cultural region of the Americas where Romance languages are predominantly spoken.", "i": "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/img/countries-and-regions/latin-america.webp", "c": "Henrykez · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/italy/": {"t": "Italy", "s": "A cultural superpower with the eighth-largest economy and the most UNESCO sites."}, "https://codexery.com/planetary-nebulae/e/planetary-nebulae/planetary-nebula/": {"t": "Planetary nebula", "s": "Expanding shells of ionized gas from dying intermediate-mass stars."}, "https://codexery.com/black-holes/e/black-holes/black-hole/": {"t": "Black hole", "s": "An astronomical body from which nothing, not even light, can escape.", "i": "https://codexery.com/black-holes/img/black-holes/black-hole.webp", "c": "Event Horizon Telescope, uploader cropped and converted TIF to JPG · via Wikipedia: Black hole · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/international-organizations-and-agreemen/e/international-organizations-and-agreements/international-astronomical-union/": {"t": "International Astronomical Union", "s": "Global authority for astronomical naming and cooperation."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomical-concepts-and-techniques/e/astronomical-concepts-and-techniques/zodiac/": {"t": "Zodiac", "s": "A celestial coordinate system dividing the ecliptic into 12 signs."}, "https://codexery.com/people-associated-with-astronomical/e/people-associated-with-astronomical-catalogues/johann-bayer/": {"t": "Johann Bayer", "s": "German lawyer and uranographer who created the first full-sky star atlas."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomical-catalogues/e/astronomical-catalogues/c-lum-australe-stelliferum/": {"t": "Cœlum Australe Stelliferum", "s": "French astronomer who catalogued southern stars and named 14 constellations.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomical-catalogues/img/astronomical-catalogues/c-lum-australe-stelliferum.webp", "c": "Nicolas Louis de Lacaille . · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/e/lines-and-hemispheres/north-pole/": {"t": "North Pole", "s": "Northernmost point on Earth, located in the Arctic Ocean."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-canis-major/e/stars-of-canis-major/sirius/": {"t": "Sirius", "s": "The brightest star in Earth's night sky."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-and-dwarf-planets/e/planets-and-dwarf-planets/saturn/": {"t": "Saturn", "s": "Saturn is a gas giant with rings and the lowest density in the Solar System."}, "https://codexery.com/crime-justice/e/crime-and-justice/law/": {"t": "Law", "s": "Rules enforced by institutions to regulate behavior."}, "https://codexery.com/universities/e/universities/mcgill-university/": {"t": "McGill University", "s": "English-language public research university in Montreal, founded 1821."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-and-urban-areas/e/cities-and-urban-areas/montreal/": {"t": "Montreal", "s": "Montreal (French: Montréal) sits as Quebec’s biggest city, Canada’s second-largest, and North America’s eighth-largest."}, "https://codexery.com/states-and-regions/e/states-and-regions/quebec/": {"t": "Quebec", "s": "Canada's largest province, heart of Francophone culture in North America.", "i": "https://codexery.com/states-and-regions/img/states-and-regions/quebec.webp", "c": "Wilfredor · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/civil-law-and-remedies/e/civil-law-and-remedies/lawsuit/": {"t": "Lawsuit", "s": "A civil court proceeding initiated by a plaintiff against a defendant.", "i": "https://codexery.com/civil-law-and-remedies/img/civil-law-and-remedies/lawsuit.webp", "c": "Rrmmll22 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/engineering-disciplines/e/engineering-disciplines/electronics-engineering/": {"t": "Electronics engineering", "s": "Sub-discipline of electrical engineering using active components."}, "https://codexery.com/unmanned-aerial-vehicles/e/unmanned-aerial-vehicles/unmanned-aerial-vehicle/": {"t": "Unmanned aerial vehicle", "s": "An aircraft without a human pilot, controlled remotely or autonomously.", "i": "https://codexery.com/unmanned-aerial-vehicles/img/unmanned-aerial-vehicles/unmanned-aerial-vehicle.webp", "c": "Davomme · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/drone-technology-and-makers/e/drone-technology-and-makers/micro-air-vehicle/": {"t": "Micro air vehicle", "s": "Man-portable miniature UAVs for low-altitude close-in support."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/istanbul/": {"t": "Istanbul", "s": "A city on two continents, bridging Europe and Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/agra/": {"t": "Agra", "s": "Mughal capital and home of the Taj Mahal.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/img/cities-of-the-world/agra.webp", "c": "Diego Delso · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/airliners/e/airliners/lockheed-constellation/": {"t": "Lockheed Constellation", "s": "The first pressurized airliner in widespread use, the Lockheed Constellation set records and defined postwar air travel.", "i": "https://codexery.com/airliners/img/airliners/lockheed-constellation.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/scientific-american/": {"t": "Scientific American", "s": "Oldest continuously published U.S. magazine."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-and-dwarf-planets/e/planets-and-dwarf-planets/mars/": {"t": "Mars", "s": "The fourth planet from the Sun, a desert world with polar ice caps."}, "https://codexery.com/performing-arts-music-genres/e/performing-arts-and-music-genres/country-music/": {"t": "Country music", "s": "A genre originating in the United States with diverse folk roots."}, "https://codexery.com/injuries-and-conditions/e/injuries-and-conditions/visual-impairment/": {"t": "Visual impairment", "s": "Visual impairment is partial or total inability of visual perception.", "i": "https://codexery.com/injuries-and-conditions/img/injuries-and-conditions/visual-impairment.webp", "c": "Simon Legner ( User:simon04 ) · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/musical-forms-and-genres/e/musical-forms-and-genres/rhythm-and-blues/": {"t": "Rhythm and blues", "s": "A genre originating in African American communities in the 1940s."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/elvis-presley/": {"t": "Elvis Presley", "s": "The King of Rock and Roll"}, "https://codexery.com/musical-forms-and-genres/e/musical-forms-and-genres/rock-and-roll/": {"t": "Rock and roll", "s": "Genre of popular music evolving in the United States in the late 1940s and early 1950s."}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/little-richard/": {"t": "Little Richard", "s": "American singer-songwriter and pianist called the \"Architect of Rock and Roll\"", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/img/composers-and-musicians/little-richard.webp", "c": "Ian Dryden, Los Angeles Times · via Wikipedia: Little Richard · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/pioneers-of-rock-roll/e/pioneers-of-rock-and-roll/jerry-lee-lewis/": {"t": "Jerry Lee Lewis", "s": "American rock and roll, country, and gospel singer-songwriter; one of the pioneers of rockabilly.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pioneers-of-rock-roll/img/pioneers-of-rock-and-roll/jerry-lee-lewis.webp", "c": "photographer:Maurice Seymour, Chicago · via Wikipedia: Jerry Lee Lewis · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/capitol-records-artists/e/capitol-records-artists/ashford-simpson/": {"t": "Ashford & Simpson", "s": "Husband-and-wife duo who wrote Motown classics and performed hits."}, "https://codexery.com/chris-stapleton/e/people/kenny-rogers/": {"t": "Kenny Rogers", "s": "Country music star with over 100 million records sold."}, "https://codexery.com/television-series-by-stephen-j-cannell/e/television-series-by-stephen-j-cannell-productions/j-j-starbuck/": {"t": "J.J. Starbuck", "s": "A billionaire Texan helps folks in trouble."}, "https://codexery.com/defunct-record-labels-of-the-united/e/defunct-record-labels-of-the-united-kingdom/liberty-records/": {"t": "Liberty Records", "s": "US label revived in the UK, home of The Chipmunks.", "i": "https://codexery.com/defunct-record-labels-of-the-united/img/defunct-record-labels-of-the-united-kingdom/liberty-records.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Liberty Records · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/a-e-original-programming/e/a-and-e-original-programming/biography-tv-program/": {"t": "Biography (TV program)", "s": "A documentary series profiling notable lives."}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/west-yorkshire/": {"t": "West Yorkshire", "s": "Metropolitan county in Yorkshire and the Humber, England."}, "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/e/government-and-public-administration/civil-service/": {"t": "Civil service", "s": "The backbone of government: impartial, professional, and permanent.", "i": "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/img/government-and-public-administration/civil-service.webp", "c": "Harry Mitchell · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/dorset/": {"t": "Dorset", "s": "A ceremonial county in South West England with a varied landscape and a coastline largely part of the Jurassic Coast World Heritage Site."}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/berkshire/": {"t": "Berkshire", "s": "The Royal County of Berkshire"}, "https://codexery.com/computing-digital/e/computing-and-digital/computer-security/": {"t": "Computer security", "s": "Subdiscipline of information security protecting digital systems and networks."}, "https://codexery.com/computing-digital/e/computing-and-digital/computer-network/": {"t": "Computer network", "s": "A system of interconnected hosts communicating via protocols and hardware."}, "https://codexery.com/criminal-law-and-procedure/e/criminal-law-and-procedure/plea-bargain/": {"t": "Plea bargain", "s": "A legal arrangement exchanging a guilty plea for prosecutorial concessions."}, "https://codexery.com/syndromes/e/syndromes/asperger-syndrome/": {"t": "Asperger syndrome", "s": "Former diagnosis merged into autism spectrum disorder.", "i": "https://codexery.com/syndromes/img/syndromes/asperger-syndrome.webp", "c": "Yuasan · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/pennsylvania/": {"t": "Pennsylvania", "s": "The Keystone State", "i": "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/img/countries-and-regions/pennsylvania.webp", "c": "Simtropolitan, Jean-Pierre Demailly (old version)\npermission=\n\n\n\nInsignia\n\nThis image shows a flag, a coat of arms, a seal or some other official insignia. The  · via Wikipedia: Pennsylvania · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/people-with-congenital-heart-defects/e/people-with-congenital-heart-defects/skeet-ulrich/": {"t": "Skeet Ulrich", "s": "American actor known for Scream and Riverdale."}, "https://codexery.com/meteorology/e/meteorology/weather-forecasting/": {"t": "Weather forecasting", "s": "Predicting the atmosphere: from ancient lore to modern science."}, "https://codexery.com/satellite-meteorology/e/satellite-meteorology/ground-truth/": {"t": "Ground truth", "s": "Direct observation used to calibrate remote sensing and validate models."}, "https://codexery.com/meteorology/e/meteorology/hail/": {"t": "Hail", "s": "Solid precipitation in the form of balls or irregular lumps of ice, produced by thunderstorms."}, "https://codexery.com/satellite-meteorology/e/satellite-meteorology/weather-satellite/": {"t": "Weather satellite", "s": "Satellites monitoring Earth's weather and climate from orbit."}, "https://codexery.com/alzheimer-s-disease/e/alzheimer-s-disease/early-onset-alzheimer-s-disease/": {"t": "Early-onset Alzheimer's disease", "s": "Alzheimer's disease diagnosed before age 65."}, "https://codexery.com/motor-sports/e/motor-sports/drag-racing/": {"t": "Drag racing", "s": "Two vehicles race from a standing start over a short, straight course."}, "https://codexery.com/bbq/e/barbecue-and-grilling/barbecue-in-the-united-states/": {"t": "Barbecue in the United States", "s": "A smoky tradition rooted in the American South, from pit to plate."}, "https://codexery.com/performing-arts-music-genres/e/performing-arts-and-music-genres/blues/": {"t": "Blues", "s": "Blues originated among African Americans in the Deep South around the 1860s."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-tentative-list-for-india/e/world-heritage-tentative-list-for-india/delhi/": {"t": "Delhi", "s": "Capital of India, historic seat of two major empires."}, "https://codexery.com/indian-states/e/indian-states/bihar/": {"t": "Bihar", "s": "Land of ancient Buddhist monasteries and the birthplace of empires.", "i": "https://codexery.com/indian-states/img/indian-states/bihar.webp", "c": "Nirinsanity · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/indian-states/e/indian-states/rajasthan/": {"t": "Rajasthan", "s": "Land of Kings"}, "https://codexery.com/notable-mountains-and-peaks/e/notable-mountains-and-peaks/mount-everest/": {"t": "Mount Everest", "s": "Earth's highest mountain above sea level, on the China–Nepal border.", "i": "https://codexery.com/notable-mountains-and-peaks/img/notable-mountains-and-peaks/mount-everest.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: 1996 Mount Everest disaster · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/asian-leaders/e/asian-leaders/birendra-of-nepal/": {"t": "Birendra of Nepal", "s": "The Nepalese Civil War began in 1996 during his reign.", "i": "https://codexery.com/asian-leaders/img/asian-leaders/birendra-of-nepal.webp", "c": "CAPTAIN MEDUSA · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-radio/e/amateur-radio/qsl-card/": {"t": "QSL card", "s": "A postcard-sized confirmation of radio contact or reception."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/new-delhi/": {"t": "New Delhi", "s": "The capital city of India, seat of government, and a planned city within the National Capital Territory of Delhi."}, "https://codexery.com/packet-radio-and-radio-hobbies/e/packet-radio-and-radio-hobbies/dxing/": {"t": "DXing", "s": "Hobby of receiving or contacting distant radio signals."}, "https://codexery.com/disasters/e/historic-disasters/the-1906-san-francisco-earthquake/": {"t": "The 1906 San Francisco earthquake", "s": "The deadliest earthquake in U.S. history, remembered for its devastating fires and lasting impact on California."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/rhode-island/": {"t": "Rhode Island", "s": "Smallest U.S. state, founded as a haven for religious liberty."}, "https://codexery.com/space-missions/e/space-missions/sputnik-1/": {"t": "Sputnik 1", "s": "Sputnik 1, meaning \"Satellite-One\" in Russian, was the first artificial Earth satellite."}, "https://codexery.com/nasa-space-probes-of-the-1960s/e/nasa-space-probes-of-the-1960s/mariner-2/": {"t": "Mariner 2", "s": "First robotic probe to report from a planetary encounter."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-and-dwarf-planets/e/planets-and-dwarf-planets/venus/": {"t": "Venus", "s": "Earth's twin, hottest planet, shrouded in sulfuric acid clouds."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-telescopes/e/radio-telescopes/arecibo-observatory/": {"t": "Arecibo Observatory", "s": "Former world's largest single-aperture radio telescope, collapsed in 2020."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/astronomy-and-space/mercury-planet/": {"t": "Mercury (planet)", "s": "Smallest planet and closest to the Sun."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-telescopes/e/radio-telescopes/haystack-observatory/": {"t": "Haystack Observatory", "s": "MIT-owned radio science center in Westford, Massachusetts."}, "https://codexery.com/mystery-and-thriller-writers/e/mystery-and-thriller-writers/john-le-carr/": {"t": "John le Carré", "s": "English author and former intelligence officer."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/bangkok/": {"t": "Bangkok", "s": "City of Angels"}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/kosovo/": {"t": "Kosovo", "s": "Landlocked Southeast European country with partial diplomatic recognition."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-manufacturers/e/radio-manufacturers/stromberg-carlson/": {"t": "Stromberg-Carlson", "s": "From telephones to radios, a pioneer in communications."}, "https://codexery.com/intel-and-amd-microprocessors/e/intel-and-amd-microprocessors/intel-8008/": {"t": "Intel 8008", "s": "An early 8-bit microprocessor that powered the first personal computers.", "i": "https://codexery.com/intel-and-amd-microprocessors/img/intel-and-amd-microprocessors/intel-8008.webp", "c": "Appaloosa · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/los-angeles/": {"t": "Los Angeles", "s": "The City of Angels, a global hub of culture and commerce."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/hawaii/": {"t": "Hawaii", "s": "Island state with a tropical climate and diverse heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/maryland/": {"t": "Maryland", "s": "A Mid-Atlantic state with diverse geography and high median income.", "i": "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/img/u-s-states/maryland.webp", "c": "Michael Wheeler · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/radio-modulation-modes/e/radio-modulation-modes/radioteletype/": {"t": "Radioteletype", "s": "Radioteletype connects teleprinters over radio using FSK or AFSK modulation."}, "https://codexery.com/microprocessors/e/microprocessors/instruction-set-architecture/": {"t": "Instruction set architecture", "s": "An ISA is the fundamental abstraction ensuring binary compatibility across processor implementations.", "i": "https://codexery.com/microprocessors/img/microprocessors/instruction-set-architecture.webp", "c": "Eduardo Corpeño · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/microprocessors/e/microprocessors/intel-80286/": {"t": "Intel 80286", "s": "First x86 CPU with memory management and protected mode."}, "https://codexery.com/pc-hardware/e/pc-hardware/john-murphy-engineer/": {"t": "John Murphy (engineer)", "s": "Inventor of ARCNET, the first commercial networking system."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/mediterranean-sea/": {"t": "Mediterranean Sea", "s": "Eponymous mediterranean sea enclosed by Africa, Asia, and Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/img/seas-and-oceans/mediterranean-sea.webp", "c": "of the modification : Eric Gaba (Sting) · via Wikipedia: Mediterranean Sea · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/plays-drama/e/plays-and-drama/hamlet/": {"t": "Hamlet", "s": "A tragedy of revenge, madness, and moral uncertainty."}, "https://codexery.com/packet-radio-and-radio-hobbies/e/packet-radio-and-radio-hobbies/winlink/": {"t": "Winlink", "s": "Worldwide radio email system for amateur and government use."}, "https://codexery.com/natural-disasters/e/natural-disasters/hurricane-katrina/": {"t": "Hurricane Katrina", "s": "The 2005 Category 5 hurricane that flooded New Orleans and became the costliest US tropical cyclone.", "i": "https://codexery.com/natural-disasters/img/natural-disasters/hurricane-katrina.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Hurricane Katrina · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/writers/clint-eastwood/": {"t": "Clint Eastwood", "s": "The iconic actor and filmmaker who defined masculinity on screen."}, "https://codexery.com/us-cities/e/us-cities/topeka-kansas/": {"t": "Topeka, Kansas", "s": "Capital of Kansas and site of landmark desegregation case."}, "https://codexery.com/sports-and-games/e/sports-and-games/basketball/": {"t": "Basketball", "s": "Team sport of shooting a ball through a hoop."}, "https://codexery.com/boardgames/e/board-games/chess/": {"t": "Chess", "s": "The timeless game of strategy and intellect."}, "https://codexery.com/nielsen-ratings-winners/e/nielsen-ratings-winners/bonanza/": {"t": "Bonanza", "s": "A Western series about the Cartwright family's moral dilemmas."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/writers/dustin-hoffman/": {"t": "Dustin Hoffman", "s": "A versatile leading man of New Hollywood, Hoffman won Oscars for Kramer vs. Kramer and Rain Man."}, "https://codexery.com/1970s-american-television-miniseries/e/1970s-american-television-miniseries/roots-1977-miniseries/": {"t": "Roots (1977 miniseries)", "s": "A landmark miniseries tracing an African American family's history."}, "https://codexery.com/1980s-american-mystery-television-series/e/1980s-american-mystery-television-series/kojak/": {"t": "Kojak", "s": "A bald, lollipop-sucking detective with a dark wit."}, "https://codexery.com/1970s-american-mystery-television-series/e/1970s-american-mystery-television-series/starsky-hutch/": {"t": "Starsky & Hutch", "s": "Two detectives, one car, an unbreakable bond."}, "https://codexery.com/television-series-by-stephen-j-cannell/e/television-series-by-stephen-j-cannell-productions/the-rockford-files/": {"t": "The Rockford Files", "s": "A modern-day detective series with a wrongful conviction past."}, "https://codexery.com/american-television-spinoffs/e/american-television-spinoffs/the-bionic-woman/": {"t": "The Bionic Woman", "s": "A bionic woman takes on high-risk missions for the OSI."}, "https://codexery.com/american-action-comedy-television-series/e/american-action-comedy-television-series/the-dukes-of-hazzard/": {"t": "The Dukes of Hazzard", "s": "Two cousins, one car, and a county full of trouble."}, "https://codexery.com/television-series-about-robots/e/television-series-about-robots/knight-rider-1982-tv-series/": {"t": "Knight Rider (1982 TV series)", "s": "A man who does not exist and his talking car."}, "https://codexery.com/space-adventure-television-series/e/space-adventure-television-series/buck-rogers-in-the-25th-century-tv-series/": {"t": "Buck Rogers in the 25th Century (TV series)", "s": "A 1979-1981 NBC series based on the classic Buck Rogers character."}, "https://codexery.com/astrophotography/e/astrophotography/radio-astronomy/": {"t": "Radio astronomy", "s": "Passive observation of celestial objects using radio waves.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astrophotography/img/astrophotography/radio-astronomy.webp", "c": "Maksym Kozlenko · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-astronomy/e/amateur-astronomy/amateur-astronomy/": {"t": "Amateur astronomy", "s": "Amateur astronomers observe celestial objects for passion, education, and citizen science."}, "https://codexery.com/astrophotography/e/astrophotography/astronomical-survey/": {"t": "Astronomical survey", "s": "A general map or image of the sky lacking a specific target."}, "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/e/science-and-measurement/radio-telescope/": {"t": "Radio telescope", "s": "Detecting the invisible universe through radio waves.", "i": "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/img/science-and-measurement/radio-telescope.webp", "c": "Photograph by Mike Peel ( www.mikepeel.net ). · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/quasars-and-galaxy-clusters/e/quasars-and-galaxy-clusters/cygnus-a/": {"t": "Cygnus A", "s": "One of the strongest radio sources in the sky."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-and-stellar-phenomena/e/stars-and-stellar-phenomena/cassiopeia-a/": {"t": "Cassiopeia A", "s": "Brightest extrasolar radio source below 1 GHz, a supernova remnant in Cassiopeia."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-radiation/e/electromagnetism-and-radiation/synchrotron-radiation/": {"t": "Synchrotron radiation", "s": "Radiation from relativistic charged particles accelerated perpendicular to velocity."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-spectrum/e/radio-spectrum/medium-frequency/": {"t": "Medium frequency", "s": "Medium frequency spans 300 kHz to 3 MHz, key for AM broadcasting."}, "https://codexery.com/conifers/e/conifers/pseudotsuga-menziesii/": {"t": "Pseudotsuga menziesii", "s": "Tallest tree in the pine family, native to western North America."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy/e/astronomy/hubble-s-law/": {"t": "Hubble's law", "s": "Galaxies recede faster the farther they are from Earth."}, "https://codexery.com/engineering-disciplines/e/engineering-disciplines/chemical-engineering/": {"t": "Chemical engineering", "s": "Engineering field focused on converting raw materials into useful products."}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/pacific-war/": {"t": "Pacific War", "s": "The largest theater of World War II, fought across the Pacific and Asia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/pacific-war.webp", "c": "Ensign Emment Regan · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/engineering-disciplines/e/engineering-disciplines/nuclear-engineering/": {"t": "Nuclear engineering", "s": "Engineering discipline focused on nuclear energy systems."}, "https://codexery.com/atlanta-braves/e/history/ted-turner/": {"t": "Ted Turner", "s": "The CNN founder who bought the Braves in 1976 and beamed them into homes across North America.", "i": "https://codexery.com/atlanta-braves/img/history/ted-turner.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Ted Turner · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/boxing-legends/e/boxing-legends/joe-frazier/": {"t": "Joe Frazier", "s": "American heavyweight champion who first defeated Muhammad Ali."}, "https://codexery.com/rock-alternative/e/rock-and-alternative/blur-band/": {"t": "Blur (band)", "s": "English rock band formed in London in 1988, key figures in the Britpop movement."}, "https://codexery.com/governments-and-political-systems/e/governments-and-political-systems/labour-party-uk/": {"t": "Labour Party (UK)", "s": "Centre-left UK party governing since 2024.", "i": "https://codexery.com/governments-and-political-systems/img/governments-and-political-systems/labour-party-uk.webp", "c": "TL · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/social-issues/e/social-issues/parliament-of-the-united-kingdom/": {"t": "Parliament of the United Kingdom", "s": "Supreme legislative body of the United Kingdom."}, "https://codexery.com/european-religious-and-political-conflic/e/european-religious-and-political-conflicts/huguenots/": {"t": "Huguenots", "s": "French Protestants of the Reformed tradition, persecuted and exiled under Louis XIV."}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/yorkshire/": {"t": "Yorkshire", "s": "God's own country"}, "https://codexery.com/derelict-landers/e/derelict-landers/beagle-2/": {"t": "Beagle 2", "s": "British Mars lander lost after partial solar panel deployment."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-contemporary-artists/e/modern-and-contemporary-artists/damien-hirst/": {"t": "Damien Hirst", "s": "The shark, the formaldehyde, and the millions: Damien Hirst, the YBA who made death a spectacle.", "i": "https://codexery.com/modern-contemporary-artists/img/modern-and-contemporary-artists/damien-hirst.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Damien Hirst · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/performing-arts-music-genres/e/performing-arts-and-music-genres/alternative-rock/": {"t": "Alternative rock", "s": "A category of rock music from the independent underground."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/john-lennon/": {"t": "John Lennon", "s": "Founder of the Beatles, peace activist, and solo artist."}, "https://codexery.com/post-britpop-groups/e/post-britpop-groups/elbow-band/": {"t": "Elbow (band)", "s": "English rock band formed in 1990, winners of the Mercury Prize."}, "https://codexery.com/television-series-by-fremantle/e/television-series-by-fremantle/the-11-o-clock-show/": {"t": "The 11 O'Clock Show", "s": "Topical satire that launched Ali G and Ricky Gervais."}, "https://codexery.com/comedy-central-sitcoms/e/comedy-central-sitcoms/south-park/": {"t": "South Park", "s": "Four boys, one Colorado town, endless satire."}, "https://codexery.com/channel-4-comedy/e/channel-4-comedy/empire-square/": {"t": "Empire Square", "s": "Three foul-mouthed kids chase get-rich schemes in London."}, "https://codexery.com/design-digital-arts/e/design-and-digital-arts/computer-graphics/": {"t": "Computer graphics", "s": "Computer graphics generates and manipulates images using computers."}, "https://codexery.com/cbs-records-artists/e/cbs-records-artists/bros-british-band/": {"t": "Bros (British band)", "s": "English boy band with 1980s teen pop success."}, "https://codexery.com/british-thriller-television-series/e/british-thriller-television-series/the-capture-tv-series/": {"t": "The Capture (TV series)", "s": "A British conspiracy thriller about deepfake technology and state surveillance."}, "https://codexery.com/alternative-dance-musical-groups/e/alternative-dance-musical-groups/hot-chip/": {"t": "Hot Chip", "s": "English synth-pop band formed in London in 2000.", "i": "https://codexery.com/alternative-dance-musical-groups/img/alternative-dance-musical-groups/hot-chip.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Hot Chip · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/drone-regulation/e/drone-regulation/pilot-licencing/": {"t": "Pilot licencing", "s": "Pilot licensing certifies minimum knowledge and experience for aircraft operation."}, "https://codexery.com/ball-games/e/ball-games/major-league-baseball/": {"t": "Major League Baseball", "s": "Over the 151 years of Major League 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"https://codexery.com/thermodynamics-and-statistical-mechanics/e/thermodynamics-and-statistical-mechanics/statistical-mechanics/": {"t": "Statistical mechanics", "s": "Statistical mechanics links microscopic particle behavior to macroscopic properties."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/ferromagnetism/": {"t": "Ferromagnetism", "s": "Strongest type of magnetism, enabling permanent magnets and many technologies."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-inventions/e/chinese-inventions/naval-mine/": {"t": "Naval mine", "s": "Explosive device placed in water to damage or destroy vessels."}, "https://codexery.com/us-cities/e/us-cities/santa-fe-new-mexico/": {"t": "Santa Fe, New Mexico", "s": "Oldest state capital in the U.S., founded in 1610.", "i": "https://codexery.com/us-cities/img/us-cities/santa-fe-new-mexico.webp", "c": "Netherzone · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/e/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/trinity-nuclear-test/": {"t": "Trinity (nuclear test)", "s": "First nuclear weapon detonation, July 16, 1945, New Mexico desert."}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/e/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/atomic-bombings-of-hiroshima-and-nagasaki/": {"t": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki", "s": "First and only nuclear attacks in war, ending World War II.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/img/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/atomic-bombings-of-hiroshima-and-nagasaki.webp", "c": "Government Printing Office · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/warplanes/e/warplanes/b-29-superfortress/": {"t": "B-29 Superfortress", "s": "American heavy bomber that delivered atomic bombs in combat.", "i": "https://codexery.com/warplanes/img/warplanes/b-29-superfortress.webp", "c": "NASA Glenn Research Center · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry/e/chemistry/electronvolt/": {"t": "Electronvolt", "s": "Unit of energy gained by an electron through one volt."}, "https://codexery.com/nonfiction-and-reference/e/part-1/textbook/": {"t": "Textbook", "s": "A comprehensive compilation of content in a branch of study, serving to explain the subject."}, "https://codexery.com/bollywood-icons/e/bollywood-icons/amitabh-bachchan/": {"t": "Amitabh Bachchan", "s": "Indian actor, playback singer, and producer in Hindi cinema."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-and-theologians/e/philosophers-and-theologians/martin-luther-king-jr/": {"t": "Martin Luther King Jr.", "s": "Civil rights leader who championed nonviolent resistance against racial discrimination."}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/playboy/": {"t": "Playboy", "s": "American men's magazine that shaped the sexual revolution."}, "https://codexery.com/spike-original-programming/e/spike-original-programming/car-and-driver-television/": {"t": "Car and Driver Television", "s": "The television companion to Car and Driver magazine."}, "https://codexery.com/magazines/e/magazines/mad-magazine/": {"t": "Mad (magazine)", "s": "Originally a comic book series published by EC, it later converted to magazine format and became widely imitated and influential, affecting satirical media and ", "i": "https://codexery.com/magazines/img/magazines/mad-magazine.webp", "c": "The Strand Magazine · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/comedians-and-comic-actors/e/comedians-and-comic-actors/steve-allen/": {"t": "Steve Allen", "s": "Co-creator and first host of the first late-night nationwide television talk show."}, "https://codexery.com/2020s-american-late-night-television/e/2020s-american-late-night-television-series/the-tonight-show/": {"t": "The Tonight Show", "s": "The longest-running talk show in American television history."}, "https://codexery.com/comedians-and-satirists/e/comedians-and-satirists/ernie-kovacs/": {"t": "Ernie Kovacs", "s": "Radio's first true rebel, per radio historian Gerald Nachman."}, "https://codexery.com/television-series-by-mark-goodson-bill/e/television-series-by-mark-goodson-bill-todman-productions/i-ve-got-a-secret/": {"t": "I've Got a Secret", "s": "Panelists guess a contestant's unusual secret."}, "https://codexery.com/1980s-american-anthology-television/e/1980s-american-anthology-television-series/american-playhouse/": {"t": "American Playhouse", "s": "PBS anthology series that launched careers and won major awards.", "i": "https://codexery.com/1980s-american-anthology-television/img/1980s-american-anthology-television-series/american-playhouse.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: American Playhouse · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/disney-channel-original-films/e/disney-channel-original-films/ollie-hopnoodle-s-haven-of-bliss/": {"t": "Ollie Hopnoodle's Haven of Bliss", "s": "A Parker family vacation to a Michigan lakeside camp."}, "https://codexery.com/theatre/e/theatre/improvisation/": {"t": "Improvisation", "s": "Spontaneous creation without prior planning in arts and engineering."}, "https://codexery.com/jazz-innovators/e/jazz-innovators/charles-mingus/": {"t": "Charles Mingus", "s": "American jazz upright bassist, composer, bandleader, pianist, and author.", "i": "https://codexery.com/jazz-innovators/img/jazz-innovators/charles-mingus.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Charles Mingus · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/narrative-forms-and-devices/e/narrative-forms-and-devices/science-fiction/": {"t": "Science fiction", "s": "Genre of speculative fiction about advanced technology and its consequences."}, "https://codexery.com/drone-regulation/e/drone-regulation/flight-instructor/": {"t": "Flight instructor", "s": "Flight instructors teach and evaluate aviators for higher pilot certificates."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/new-jersey/": {"t": "New Jersey", "s": "Most densely populated U.S. state, hub of biopharmaceutical innovation."}, "https://codexery.com/mammals/e/mammals/cattle/": {"t": "Cattle", "s": "Domesticated bovid ungulates raised for meat, dairy, and labor."}, "https://codexery.com/challenge-records-artists/e/challenge-records-artists/gene-autry/": {"t": "Gene Autry", "s": "Singing Cowboy, country music pioneer, and founding owner of the California Angels.", "i": "https://codexery.com/challenge-records-artists/img/challenge-records-artists/gene-autry.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Gene Autry · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/oklahoma/": {"t": "Oklahoma", "s": "A state shaped by land runs, oil, and Indigenous heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-spectrum/e/radio-spectrum/shortwave-radio/": {"t": "Shortwave radio", "s": "Shortwave radio enables long-distance communication via ionospheric reflection."}, "https://codexery.com/education-schools/e/education-and-schools/science-education/": {"t": "Science education", "s": "Teaching and learning of science across K-12 and beyond."}, "https://codexery.com/engineering-disciplines/e/engineering-disciplines/naval-architecture/": {"t": "Naval architecture", "s": "Engineering discipline for marine vessel design and operation."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/dublin/": {"t": "Dublin", "s": "Capital of Ireland, city of the black pool and the hurdled ford."}, "https://codexery.com/battery-inventors/e/battery-inventors/alessandro-volta/": {"t": "Alessandro Volta", "s": "Italian physicist who invented the electric battery and discovered methane."}, "https://codexery.com/engineering-disciplines/e/engineering-disciplines/power-engineering/": {"t": "Power engineering", "s": "The subfield of electrical engineering focused on generating, transmitting, distributing, and utilizing electric power."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-manufacturers/e/radio-manufacturers/marconi-company/": {"t": "Marconi Company", "s": "Pioneer of wireless communication and mass media broadcasting."}, "https://codexery.com/international-law-diplomacy/e/international-law-and-diplomacy/supreme-court-of-the-united-states/": {"t": "Supreme Court of the United States", "s": "Highest federal court with ultimate appellate and original jurisdiction.", "i": "https://codexery.com/international-law-diplomacy/img/international-law-and-diplomacy/supreme-court-of-the-united-states.webp", "c": "Original:  Optimager Vector:  Ipankonin · via Wikipedia: Supreme Court of the United States · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/headphones-mics-and-mice/e/headphones-mics-and-mice/microphone/": {"t": "Microphone", "s": "A transducer that converts sound into an electrical signal."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/electromagnetic-radiation/": {"t": "Electromagnetic radiation", "s": "Self-propagating wave of the electromagnetic field carrying energy."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/electromagnetic-induction/": {"t": "Electromagnetic induction", "s": "Production of emf across a conductor in a changing magnetic field."}, "https://codexery.com/english-musical-instruments/e/english-musical-instruments/english-concertina/": {"t": "English concertina", "s": "A fully chromatic free-reed instrument with evenly divided hand scale."}, "https://codexery.com/corporations-conglomerates/e/corporations-and-conglomerates/western-union/": {"t": "Western Union", "s": "From telegraph pioneer to global money transfer leader.", "i": "https://codexery.com/corporations-conglomerates/img/corporations-and-conglomerates/western-union.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Western Union · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/communication-and-media/e/communication-and-media/telegraph/": {"t": "Telegraph", "s": "Long-distance text transmission using symbolic codes, not physical exchange."}, "https://codexery.com/inventors-of-everyday-objects/e/inventors-of-everyday-objects/charles-wheatstone/": {"t": "Charles Wheatstone", "s": "English physicist and inventor known for the Wheatstone bridge (originally invented by Samuel Hunter Christie), the English concertina, the stereoscope, and the", "i": "https://codexery.com/inventors-of-everyday-objects/img/inventors-of-everyday-objects/charles-wheatstone.webp", "c": "Peter Trimming · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/inventors/e/great-inventors/thomas-edison/": {"t": "Thomas Edison", "s": "The Wizard of Menlo Park who lit up the world", "i": "https://codexery.com/inventors/img/great-inventors/thomas-edison.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Thomas Edison · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/discovery-and-invention-controversies/e/discovery-and-invention-controversies/emile-berliner/": {"t": "Emile Berliner", "s": "Inventor of the gramophone record and early helicopter pioneer."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/radio-wave/": {"t": "Radio wave", "s": "Electromagnetic waves with the longest wavelengths and lowest frequencies."}, "https://codexery.com/chemists-and-biochemists/e/chemists-and-biochemists/william-crookes/": {"t": "William Crookes", "s": "English chemist and physicist, discoverer of thallium, pioneer of vacuum tubes and plasma physics.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemists-and-biochemists/img/chemists-and-biochemists/william-crookes.webp", "c": "George Charles Beresford (1864-1938) · via Wikipedia: William Crookes · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/radio-electronics/e/radio-electronics/coherer/": {"t": "Coherer", "s": "Early radio detector using metal filings that cohered under radio signals.", "i": "https://codexery.com/radio-electronics/img/radio-electronics/coherer.webp", "c": "Archie Frederick Collins · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/television-series-about-robots/e/television-series-about-robots/space-patrol-1962-tv-series/": {"t": "Space Patrol (1962 TV series)", "s": "Space Patrol consists of 39 episodes, each half an hour long, written and produced by Roberta Leigh in partnership with ABC."}, "https://codexery.com/antenna-types/e/antenna-types/j-pole-antenna/": {"t": "J-pole antenna", "s": "End-fed half-wave antenna matched by a quarter-wave stub."}, "https://codexery.com/antenna-types/e/antenna-types/log-periodic-antenna/": {"t": "Log-periodic antenna", "s": "A wideband directional antenna using self-similar dipole elements."}, "https://codexery.com/space-program-of-the-soviet-union/e/space-program-of-the-soviet-union/soviet-space-program/": {"t": "Soviet space program", "s": "State space program of the Soviet Union, 1951–1991."}, "https://codexery.com/space-program-of-the-soviet-union/e/space-program-of-the-soviet-union/lost-cosmonauts/": {"t": "Lost Cosmonauts", "s": "Conspiracy theory of concealed Soviet space deaths."}, "https://codexery.com/nasa-space-probes/e/nasa-space-probes/explorer-1/": {"t": "Explorer 1", "s": "First U.S. satellite and discoverer of the Van Allen radiation belt."}, "https://codexery.com/science-channel-original-programming/e/science-channel-original-programming/conspiracies-decoded/": {"t": "Conspiracies Decoded", "s": "Examining historical and modern conspiracies through a scientific lens.", "i": "https://codexery.com/science-channel-original-programming/img/science-channel-original-programming/conspiracies-decoded.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Science Channel · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/apple-tv-original-programming/e/apple-tv-original-programming/constellation-tv-series/": {"t": "Constellation (TV series)", "s": "An astronaut returns to a world that is not her own."}, "https://codexery.com/drone-regulation/e/drone-regulation/flight-engineer/": {"t": "Flight engineer", "s": "Flight engineers monitored aircraft systems on larger planes until automation eliminated the role."}, "https://codexery.com/crew-members-of-the-international/e/crew-members-of-the-international-space-station/tracy-caldwell-dyson/": {"t": "Tracy Caldwell Dyson", "s": "American chemist and NASA astronaut with four spacewalks.", "i": "https://codexery.com/crew-members-of-the-international/img/crew-members-of-the-international-space-station/tracy-caldwell-dyson.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Tracy Caldwell Dyson · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/e/planets-and-stellar-astronomy/solar-system/": {"t": "Solar System", "s": "The Sun and all objects gravitationally bound to it.", "i": "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/img/planets-and-stellar-astronomy/solar-system.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Solar System · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/shortwave-and-numbers-stations/e/shortwave-and-numbers-stations/vatican-radio/": {"t": "Vatican Radio", "s": "Official broadcasting service of Vatican City since 1931."}, "https://codexery.com/irish-whiskey/e/irish-whiskey/jameson-irish-whiskey/": {"t": "Jameson Irish Whiskey", "s": "World's best-selling Irish whiskey, distilled since 1780.", "i": "https://codexery.com/irish-whiskey/img/irish-whiskey/jameson-irish-whiskey.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Jameson Irish Whiskey · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/tuscany/": {"t": "Tuscany", "s": "Central Italian region, birthplace of the Renaissance."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/florence/": {"t": "Florence", "s": "Birthplace of the Renaissance and capital of Tuscany."}, "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/e/electricity-and-magnetism/electrical-resistivity-and-conductivity/": {"t": "Electrical resistivity and conductivity", "s": "Resistivity measures opposition to current; conductivity is its reciprocal.", "i": "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/img/electricity-and-magnetism/electrical-resistivity-and-conductivity.webp", "c": "Wolff, F.A.; Dellinger, J.H. · No restrictions"}, "https://codexery.com/radio-propagation/e/radio-propagation/line-of-sight-propagation/": {"t": "Line-of-sight propagation", "s": "Radio waves above 30 MHz travel in a direct visual path."}, "https://codexery.com/space-programme-of-germany/e/space-programme-of-germany/sts-61-a/": {"t": "STS-61-A", "s": "West Germany's first fully funded Space Shuttle mission with a record crew of eight."}, "https://codexery.com/german-states/e/german-states/hamburg/": {"t": "Hamburg", "s": "Second-largest German city and major Hanseatic port."}, "https://codexery.com/space-programme-of-germany/e/space-programme-of-germany/german-aerospace-center/": {"t": "German Aerospace Center", "s": "Germany's national research centre for aeronautics, space, energy and transport."}, "https://codexery.com/warfare-military-history/e/warfare-and-military-history/declaration-of-war/": {"t": "Declaration of war", "s": "A formal act announcing a state of war between states."}, "https://codexery.com/uefa-champions-league/e/history/liverpool/": {"t": "Liverpool", "s": "Six European Cups, an English record.", "i": "https://codexery.com/uefa-champions-league/img/history/liverpool.webp", "c": "Ian S · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/albert-einstein/": {"t": "Albert Einstein", "s": "Theoretical physicist who developed relativity and E=mc²"}, "https://codexery.com/public-holidays-observances/e/public-holidays-and-observances/new-year-s-eve/": {"t": "New Year's Eve", "s": "The last day of the Gregorian year, celebrated worldwide with fireworks, feasts, and festivities.", "i": "https://codexery.com/public-holidays-observances/img/public-holidays-and-observances/new-year-s-eve.webp", "c": "Syced · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/fish-and-marine-life/e/fish-and-marine-life/tropical-fish/": {"t": "Tropical fish", "s": "Fish from tropical waters, often kept in aquariums."}, "https://codexery.com/instruments/e/musical-instruments/the-didgeridoo/": {"t": "The Didgeridoo", "s": "A wind instrument developed by Aboriginal peoples of northern Australia, played with vibrating lips and circular breathing."}, "https://codexery.com/computers-designed-in-the-united-kingdom/e/computers-designed-in-the-united-kingdom/zx-spectrum/": {"t": "ZX Spectrum", "s": "An 8-bit home computer that shaped British computing."}, "https://codexery.com/computing-software/e/computing-and-software/read-only-memory/": {"t": "Read-only memory", "s": "Non-volatile memory that cannot be electronically modified after manufacture."}, "https://codexery.com/british-television-soap-operas/e/british-television-soap-operas/emmerdale/": {"t": "Emmerdale", "s": "A Yorkshire Dales soap that grew from a farming serial."}, "https://codexery.com/common-diseases-disorders/e/common-diseases-and-disorders/down-syndrome/": {"t": "Down syndrome", "s": "Genetic disorder caused by an extra chromosome 21."}, "https://codexery.com/plays-drama/e/plays-and-drama/twelfth-night/": {"t": "Twelfth Night", "s": "A romantic comedy of mistaken identity and festive revelry."}, "https://codexery.com/opera-and-musical-theatre/e/opera-and-musical-theatre/west-end-theatre/": {"t": "West End theatre", "s": "London's premier commercial theatre district."}, "https://codexery.com/monty-python/e/members/john-cleese/": {"t": "John Cleese", "s": "Cambridge Footlights alumnus and co-founder of Monty Python."}, "https://codexery.com/magazines/e/magazines/new-statesman/": {"t": "New Statesman", "s": "A British left-wing political and literary weekly since 1913.", "i": "https://codexery.com/magazines/img/magazines/new-statesman.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: New Statesman · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/musical-genres-and-styles/e/musical-genres-and-styles/big-band/": {"t": "Big band", "s": "Large jazz ensemble with written arrangements and four instrumental sections.", "i": "https://codexery.com/musical-genres-and-styles/img/musical-genres-and-styles/big-band.webp", "c": "Stuart Wood · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/governments-and-political-systems/e/governments-and-political-systems/house-of-commons-of-the-united-kingdom/": {"t": "House of Commons of the United Kingdom", "s": "Elected lower house of the UK Parliament, holding government to account.", "i": "https://codexery.com/governments-and-political-systems/img/governments-and-political-systems/house-of-commons-of-the-united-kingdom.webp", "c": "©UK Parliament/Jessica Taylor · CC BY 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/margaret-thatcher/": {"t": "Margaret Thatcher", "s": "First female UK Prime Minister, architect of Thatcherism."}, "https://codexery.com/people-with-myalgic-encephalomyelitis/e/people-with-myalgic-encephalomyelitis-chronic-fatigue-syndro/tom-clarke-politician/": {"t": "Tom Clarke (politician)", "s": "Labour MP for Coatbridge area from 1982 to 2015."}, "https://codexery.com/boxing-commentators/e/boxing-commentators/eamonn-andrews/": {"t": "Eamonn Andrews", "s": "Irish broadcaster and longtime host of This Is Your Life.", "i": "https://codexery.com/boxing-commentators/img/boxing-commentators/eamonn-andrews.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Eamonn Andrews · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/transportation/e/transportation/passenger-ship/": {"t": "Passenger ship", "s": "Merchant ships primarily carrying passengers on the sea."}, "https://codexery.com/shortwave-and-numbers-stations/e/shortwave-and-numbers-stations/radio-netherlands-worldwide/": {"t": "Radio Netherlands Worldwide", "s": "Dutch international public broadcaster from 1947 to 2012."}, "https://codexery.com/computers-designed-in-the-united-kingdom/e/computers-designed-in-the-united-kingdom/bbc-micro/": {"t": "BBC Micro", "s": "Acorn's BBC Micro brought computing to British schools."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/romania/": {"t": "Romania", "s": "A country at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, rich in history and natural beauty."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/bucharest/": {"t": "Bucharest", "s": "Capital and largest city of Romania, historically called 'Paris of the East'."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-radiation/e/electromagnetism-and-radiation/radio-frequency/": {"t": "Radio frequency", "s": "Oscillation rate enabling radio wave radiation and technology."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/e/languages-of-the-world/tamil-language/": {"t": "Tamil language", "s": "Tamil (தமிழ், Tamiḻ) is a Dravidian language native to the Tamil people, primarily spoken in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and the union territory of Puducherr"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/e/languages-of-the-world/telugu-language/": {"t": "Telugu language", "s": "Telugu is a Dravidian language native to the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, where it serves as the official language."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/malayalam/": {"t": "Malayalam", "s": "A Dravidian classical language of Kerala and the Malayali people."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/kannada/": {"t": "Kannada", "s": "A classical Dravidian language with 1,200 years of literary history."}, "https://codexery.com/activists-reformers/e/activists-and-reformers/periyar/": {"t": "Periyar", "s": "Architect of Dravidian politics and champion of rationalism and social justice.", "i": "https://codexery.com/activists-reformers/img/activists-and-reformers/periyar.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Periyar · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/e/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/axis-powers/": {"t": "Axis powers", "s": "Military coalition that initiated World War II against the Allies.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/img/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/axis-powers.webp", "c": "Sr L · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/indian-independence-movement/": {"t": "Indian independence movement", "s": "Political efforts to end British colonial rule in India."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/mahatma-gandhi/": {"t": "Mahatma Gandhi", "s": "Leader of India's nonviolent independence movement"}, "https://codexery.com/governments-and-political-systems/e/governments-and-political-systems/indian-national-congress/": {"t": "Indian National Congress", "s": "India's oldest political party, a big tent centrist force.", "i": "https://codexery.com/governments-and-political-systems/img/governments-and-political-systems/indian-national-congress.webp", "c": "Trouscht · Public domain"}}