[{"n": "Félix Houphouët-Boigny", "u": "/e/african-independence-leaders-and-post-colonial-figures/f-lix-houphou-t-boigny/", "s": "First president of Ivory Coast, architect of the 'Ivorian miracle'."}, {"n": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "u": "/e/african-independence-leaders-and-post-colonial-figures/gamal-abdel-nasser/", "s": "Egyptian president who nationalized the Suez Canal and championed Arab unity."}, {"n": "Gnassingbé Eyadéma", "u": "/e/african-independence-leaders-and-post-colonial-figures/gnassingb-eyad-ma/", "s": "Longest-serving ruler in Africa who led Togo for 38 years."}, {"n": "Goodluck Jonathan", "u": "/e/african-independence-leaders-and-post-colonial-figures/goodluck-jonathan/", "s": "First Nigerian president to concede election defeat."}, {"n": "Hamani Diori", "u": "/e/african-independence-leaders-and-post-colonial-figures/hamani-diori/", "s": "First President of Niger, ousted by a 1974 military coup."}, {"n": "Hifikepunye Pohamba", "u": "/e/african-independence-leaders-and-post-colonial-figures/hifikepunye-pohamba/", "s": "Second president of Namibia and SWAPO leader."}, {"n": "Hosni Mubarak", "u": "/e/african-independence-leaders-and-post-colonial-figures/hosni-mubarak/", "s": "Egyptian president who resigned after the 2011 revolution."}, {"n": "Hubert Maga", "u": "/e/african-independence-leaders-and-post-colonial-figures/hubert-maga/", "s": "First president of independent Dahomey, ousted by a military coup."}, {"n": "Ibrahim Babangida", "u": "/e/african-independence-leaders-and-post-colonial-figures/ibrahim-babangida/", "s": "First Premier of the Western Region of Nigeria and leading nationalist."}, {"n": "Jacob Zuma", "u": "/e/african-independence-leaders-and-post-colonial-figures/jacob-zuma/", "s": "Former Robben Island prisoner who became South Africa's fourth president, and whose rule ended in scandal."}, {"n": "Jerry Rawlings", "u": "/e/african-independence-leaders-and-post-colonial-figures/jerry-rawlings/", "s": "Ghanaian military leader and president who ruled for 19 years."}, {"n": "Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi", "u": "/e/african-independence-leaders-and-post-colonial-figures/johnson-aguiyi-ironsi/", "s": "First military head of state of Nigeria, assassinated in a counter-coup."}, {"n": "Jomo Kenyatta", "u": "/e/african-independence-leaders-and-post-colonial-figures/jomo-kenyatta/", "s": "First President of Kenya, anti-colonial activist and KANU leader."}, {"n": "Julius Nyerere", "u": "/e/african-independence-leaders-and-post-colonial-figures/julius-nyerere/", "s": "Tanzanian anti-colonial activist and architect of Ujamaa socialism."}, {"n": "Kenneth Kaunda", "u": "/e/african-independence-leaders-and-post-colonial-figures/kenneth-kaunda/", "s": "First president of Zambia, independence leader, and later dictator."}, {"n": "Kgalema Motlanthe", "u": "/e/african-independence-leaders-and-post-colonial-figures/kgalema-motlanthe/", "s": "South African president who led a caretaker administration after Mbeki's resignation."}, {"n": "Kwame Nkrumah", "u": "/e/african-independence-leaders-and-post-colonial-figures/kwame-nkrumah/", "s": "First prime minister and president of independent Ghana."}, {"n": "Lansana Conté", "u": "/e/african-independence-leaders-and-post-colonial-figures/lansana-cont/", "s": "Guinean military officer who became president and ruled from 1984 to 2008."}, {"n": "Léopold Sédar Senghor", "u": "/e/african-independence-leaders-and-post-colonial-figures/l-opold-s-dar-senghor/", "s": "Poet, president, and prophet of Négritude."}, {"n": "Levy Mwanawasa", "u": "/e/african-independence-leaders-and-post-colonial-figures/levy-mwanawasa/", "s": "Third president of Zambia; launched anti-corruption campaign."}, {"n": "Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya", "u": "/e/african-independence-leaders-and-post-colonial-figures/maaouya-ould-sid-ahmed-taya/", "s": "Mauritanian president ousted by coup after 21 years in power."}, {"n": "Macky Sall", "u": "/e/african-independence-leaders-and-post-colonial-figures/macky-sall/", "s": "Fourth president of Senegal, 2012–2 April 2024."}, {"n": "Milton Obote", "u": "/e/african-independence-leaders-and-post-colonial-figures/milton-obote/", "s": "Ugandan leader twice overthrown by military coups."}]