{"https://codexery.com/microbial-groups-and-extremophiles/e/microbial-groups-and-extremophiles/sar-supergroup/": {"t": "SAR supergroup", "s": "A major eukaryotic supergroup uniting stramenopiles, alveolates, and rhizarians."}, "https://codexery.com/microbial-groups-and-extremophiles/e/microbial-groups-and-extremophiles/stramenopile/": {"t": "Stramenopile", "s": "Protists defined by tripartite stiff hairs, including brown algae and diatoms."}, "/e/algae-and-protists/kelp/": {"t": "Kelp", "s": "Large brown algae forming dense underwater forests."}, "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/e/lines-and-hemispheres/northern-hemisphere/": {"t": "Northern Hemisphere", "s": "The Northern Hemisphere contains most of the world's continents and major landmasses.", "i": "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/img/lines-and-hemispheres/northern-hemisphere.webp", "c": "Sean Baker ( Marvin01 | talk ) · via Wikipedia: Northern Hemisphere · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/macrocystis/": {"t": "Macrocystis", "s": "The largest brown alga, forming vast kelp forests in cool oceans.", "i": "https://codexery.com/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/img/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/macrocystis.webp", "c": "Chad King / NOAA MBNMS · via Wikipedia: Macrocystis · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/sargassum/": {"t": "Sargassum", "s": "Brown macroalgae forming vast drifting mats in tropical oceans."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/sargasso-sea/": {"t": "Sargasso Sea", "s": "The only sea without land boundaries, a floating rainforest of sargassum in the North Atlantic."}, "https://codexery.com/eukaryote-groups-and-taxonomy/e/eukaryote-groups-and-taxonomy/eukaryote/": {"t": "Eukaryote", "s": "Cellular organisms with a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles, including animals, plants, fungi, and protists."}, "https://codexery.com/microbial-groups-and-extremophiles/e/microbial-groups-and-extremophiles/red-algae/": {"t": "Red algae", "s": "Red algae, known scientifically as Rhodophyta—a name derived from the Greek words for \"rose\" and \"plant\"—are among the oldest and most diverse groups of eukaryo", "i": "https://codexery.com/microbial-groups-and-extremophiles/img/microbial-groups-and-extremophiles/red-algae.webp", "c": "Derek Keats · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/plant-families-taxonomy/e/plant-families-and-taxonomy/green-algae/": {"t": "Green algae", "s": "Green algae are the photosynthetic ancestors of all land plants."}, "https://codexery.com/biochemistry-and-cell-biology/e/biochemistry-and-cell-biology/chloroplast/": {"t": "Chloroplast", "s": "The green powerhouses of plant and algal cells, evolved from ancient cyanobacteria."}, "https://codexery.com/ecology-and-behavior/e/ecology-and-behavior/symbiogenesis/": {"t": "Symbiogenesis", "s": "Theory that eukaryotic cells arose from symbiotic mergers of prokaryotes."}, "https://codexery.com/cellular-biology/e/cellular-biology/cellular-differentiation/": {"t": "Cellular differentiation", "s": "Process where stem cells become specialized cell types."}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/tissue-biology/": {"t": "Tissue (biology)", "s": "Tissue is an assembly of similar cells with a specific function."}, "https://codexery.com/cellular-biology/e/cellular-biology/flagellum/": {"t": "Flagellum", "s": "A hair-like appendage providing motility across all domains of life."}, "https://codexery.com/microbiology/e/microbiology/spore/": {"t": "Spore", "s": "A reproductive unit adapted for dispersal and survival.", "i": "https://codexery.com/microbiology/img/microbiology/spore.webp", "c": "Ivar Leidus · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/reproduction-and-development/e/reproduction-and-development/gamete/": {"t": "Gamete", "s": "Haploid cell fusing during sexual reproduction."}, "https://codexery.com/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/ascophyllum/": {"t": "Ascophyllum", "s": "A single-species genus of dominant intertidal brown algae."}, "https://codexery.com/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/postelsia/": {"t": "Postelsia", "s": "A kelp that lives out of water, neither plant nor animal.", "i": "https://codexery.com/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/img/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/postelsia.webp", "c": "Nordisk familjebok · via Wikipedia: Postelsia · Public domain"}, "/e/algae-and-protists/flagellate/": {"t": "Flagellate", "s": "Organisms with whip-like flagella for movement and feeding."}, "https://codexery.com/cellular-biology/e/cellular-biology/cytoplasm/": {"t": "Cytoplasm", "s": "Cytoplasm is the cell material outside the nucleus."}, "https://codexery.com/animal-anatomy/e/animal-anatomy/cell-nucleus/": {"t": "Cell nucleus", "s": "Membrane-bound organelle containing the cell's genome.", "i": "https://codexery.com/animal-anatomy/img/animal-anatomy/cell-nucleus.webp", "c": "Szajci · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/north-america/": {"t": "North America", "s": "Third-largest continent by area; fourth-largest by population.", "i": "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/img/regions-and-cultural-spheres/north-america.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: North America · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/europe/": {"t": "Europe", "s": "Second-smallest continent, birthplace of Western civilisation and European Union."}, "https://codexery.com/taxonomy-evolution/e/taxonomy-and-evolution/genus/": {"t": "Genus", "s": "A taxonomic rank above species and below family, used in biological classification."}, "https://codexery.com/genetics-fundamentals/e/genetics-fundamentals/ploidy/": {"t": "Ploidy", "s": "Ploidy describes chromosome set number in cells."}, "https://codexery.com/reproduction-and-development/e/reproduction-and-development/sexual-reproduction/": {"t": "Sexual reproduction", "s": "Haploid gametes fuse to form a diploid zygote."}, "https://codexery.com/biology-concepts/e/biology-concepts/meiosis/": {"t": "Meiosis", "s": "Cell division producing haploid gametes for sexual reproduction."}, "https://codexery.com/genetics-fundamentals/e/genetics-fundamentals/horizontal-gene-transfer/": {"t": "Horizontal gene transfer", "s": "Movement of genetic material between organisms not via parent-to-offspring inheritance."}, "/e/algae-and-protists/brown-algae/": {"t": "Brown algae", "s": "Multicellular seaweeds of temperate and polar marine waters."}, "/e/algae-and-protists/ciliate/": {"t": "Ciliate", "s": "Ciliates are protists with cilia and two types of nuclei."}, "/e/algae-and-protists/diatom/": {"t": "Diatom", "s": "Microalgae that produce much of Earth's oxygen and form silica shells."}, "/e/algae-and-protists/dinoflagellate/": {"t": "Dinoflagellate", "s": "Single-celled protists causing red tides and bioluminescence."}, "/e/algae-and-protists/chromista/": {"t": "Chromista", "s": "Proposed kingdom of eukaryotes with chlorophyll c plastids."}, "https://codexery.com/taxonomy-evolution/e/taxonomy-and-evolution/kingdom-taxonomy/": {"t": "Kingdom (taxonomy)", "s": "Second highest taxonomic rank, below domain."}, "https://codexery.com/microbial-groups-and-extremophiles/e/microbial-groups-and-extremophiles/protist/": {"t": "Protist", "s": "Eukaryotes that are not animals, plants, or fungi.", "i": "https://codexery.com/microbial-groups-and-extremophiles/img/microbial-groups-and-extremophiles/protist.webp", "c": "Respectively: Claire Fackler, CINMS, NOAA, User:Wiedehopf20 , Frank Fox, Patrick · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/algae-and-protists/oomycete/": {"t": "Oomycete", "s": "Fungus-like eukaryotic pathogens within the Stramenopiles."}, "https://codexery.com/fungi-and-fungus-like-organisms/e/fungi-and-fungus-like-organisms/fungus/": {"t": "Fungus", "s": "Eukaryotic organisms including yeasts, molds, and mushrooms."}, "https://codexery.com/biochemistry-and-cell-biology/e/biochemistry-and-cell-biology/chlorophyll/": {"t": "Chlorophyll", "s": "Green pigments that absorb light for oxygenic photosynthesis."}, "https://codexery.com/microbial-groups-and-extremophiles/e/microbial-groups-and-extremophiles/rhizaria/": {"t": "Rhizaria", "s": "Diverse clade of mostly unicellular amoeboid eukaryotes."}, "https://codexery.com/aquarium-water-chemistry/e/aquarium-water-chemistry/harmful-algal-bloom/": {"t": "Harmful algal bloom", "s": "Excessive algae growth harming ecosystems via toxins or oxygen depletion."}, "/e/algae-and-protists/apicomplexa/": {"t": "Apicomplexa", "s": "Parasitic protozoans with apical complex for host cell invasion."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-agents-and-pathogens/e/infectious-agents-and-pathogens/plasmodium/": {"t": "Plasmodium", "s": "A genus of parasitic eukaryotes causing malaria in vertebrates.", "i": "https://codexery.com/infectious-agents-and-pathogens/img/infectious-agents-and-pathogens/plasmodium.webp", "c": "National Institutes of Health (NIH) · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-agents-and-pathogens/e/infectious-agents-and-pathogens/phytophthora-infestans/": {"t": "Phytophthora infestans", "s": "Oomycete pathogen that caused the Irish potato famine."}, "https://codexery.com/desserts/e/desserts/ice-cream/": {"t": "Ice cream", "s": "Frozen dairy dessert with ancient origins and global variations.", "i": "https://codexery.com/desserts/img/desserts/ice-cream.webp", "c": "Steven Depolo · via Wikipedia: Ice cream · CC BY 2.0"}, "/e/algae-and-protists/alveolate/": {"t": "Alveolate", "s": "A diverse protist clade with cortical alveoli and tubular mitochondrial cristae."}, "https://codexery.com/microbial-groups-and-extremophiles/e/microbial-groups-and-extremophiles/protozoa/": {"t": "Protozoa", "s": "Polyphyletic group of single-celled eukaryotes, historically seen as first animals.", "i": "https://codexery.com/microbial-groups-and-extremophiles/img/microbial-groups-and-extremophiles/protozoa.webp", "c": "Pitelka, Dorothy R. (Dorothy Riggs), 1920- · No restrictions"}, "https://codexery.com/biochemistry-and-cell-biology/e/biochemistry-and-cell-biology/chromosome/": {"t": "Chromosome", "s": "A chromosome is a package of DNA containing part or all of the genetic material of an organism."}, "https://codexery.com/cellular-biology/e/cellular-biology/phagocytosis/": {"t": "Phagocytosis", "s": "Cellular engulfment of particles for immunity or nutrition."}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/vacuole/": {"t": "Vacuole", "s": "A versatile organelle for storage, waste, and pressure in cells."}, "https://codexery.com/cellular-biology/e/cellular-biology/exocytosis/": {"t": "Exocytosis", "s": "Active transport process releasing molecules via vesicle fusion."}, "/e/algae-and-protists/paramecium/": {"t": "Paramecium", "s": "Unicellular ciliates widely used as model organisms."}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/microtubule/": {"t": "Microtubule", "s": "Cytoskeletal biopolymers providing structure and intracellular transport."}, "https://codexery.com/zoonoses/e/zoonoses/balantidium-coli/": {"t": "Balantidium coli", "s": "The only ciliate protozoan known to infect humans.", "i": "https://codexery.com/zoonoses/img/zoonoses/balantidium-coli.webp", "c": "The Other 95% · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/reproduction-and-development/e/reproduction-and-development/asexual-reproduction/": {"t": "Asexual reproduction", "s": "Reproduction without gamete fusion, producing genetically identical offspring."}, "https://codexery.com/genetics-fundamentals/e/genetics-fundamentals/genetic-recombination/": {"t": "Genetic recombination", "s": "Exchange of genetic material producing novel trait combinations."}, "/e/algae-and-protists/glaucophyte/": {"t": "Glaucophyte", "s": "Unicellular algae with ancestral plastids retaining a peptidoglycan layer."}, "/e/algae-and-protists/haptophyte/": {"t": "Haptophyte", "s": "Algae that produce minerals and include coccolithophores."}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/microbial-cyst/": {"t": "Microbial cyst", "s": "A dormant microbial stage enabling survival under harsh conditions."}, "https://codexery.com/cellular-biology/e/cellular-biology/endoplasmic-reticulum/": {"t": "Endoplasmic reticulum", "s": "Organelle for protein folding and lipid synthesis."}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/mitochondria/": {"t": "Mitochondria", "s": "Double-membraned organelles that produce cellular energy as ATP."}, "https://codexery.com/fishkeeping/e/fishkeeping/infusoria/": {"t": "Infusoria", "s": "Obsolete term for freshwater microorganisms used to feed fish fry."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements-metals/e/chemical-elements-and-metals/silicon/": {"t": "Silicon", "s": "The semiconductor element that shapes the modern world."}, "https://codexery.com/coastal-marine-geology/e/coastal-and-marine-geology/marine-sediment/": {"t": "Marine sediment", "s": "Deposits of insoluble particles covering most of the seafloor."}, "https://codexery.com/desert-landscapes/e/desert-landscapes/sahara/": {"t": "Sahara", "s": "The vast hot desert spanning North Africa"}, "https://codexery.com/biochemistry-and-cell-biology/e/biochemistry-and-cell-biology/cell-wall/": {"t": "Cell wall", "s": "Structural layer outside cell membrane providing support and protection."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-and-continuum-mechanics/e/classical-and-continuum-mechanics/turbulence/": {"t": "Turbulence", "s": "Chaotic fluid motion with vortices, mixing, and unresolved physics."}, "https://codexery.com/plant-biology/e/plant-biology/photosynthesis/": {"t": "Photosynthesis", "s": "The process by which plants and other organisms convert light into chemical energy."}, "https://codexery.com/higher-level-taxonomy-evolution/e/higher-level-taxonomy-and-evolution/cyanobacteria/": {"t": "Cyanobacteria", "s": "Ancient photosynthetic bacteria that oxygenated Earth's atmosphere.", "i": "https://codexery.com/higher-level-taxonomy-evolution/img/higher-level-taxonomy-and-evolution/cyanobacteria.webp", "c": "Lamiot · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/geology/e/geology/cretaceous/": {"t": "Cretaceous", "s": "The longest geological period, marked by warm climates, dinosaurs, and the rise of flowering plants, ending with a mass extinction.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology/img/geology/cretaceous.webp", "c": "James St. John · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/aquarium-and-aquatic-plants/e/aquarium-and-aquatic-plants/freshwater-ecosystem/": {"t": "Freshwater ecosystem", "s": "Freshwater ecosystems host 41% of known fish species."}, "https://codexery.com/coral-reefs/e/coral-reefs/coral-reef/": {"t": "Coral reef", "s": "Coral reefs are diverse underwater ecosystems built by coral polyps."}, "https://codexery.com/eukaryote-groups-and-taxonomy/e/eukaryote-groups-and-taxonomy/bikont/": {"t": "Bikont", "s": "Eukaryotes with two flagella and fused TS-DHFR genes."}, "/e/algae-and-protists/cryptomonad/": {"t": "Cryptomonad", "s": "Cryptomonads: algae and colorless flagellates with ejectosomes and a complex plastid history."}, "https://codexery.com/biochemistry-and-cell-biology/e/biochemistry-and-cell-biology/cellulose/": {"t": "Cellulose", "s": "The most abundant organic polymer on Earth, essential for plant cell walls and industrial products."}, "/e/algae-and-protists/euglenozoa/": {"t": "Euglenozoa", "s": "Flagellate Discoba including free-living species and human parasites."}, "https://codexery.com/microbiology-and-immunology/e/microbiology-and-immunology/phylogenetic-tree/": {"t": "Phylogenetic tree", "s": "Branching diagram showing evolutionary relationships among species."}, "https://codexery.com/injuries-and-conditions/e/injuries-and-conditions/atrophy/": {"t": "Atrophy", "s": "Partial or complete wasting away of a body part."}, "https://codexery.com/biology-concepts/e/biology-concepts/mitosis/": {"t": "Mitosis", "s": "The division that ensures genetic identity across cell generations."}, "https://codexery.com/cellular-biology/e/cellular-biology/cytoskeleton/": {"t": "Cytoskeleton", "s": "Dynamic protein network shaping and organizing all cells."}, "https://codexery.com/cellular-biology/e/cellular-biology/cell-division/": {"t": "Cell division", "s": "Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two daughter cells."}, "/e/algae-and-protists/euglenid/": {"t": "Euglenid", "s": "Single-celled flagellates with diverse nutrition and flexible pellicles."}, "/e/algae-and-protists/kinetoplastid/": {"t": "Kinetoplastid", "s": "Flagellated protists with a distinctive kinetoplast organelle."}, "https://codexery.com/eukaryote-groups-and-taxonomy/e/eukaryote-groups-and-taxonomy/diaphoretickes/": {"t": "Diaphoretickes", "s": "The diverse eukaryotic clade encompassing plants, algae, and many protists."}, "https://codexery.com/eukaryote-groups-and-taxonomy/e/eukaryote-groups-and-taxonomy/excavata/": {"t": "Excavata", "s": "A diverse paraphyletic group of unicellular flagellates, including free-living and parasitic protists."}, "/e/algae-and-protists/choanoflagellate/": {"t": "Choanoflagellate", "s": "Closest living relatives of animals, studied for multicellularity origins."}, "https://codexery.com/microbial-groups-and-extremophiles/e/microbial-groups-and-extremophiles/prokaryote/": {"t": "Prokaryote", "s": "Single-celled organisms without a nucleus, foundational to life on Earth.", "i": "https://codexery.com/microbial-groups-and-extremophiles/img/microbial-groups-and-extremophiles/prokaryote.webp", "c": "Mariana Ruiz Villarreal, LadyofHats translated in gujarati by User:Sushant_savla · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/reproduction-development/e/reproduction-and-development/sperm/": {"t": "Sperm", "s": "Male gamete that fuses with egg to form a diploid zygote.", "i": "https://codexery.com/reproduction-development/img/reproduction-and-development/sperm.webp", "c": "Unknown authorUnknown author · via Wikipedia: Sperm · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/plant-families-taxonomy/e/plant-families-and-taxonomy/gymnosperm/": {"t": "Gymnosperm", "s": "Woody seed plants with unenclosed ovules and cones."}, "https://codexery.com/aquarium-and-aquatic-plants/e/aquarium-and-aquatic-plants/aquatic-ecosystem/": {"t": "Aquatic ecosystem", "s": "Aquatic ecosystems are communities of life in and around water bodies."}, "/e/algae-and-protists/cercozoa/": {"t": "Cercozoa", "s": "Diverse single-celled eukaryotes united by molecular phylogenies."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/latin/": {"t": "Latin", "s": "A classical language of the Italic branch, Latin evolved into the Romance languages and remained a key scholarly tongue into the early 19th century."}, "https://codexery.com/microbiology-and-immunology/e/microbiology-and-immunology/phylum/": {"t": "Phylum", "s": "A taxonomic rank below kingdom and above class."}, "https://codexery.com/taxonomy-evolution/e/taxonomy-and-evolution/order-taxonomy/": {"t": "Order (taxonomy)", "s": "A taxonomic rank between family and class in biological classification."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/e/geology-and-earth-surface/soil/": {"t": "Soil", "s": "Soil is a complex ecosystem supporting life and regulating Earth's cycles."}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/particle-and-nuclear-physics/particle/": {"t": "Particle", "s": "A particle is a separate part of a larger system."}, "https://codexery.com/units-measurement/e/units-and-measurement/metre/": {"t": "Metre", "s": "Base SI unit of length, defined by light in vacuum."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/english-language/": {"t": "English language", "s": "A West Germanic language that became the world's lingua franca."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/herodotus/": {"t": "Herodotus", "s": "The Father of History"}, "https://codexery.com/world-wonders/e/world-wonders/the-great-pyramid-of-giza/": {"t": "The Great Pyramid of Giza", "s": "The oldest and only largely intact Wonder of the Ancient World, the Great Pyramid of Giza stands as the tomb of Pharaoh Khufu, built c. 2600 BC.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-wonders/img/world-wonders/the-great-pyramid-of-giza.webp", "c": "Gary Todd from Xinzheng, China · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/ingredients/e/ingredients/lentil/": {"t": "Lentil", "s": "Annual legume grown for its lens-shaped edible seeds."}, "https://codexery.com/european-scientific-pioneers/e/european-scientific-pioneers/robert-hooke/": {"t": "Robert Hooke", "s": "English polymath and pioneer of microscopy", "i": "https://codexery.com/european-scientific-pioneers/img/european-scientific-pioneers/robert-hooke.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Robert Hooke · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/e/science-and-measurement/microscope/": {"t": "Microscope", "s": "Instrument for viewing objects invisible to the naked eye.", "i": "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/img/science-and-measurement/microscope.webp", "c": "Chad Anderson, staff photographer for SFO Museum · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/microscopes/e/microscopes/micrographia/": {"t": "Micrographia", "s": "First scientific best-seller, introducing microscopy to the public."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/antonie-van-leeuwenhoek/": {"t": "Antonie van Leeuwenhoek", "s": "Self-taught Dutch microscopist who first observed microbes."}, "/e/algae-and-protists/amoeba/": {"t": "Amoeba", "s": "Unicellular organisms that change shape using pseudopods."}, "https://codexery.com/plant-families-taxonomy/e/plant-families-and-taxonomy/embryophyte/": {"t": "Embryophyte", "s": "Land plants that shaped Earth's atmosphere and ecosystems."}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/plastid/": {"t": "Plastid", "s": "Membrane-bound organelles derived from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria."}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/peptidoglycan/": {"t": "Peptidoglycan", "s": "Mesh-like macromolecule giving bacterial cell walls strength and shape.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/img/cell-and-molecular-biology/peptidoglycan.webp", "c": "Yikrazuul · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cellular-biology/e/cellular-biology/centriole/": {"t": "Centriole", "s": "Cylindrical organelle key to cell division and cilia formation."}, "https://codexery.com/microbiology-and-immunology/e/microbiology-and-immunology/phylogenetics/": {"t": "Phylogenetics", "s": "Study of evolutionary history through heritable traits and phylogenetic trees."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/greek-language/": {"t": "Greek language", "s": "Greek is the world's oldest recorded living language."}, "https://codexery.com/botany-plant-biology/e/botany-and-plant-biology/starch/": {"t": "Starch", "s": "A polysaccharide energy store in plants and human staple."}, "https://codexery.com/agriculture-food/e/agriculture-and-food/aquaculture/": {"t": "Aquaculture", "s": "Controlled cultivation of aquatic organisms for food, restoration, and commercial products."}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/phospholipid/": {"t": "Phospholipid", "s": "Amphiphilic lipids essential for cell membrane structure and brain function.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/img/cell-and-molecular-biology/phospholipid.webp", "c": "explorebiology · via Wikipedia: Phospholipid · CC BY 4.0"}, "/e/algae-and-protists/golden-algae/": {"t": "Golden algae", "s": "Golden algae are freshwater algae with siliceous cysts and two flagella."}, "https://codexery.com/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/nereocystis/": {"t": "Nereocystis", "s": "A monotypic kelp forming subtidal beds and important in kelp forests.", "i": "https://codexery.com/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/img/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/nereocystis.webp", "c": "Self · via Wikipedia: Nereocystis · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/sodium-compounds/e/sodium-compounds/sodium-carbonate/": {"t": "Sodium carbonate", "s": "A versatile alkali used in glass, soap, and food."}, "https://codexery.com/marine-invertebrates/e/marine-invertebrates/sea-urchin/": {"t": "Sea urchin", "s": "Spiny marine echinoderms studied as model organisms since the 19th century.", "i": "https://codexery.com/marine-invertebrates/img/marine-invertebrates/sea-urchin.webp", "c": "Nhobgood (talk) Nick Hobgood · via Wikipedia: Sea urchin · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/plants-fungi/e/plants-and-fungi/sporophyte/": {"t": "Sporophyte", "s": "Diploid phase producing spores by meiosis in plant life cycles."}, "https://codexery.com/conifers-and-gymnosperms/e/conifers-and-gymnosperms/pinaceae/": {"t": "Pinaceae", "s": "The largest conifer family, dominant in Northern Hemisphere forests."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/inorganic-compound/": {"t": "Inorganic compound", "s": "A chemical compound that lacks carbon–hydrogen bonds, studied in inorganic chemistry."}, "https://codexery.com/plants-fungi/e/plants-and-fungi/tree/": {"t": "Tree", "s": "A perennial plant with an elongated stem, or trunk, usually supporting branches and leaves."}, "https://codexery.com/botany-plant-biology/e/botany-and-plant-biology/xylem/": {"t": "Xylem", "s": "Vascular tissue that transports water upward in plants."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/classical-mechanics/buoyancy/": {"t": "Buoyancy", "s": "Buoyancy is the upward force exerted by a fluid on an immersed object."}, "https://codexery.com/animal-biology-and-behavior/e/animal-biology-and-behavior/population-biology/": {"t": "Population (biology)", "s": "A group of same-species individuals separated by space, genetics, or demography."}, "https://codexery.com/phantom-places-discovery/e/phantom-places-and-discovery/subantarctic/": {"t": "Subantarctic", "s": "Subantarctic: region north of Antarctica, between 46° and 60° south."}, "https://codexery.com/genetics-fundamentals/e/genetics-fundamentals/genomics/": {"t": "Genomics", "s": "Study of the complete set of an organism's DNA."}, "https://codexery.com/public-aquariums/e/public-aquariums/seattle-aquarium/": {"t": "Seattle Aquarium", "s": "Public aquarium on Seattle's Elliott Bay waterfront, opened 1977.", "i": "https://codexery.com/public-aquariums/img/public-aquariums/seattle-aquarium.webp", "c": "Feedmepaperr · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/reproduction-and-development/e/reproduction-and-development/alternation-of-generations/": {"t": "Alternation of generations", "s": "Life cycle alternating haploid and diploid multicellular stages in plants."}, "https://codexery.com/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/fucus/": {"t": "Fucus", "s": "Brown algae genus dominant on rocky shores worldwide."}, "https://codexery.com/species-saccharina-japonica/e/plants-and-macroalgae/saccharina-japonica/": {"t": "Saccharina japonica", "s": "Source-cited species reference: taxonomy from WoRMS, biology from SeaLifeBase, occurrence map from GBIF, description from Wikipedia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/species-saccharina-japonica/img/plants-and-macroalgae/saccharina-japonica.webp", "c": "Distribution map plotted from GBIF.org occurrence records; basemap Natural Earth 110m · GBIF records CC0 / CC BY; Natural Earth public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/e/brown-macroalgae-and-kelp/saccharina-latissima/": {"t": "Saccharina latissima", "s": "A brown kelp used as kombu and a key coastal habitat."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/yellow-sea/": {"t": "Yellow Sea", "s": "Marginal sea between China and Korea, named for its yellow silt."}, "https://codexery.com/sea-urchins/e/sea-urchins/red-sea-urchin/": {"t": "Red sea urchin", "s": "A keystone grazer and ecosystem engineer of temperate rocky reefs.", "i": "https://codexery.com/sea-urchins/img/sea-urchins/red-sea-urchin.webp", "c": "Nandaro · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/christiaan-huygens/": {"t": "Christiaan Huygens", "s": "Dutch polymath who advanced optics, mechanics, and astronomy."}, "https://codexery.com/cooking/e/cooking-techniques/infusion/": {"t": "Infusion", "s": "Steeping botanicals in liquid to extract flavor or compounds."}, "https://codexery.com/swedish-inventions/e/swedish-inventions/linnaean-taxonomy/": {"t": "Linnaean taxonomy", "s": "Rank-based classification system with binomial nomenclature, founded by Carl Linnaeus."}, "https://codexery.com/animal-anatomy/e/animal-anatomy/cell-membrane/": {"t": "Cell membrane", "s": "Semipermeable lipid bilayer separating cell interior from environment.", "i": "https://codexery.com/animal-anatomy/img/animal-anatomy/cell-membrane.webp", "c": "Blackout Sea · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/materials-and-states-of-matter/e/materials-and-states-of-matter/osmosis/": {"t": "Osmosis", "s": "Osmosis is the spontaneous movement of solvent across a semipermeable membrane."}, "https://codexery.com/ecology-and-behavior/e/ecology-and-behavior/mutualism-biology/": {"t": "Mutualism (biology)", "s": "Ecological interaction where each species has a net benefit."}, "https://codexery.com/genetics-fundamentals/e/genetics-fundamentals/genome/": {"t": "Genome", "s": "The complete set of genetic material in an organism."}, "https://codexery.com/genetics/e/genetics/genetic-code/": {"t": "Genetic code", "s": "Rules translating nucleotide triplets into proteins."}, "https://codexery.com/microbiology-and-cell-biology/e/microbiology-and-cell-biology/microorganism/": {"t": "Microorganism", "s": "Microscopic organisms that shape life, health, and history."}, "https://codexery.com/gemstones/e/gemstones/amber/": {"t": "Amber", "s": "Fossilized tree resin valued since Neolithic times."}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/lysine/": {"t": "Lysine", "s": "Essential α-amino acid crucial for protein synthesis and metabolism.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/img/cell-and-molecular-biology/lysine.webp", "c": "Olaneli · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/taxonomy-evolution/e/taxonomy-and-evolution/species/": {"t": "Species", "s": "Basic unit of classification and biodiversity."}, "https://codexery.com/phytopathology/e/phytopathology/plant-pathology/": {"t": "Plant pathology", "s": "Scientific study of plant diseases and their management."}, "https://codexery.com/animal-behavior/e/animal-behavior/symbiosis/": {"t": "Symbiosis", "s": "Close, long-term interactions between different species."}, "https://codexery.com/aquarium-and-aquatic-plants/e/aquarium-and-aquatic-plants/azolla/": {"t": "Azolla", "s": "A tiny aquatic fern that once cooled the planet."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/nitrogen/": {"t": "Nitrogen", "s": "Nitrogen is a colourless, odourless diatomic gas forming 78% of Earth's air."}, "https://codexery.com/biochemistry-and-cell-biology/e/biochemistry-and-cell-biology/amino-acid/": {"t": "Amino acid", "s": "The building blocks of proteins, with 20 standard α-amino acids directly encoded by the genetic code and two rare ones incorporated via recoding."}, "https://codexery.com/atmosphere/e/atmosphere/atmosphere/": {"t": "Atmosphere", "s": "A layer of gases enveloping an astronomical object, retained by gravity."}, "https://codexery.com/nutrition-and-diet/e/nutrition-and-diet/nutrient/": {"t": "Nutrient", "s": "Substance used by organisms to survive, grow, and reproduce."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements-metals/e/chemical-elements-and-metals/phosphorus/": {"t": "Phosphorus", "s": "The element that glows, burns, and sustains life."}, "https://codexery.com/genetics-fundamentals/e/genetics-fundamentals/homologous-recombination/": {"t": "Homologous recombination", "s": "Universal biological mechanism for genetic exchange and DNA repair."}, "https://codexery.com/taxonomy-evolution/e/taxonomy-and-evolution/family-taxonomy/": {"t": "Family (taxonomy)", "s": "Taxonomic rank between order and genus in Linnaean classification."}, "https://codexery.com/smooth-jazz-ensembles/e/smooth-jazz-ensembles/spyro-gyra/": {"t": "Spyro Gyra", "s": "American jazz fusion band formed in Buffalo in 1974.", "i": "https://codexery.com/smooth-jazz-ensembles/img/smooth-jazz-ensembles/spyro-gyra.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Spyro Gyra · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/brazilian-male-jazz-musicians/e/brazilian-male-jazz-musicians/jorge-ben/": {"t": "Jorge Ben", "s": "Brazilian musician who blended samba with soul, funk, and rock."}, "/e/algae-and-protists/amoebozoa/": {"t": "Amoebozoa", "s": "A major group of amoeboid protists with lobose pseudopods."}, "https://codexery.com/eukaryote-groups-and-taxonomy/e/eukaryote-groups-and-taxonomy/dictyostelium-discoideum/": {"t": "Dictyostelium discoideum", "s": "A soil-dwelling slime mold with a unique life cycle, used as a model organism for studying cell differentiation and chemotaxis."}, "/e/algae-and-protists/foraminifera/": {"t": "Foraminifera", "s": "Single-celled protists with intricate shells, key to Earth's history."}, "https://codexery.com/microbial-groups-and-extremophiles/e/microbial-groups-and-extremophiles/radiolaria/": {"t": "Radiolaria", "s": "Unicellular protists with intricate silica skeletons, key microfossils.", "i": "https://codexery.com/microbial-groups-and-extremophiles/img/microbial-groups-and-extremophiles/radiolaria.webp", "c": "dedree drees · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/organelle/": {"t": "Organelle", "s": "Specialized subunit within a cell with a specific function"}, "https://codexery.com/cellular-biology/e/cellular-biology/cytosol/": {"t": "Cytosol", "s": "Liquid matrix of the cytoplasm, site of many metabolic reactions."}, "/e/algae-and-protists/chaos-genus/": {"t": "Chaos (genus)", "s": "A genus of giant, multinucleate amoebae closely related to Amoeba."}, "https://codexery.com/genetics-fundamentals/e/genetics-fundamentals/molecular-genetics/": {"t": "Molecular genetics", "s": "Branch of biology linking DNA structure to organism variation."}, "https://codexery.com/eukaryote-groups-and-taxonomy/e/eukaryote-groups-and-taxonomy/opisthokont/": {"t": "Opisthokont", "s": "Broad group of eukaryotes including animals and fungi."}, "https://codexery.com/sea-urchins/e/sea-urchins/test-biology/": {"t": "Test (biology)", "s": "Hard shell of sea urchins and foraminiferans, made of calcium carbonate."}, "https://codexery.com/common-infections-and-diseases/e/common-infections-and-diseases/amoebiasis/": {"t": "Amoebiasis", "s": "Intestinal infection caused by the amoeba Entamoeba histolytica."}, "https://codexery.com/injuries-and-conditions/e/injuries-and-conditions/abdominal-pain/": {"t": "Abdominal pain", "s": "A symptom indicating a wide variety of diseases."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/dysentery/": {"t": "Dysentery", "s": "A diarrheal disease causing bloody stools, often from poor sanitation."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-agents-and-pathogens/e/infectious-agents-and-pathogens/toxoplasma-gondii/": {"t": "Toxoplasma gondii", "s": "Parasite that alters host behavior to favor feline predation."}, "https://codexery.com/genetics/e/genetics/epigenetics/": {"t": "Epigenetics", "s": "Study of heritable gene expression changes without DNA sequence alteration."}, "https://codexery.com/ecology-and-behavior/e/ecology-and-behavior/parasitism/": {"t": "Parasitism", "s": "A close, harmful relationship where one organism exploits another.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ecology-and-behavior/img/ecology-and-behavior/parasitism.webp", "c": "Soebe · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/eukaryote-groups-and-taxonomy/e/eukaryote-groups-and-taxonomy/microsporidia/": {"t": "Microsporidia", "s": "Spore-forming parasitic fungi with a unique infection mechanism"}, "https://codexery.com/animal-anatomy/e/animal-anatomy/cell-biology/": {"t": "Cell (biology)", "s": "The fundamental unit of all known life.", "i": "https://codexery.com/animal-anatomy/img/animal-anatomy/cell-biology.webp", "c": "DataBase Center for Life Science (DBCLS) · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/worms-and-worm-like-invertebrates/e/worms-and-worm-like-invertebrates/trematoda/": {"t": "Trematoda", "s": "Obligate internal parasites with complex, multi-host life cycles."}, "https://codexery.com/biologists-naturalists/e/biologists-and-naturalists/rudolf-leuckart/": {"t": "Rudolf Leuckart", "s": "German zoologist and father of parasitology.", "i": "https://codexery.com/biologists-naturalists/img/biologists-and-naturalists/rudolf-leuckart.webp", "c": "Richard Paulussen (1854-1906) · via Wikipedia: Rudolf Leuckart · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/meteorology/e/meteorology/temperate-climate/": {"t": "Temperate climate", "s": "Middle-latitude climates with distinct seasons and moderate temperatures.", "i": "https://codexery.com/meteorology/img/meteorology/temperate-climate.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/rna/": {"t": "RNA", "s": "RNA is a nucleic acid essential for genetic information and catalysis."}, "https://codexery.com/coastal-marine-geology/e/coastal-and-marine-geology/seabed/": {"t": "Seabed", "s": "The ocean floor, shaped by tectonics and sediment."}, "https://codexery.com/ecology-and-behavior/e/ecology-and-behavior/predation/": {"t": "Predation", "s": "Predators kill and eat other organisms, driving evolution.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ecology-and-behavior/img/ecology-and-behavior/predation.webp", "c": "InsektenDoku · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/algae-and-protists/chromalveolata/": {"t": "Chromalveolata", "s": "A proposed eukaryote supergroup later found not to be monophyletic."}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/membrane-transport/": {"t": "Membrane transport", "s": "Mechanisms regulating solute passage through biological membranes."}, "https://codexery.com/red-macroalgae-and-coralline-algae/e/red-macroalgae-and-coralline-algae/cyanidiophyceae/": {"t": "Cyanidiophyceae", "s": "Unicellular red algae thriving in acid hot springs."}, "https://codexery.com/biologists-naturalists/e/biologists-and-naturalists/lynn-margulis/": {"t": "Lynn Margulis", "s": "Evolutionary biologist who championed symbiosis in evolution.", "i": "https://codexery.com/biologists-naturalists/img/biologists-and-naturalists/lynn-margulis.webp", "c": "Jpedreira · via Wikipedia: Lynn Margulis · CC BY-SA 2.5"}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/golgi-apparatus/": {"t": "Golgi apparatus", "s": "The Golgi apparatus is a cellular organelle found in most eukaryotes, forming part of the endomembrane system.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/img/cell-and-molecular-biology/golgi-apparatus.webp", "c": "explorebiology · via Wikipedia: Golgi apparatus · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/genetics/e/genetics/dna-polymerase/": {"t": "DNA polymerase", "s": "Enzymes that synthesize DNA, essential for replication and PCR.", "i": "https://codexery.com/genetics/img/genetics/dna-polymerase.webp", "c": "DNA_polymerase.svg : Madprime derivative work: Chandres · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/rna-polymerase/": {"t": "RNA polymerase", "s": "Enzyme that synthesizes RNA from a DNA template."}, "https://codexery.com/common-infections-and-diseases/e/common-infections-and-diseases/african-trypanosomiasis/": {"t": "African trypanosomiasis", "s": "A parasitic disease transmitted by tsetse flies, causing sleeping sickness."}, "https://codexery.com/common-infections-and-diseases/e/common-infections-and-diseases/chagas-disease/": {"t": "Chagas disease", "s": "Tropical parasitic disease spread by kissing bugs, often chronic."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-agents-and-pathogens/e/infectious-agents-and-pathogens/trypanosoma/": {"t": "Trypanosoma", "s": "Parasitic protozoa causing sleeping sickness and Chagas disease."}, "https://codexery.com/zoonoses/e/zoonoses/leishmaniasis/": {"t": "Leishmaniasis", "s": "A parasitic disease spread by sandflies, affecting millions globally."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-agents-and-pathogens/e/infectious-agents-and-pathogens/trypanosoma-brucei/": {"t": "Trypanosoma brucei", "s": "A parasitic kinetoplastid causing sleeping sickness and nagana in sub-Saharan Africa."}}