{"https://codexery.com/ethnic-indigenous-groups/e/ethnic-and-indigenous-groups/tutsi/": {"t": "Tutsi", "s": "A Bantu-speaking ethnic group established primarily in Rwanda and Burundi, traditionally pastoralist and historically the ruling class."}, "/e/african-conflicts-and-colonialism/rwandan-revolution/": {"t": "Rwandan Revolution", "s": "Ethnic violence that ended Tutsi monarchy in Rwanda.", "i": "https://codexery.com/african-conflicts-and-colonialism/img/african-conflicts-and-colonialism/rwandan-revolution.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Rwandan Revolution · see source"}, "/e/african-conflicts-and-colonialism/rwandan-genocide/": {"t": "Rwandan genocide", "s": "Over approximately 100 days, members of the Tutsi ethnic group, as well as some moderate Hutu and Twa, were systematically killed by Hutu militias.", "i": "https://codexery.com/african-conflicts-and-colonialism/img/african-conflicts-and-colonialism/rwandan-genocide.webp", "c": "Adam Jones, Ph.D. · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-and-settlements/e/cities-and-settlements/kigali/": {"t": "Kigali", "s": "Kigali, officially the City of Kigali, is the capital, largest city, and a province-level administrative unit of Rwanda."}, "https://codexery.com/african-wars-of-independence/e/african-wars-of-independence/first-congo-war/": {"t": "First Congo War", "s": "Conflict that overthrew Mobutu and led to the Second Congo War."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/mobutu-sese-seko/": {"t": "Mobutu Sese Seko", "s": "First and only president of Zaire, known for totalitarian rule."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas/e/peninsulas/horn-of-africa/": {"t": "Horn of Africa", "s": "A strategically vital peninsula and cultural crossroads in eastern Africa."}, "https://codexery.com/african-leaders/e/african-leaders/gr-goire-kayibanda/": {"t": "Grégoire Kayibanda", "s": "First President of Rwanda and leader of the Hutu emancipation movement.", "i": "https://codexery.com/african-leaders/img/african-leaders/gr-goire-kayibanda.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Grégoire Kayibanda · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-scripts-of-africa/e/languages-and-scripts-of-africa/kinyarwanda/": {"t": "Kinyarwanda", "s": "Bantu language and national language of Rwanda."}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/one-party-state/": {"t": "One-party state", "s": "A system where only one party controls the ruling structure."}, "https://codexery.com/african-independence-leaders-post-coloni/e/african-independence-leaders-and-post-colonial-figures/milton-obote/": {"t": "Milton Obote", "s": "Ugandan leader twice overthrown by military coups."}, "https://codexery.com/overseas-empires/e/overseas-empires/belgian-colonial-empire/": {"t": "Belgian colonial empire", "s": "Belgium's overseas empire centered on the vast Belgian Congo."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church/": {"t": "Catholic Church", "s": "The largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.41 billion baptized members.", "i": "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/img/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Christianity by country · see source"}, "/e/african-conflicts-and-colonialism/rwandan-civil-war/": {"t": "Rwandan Civil War", "s": "The Rwandan Civil War was a major conflict in Rwanda that lasted from October 1, 1990, to July 18, 1994.", "i": "https://codexery.com/african-conflicts-and-colonialism/img/african-conflicts-and-colonialism/rwandan-civil-war.webp", "c": "Rr016 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/german-empire/": {"t": "German Empire", "s": "German Empire from 1871 unification to 1918 revolution.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/img/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/german-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: German Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/great-lakes-of-the-world/e/great-lakes-of-the-world/lake-kivu/": {"t": "Lake Kivu", "s": "African Great Lake with dangerous dissolved methane and carbon dioxide.", "i": "https://codexery.com/great-lakes-of-the-world/img/great-lakes-of-the-world/lake-kivu.webp", "c": "Hanah136 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/leopold-ii-of-belgium/": {"t": "Leopold II of Belgium", "s": "Second king of the Belgians and founder of the Congo Free State."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/world-war-i/": {"t": "World War I", "s": "The First World War, a global conflict from 1914 to 1918, was fought between the Allied and Central Powers."}, "https://codexery.com/french-colonial-empire/e/french-colonial-empire/league-of-nations-mandate/": {"t": "League of Nations mandate", "s": "Post-WWI territories administered under League of Nations supervision."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/second-world-war/": {"t": "Second World War", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Axis, deadliest in history."}, "https://codexery.com/french-colonial-empire/e/french-colonial-empire/volu/": {"t": "Évolué", "s": "Europeanised African in French and Belgian colonial empires."}, "https://codexery.com/social-identity-prejudice/e/social-identity-and-prejudice/caste/": {"t": "Caste", "s": "A hereditary social group defined by endogamy, occupation, and ritual hierarchy."}, "https://codexery.com/bantu-religion/e/bantu-religion/ruhanga/": {"t": "Ruhanga", "s": "Remote creator and sky-God of the Rutara people."}, "/e/african-conflicts-and-colonialism/sudanese-civil-war-2023-present/": {"t": "Sudanese civil war (2023–present)", "s": "Ongoing civil war between SAF and RSF in Sudan."}, "https://codexery.com/african-wars-of-independence/e/african-wars-of-independence/first-sudanese-civil-war/": {"t": "First Sudanese Civil War", "s": "A 17-year war over southern autonomy and representation."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/blue-nile/": {"t": "Blue Nile", "s": "Major tributary of the Nile, originating in Ethiopia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/blue-nile.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Blue Nile · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/english-language/": {"t": "English language", "s": "A West Germanic language that became the world's lingua franca."}, "https://codexery.com/british-empire/e/british-empire/british-empire/": {"t": "British Empire", "s": "The largest empire in history, spanning a quarter of Earth's land."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/sudan/": {"t": "Sudan", "s": "Northeast African nation with ancient kingdoms and modern conflicts."}, "https://codexery.com/deserts-and-drylands/e/deserts-and-drylands/sahara-desert/": {"t": "Sahara Desert", "s": "Largest hot desert, spanning North Africa."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/e/rivers-of-the-world/nile/": {"t": "Nile", "s": "Longest river in the world, central to African history and civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/african-leaders/e/african-leaders/gaafar-nimeiry/": {"t": "Gaafar Nimeiry", "s": "Sudanese head of state who shifted from leftism to Islamism.", "i": "https://codexery.com/african-leaders/img/african-leaders/gaafar-nimeiry.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Gaafar Nimeiry · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/public-law/e/public-law/state-of-emergency/": {"t": "State of emergency", "s": "Government empowerment to act beyond normal limits for citizen safety."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/sharia/": {"t": "Sharia", "s": "Islamic divine law based on the Qur'an and hadith, distinct from fiqh."}, "https://codexery.com/ethics-morality/e/ethics-and-morality/self-defense/": {"t": "Self-defense", "s": "A countermeasure defending health and well-being from harm."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/kenya/": {"t": "Kenya", "s": "East African nation with ancient human origins and diverse landscapes."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/eritrea/": {"t": "Eritrea", "s": "Eritrea, officially the State of Eritrea, sits in the Horn of Africa on the eastern side of the continent."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-and-settlements/e/cities-and-settlements/freetown/": {"t": "Freetown", "s": "Capital and largest city of Sierra Leone, founded by Black Nova Scotians."}, "https://codexery.com/colonial-and-post-colonial-leaders/e/colonial-and-post-colonial-leaders/foday-sankoh/": {"t": "Foday Sankoh", "s": "Founder and commander of the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) in the Sierra Leone Civil War."}, "https://codexery.com/kitchentools/e/kitchen-tools/sieve/": {"t": "Sieve", "s": "Tool for separating particles by size using a screen."}, "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts-and-schools/e/economic-concepts-and-schools/resource-curse/": {"t": "Resource curse", "s": "Hypothesis that natural resource wealth can hinder economic growth and democracy."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/antwerp/": {"t": "Antwerp", "s": "Major port, diamond hub, and historic global city in Belgium."}, "https://codexery.com/criminals-and-outlaws/e/criminals-and-outlaws/viktor-bout/": {"t": "Viktor Bout", "s": "Russian arms dealer convicted in U.S., swapped for Brittney Griner.", "i": "https://codexery.com/criminals-and-outlaws/img/criminals-and-outlaws/viktor-bout.webp", "c": "Drug Enforcement Administration · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/international-organizations-and-agreemen/e/international-organizations-and-agreements/international-monetary-fund/": {"t": "International Monetary Fund", "s": "International financial institution fostering global monetary cooperation and stability."}, "https://codexery.com/magazines-newspapers/e/magazines-and-newspapers/harper-s-magazine/": {"t": "Harper's Magazine", "s": "The oldest continuously published monthly magazine in the United States."}, "https://codexery.com/capital-cities-of-africa/e/capital-cities-of-africa/abidjan/": {"t": "Abidjan", "s": "Economic capital of Ivory Coast"}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/guinea/": {"t": "Guinea", "s": "West African nation, former French colony, bauxite producer."}, "https://codexery.com/cold-war-conflicts/e/cold-war-conflicts/soviet-afghan-war/": {"t": "Soviet–Afghan War", "s": "Decade-long conflict that contributed to the Soviet Union's dissolution."}, "/e/african-conflicts-and-colonialism/somali-civil-war-2009-present/": {"t": "Somali Civil War (2009–present)", "s": "Ongoing conflict between Somali government and al-Shabaab militants.", "i": "https://codexery.com/african-conflicts-and-colonialism/img/african-conflicts-and-colonialism/somali-civil-war-2009-present.webp", "c": "Al-Kataib Foundation for Media Productions · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/somalia/": {"t": "Somalia", "s": "Easternmost country in continental Africa, with a long history of trade and conflict."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-concepts-doctrines/e/legal-concepts-and-doctrines/customary-law/": {"t": "Customary law", "s": "Customary law is behavior accepted as binding by a community."}, "https://codexery.com/political-systems-elections/e/political-systems-and-elections/failed-state/": {"t": "Failed state", "s": "A state lacking control, legitimacy, and basic functions."}, "https://codexery.com/somali-inventions/e/somali-inventions/xeer/": {"t": "Xeer", "s": "Traditional Somali legal system based on clan mediation and restitution."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/somaliland/": {"t": "Somaliland", "s": "Somaliland, officially the Republic of Somaliland, is a partially recognised state in the Horn of Africa, located on the southern coast of the Gulf of Aden."}, "https://codexery.com/states-and-regions/e/states-and-regions/puntland/": {"t": "Puntland", "s": "Semi-autonomous state in northeastern Somalia, formed in 1998, with capital Garoowe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/states-and-regions/img/states-and-regions/puntland.webp", "c": "Abdishakuur Jibril Adan Kediye · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-and-urban-areas/e/cities-and-urban-areas/mogadishu/": {"t": "Mogadishu", "s": "Capital and historic port city of Somalia on the Indian Ocean."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/saudi-arabia/": {"t": "Saudi Arabia", "s": "The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: a land of ancient heritage, vast deserts, and global influence.", "i": "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/img/honours/saudi-arabia.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Saudi Arabia at the FIFA World Cup · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/african-leaders/e/african-leaders/isma-l-omar-guelleh/": {"t": "Ismaïl Omar Guelleh", "s": "President of Djibouti since 1999, re-elected in 2005, 2011, 2016, 2021, and 2026."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/mohamed-farrah-aidid/": {"t": "Mohamed Farrah Aidid", "s": "Somali military officer, diplomat, and warlord", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/mohamed-farrah-aidid.webp", "c": "Administration of Aidid · via Wikipedia: Mohamed Farrah Aidid · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/warfare-military-history/e/warfare-and-military-history/counterinsurgency/": {"t": "Counterinsurgency", "s": "State action against irregular forces, blending military and political means."}, "https://codexery.com/government-and-law/e/government-and-law/political-science/": {"t": "Political science", "s": "Empirical study of politics, governance, and power."}, "/e/african-conflicts-and-colonialism/somali-civil-war/": {"t": "Somali Civil War", "s": "Ongoing civil war stemming from resistance to Siad Barre's regime.", "i": "https://codexery.com/african-conflicts-and-colonialism/img/african-conflicts-and-colonialism/somali-civil-war.webp", "c": "X-Wu-Z · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/somali-inventions/e/somali-inventions/technical-vehicle/": {"t": "Technical (vehicle)", "s": "Light improvised fighting vehicle mounting heavy weaponry."}, "https://codexery.com/warfare-military-history/e/warfare-and-military-history/asymmetric-warfare/": {"t": "Asymmetric warfare", "s": "War between belligerents with significantly different power or tactics.", "i": "https://codexery.com/warfare-military-history/img/warfare-and-military-history/asymmetric-warfare.webp", "c": "David Condrey · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/history-of-the-british-empire/e/history-of-the-british-empire/south-west-africa/": {"t": "South West Africa", "s": "South African mandate territory that became independent Namibia in 1990."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/angolan-civil-war/": {"t": "Angolan Civil War", "s": "A 27-year Cold War proxy conflict in Angola between the MPLA and UNITA, marked by foreign intervention and devastating civil strife."}, "https://codexery.com/international-organizations-and-agreemen/e/international-organizations-and-agreements/international-court-of-justice/": {"t": "International Court of Justice", "s": "Principal judicial organ of the United Nations."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/soviet-union/": {"t": "Soviet Union", "s": "The world's flagship communist state and a superpower spanning Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/ghana/": {"t": "Ghana", "s": "First Sub-Saharan African colony to achieve sovereignty."}, "https://codexery.com/capital-cities-of-africa/e/capital-cities-of-africa/windhoek/": {"t": "Windhoek", "s": "Capital and largest city of Namibia, on the Khomas Highland."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/cape-town/": {"t": "Cape Town", "s": "Legislative capital of South Africa, oldest city, and gateway to the Cape Floristic Region."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-and-urban-areas/e/cities-and-urban-areas/pretoria/": {"t": "Pretoria", "s": "Executive capital of South Africa and major diplomatic hub."}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/second-boer-war/": {"t": "Second Boer War", "s": "A colonial war over gold and British dominance in Southern Africa.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/second-boer-war.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/governments-and-political-systems/e/governments-and-political-systems/government-of-the-united-kingdom/": {"t": "Government of the United Kingdom", "s": "Central executive authority of the United Kingdom.", "i": "https://codexery.com/governments-and-political-systems/img/governments-and-political-systems/government-of-the-united-kingdom.webp", "c": "No machine-readable author provided. Nightstallion assumed (based on copyright c · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/history-of-the-british-empire/e/history-of-the-british-empire/cape-colony/": {"t": "Cape Colony", "s": "British colony at the Cape of Good Hope, later part of South Africa."}, "https://codexery.com/military-conflicts-and-wars/e/military-conflicts-and-wars/first-boer-war/": {"t": "First Boer War", "s": "A short but decisive conflict between the United Kingdom and Boers of the Transvaal, resulting in Boer victory.", "i": "https://codexery.com/military-conflicts-and-wars/img/military-conflicts-and-wars/first-boer-war.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: First Boer War · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/military-commanders-of-the-world-wars/e/military-commanders-of-the-world-wars/herbert-kitchener-1st-earl-kitchener/": {"t": "Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener", "s": "British field marshal and colonial administrator, key in Sudan and First World War."}, "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/e/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/maritz-rebellion/": {"t": "Maritz rebellion", "s": "A pro-German Boer uprising in South Africa at the start of World War I."}, "https://codexery.com/history-of-the-british-empire/e/history-of-the-british-empire/colony-of-natal/": {"t": "Colony of Natal", "s": "British colony in south-eastern Africa, later a province of South Africa."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/dutch-language/": {"t": "Dutch language", "s": "A West Germanic language spoken by millions across Europe, the Americas, and beyond."}, "https://codexery.com/history-of-the-british-empire/e/history-of-the-british-empire/jameson-raid/": {"t": "Jameson Raid", "s": "Botched 1895 raid that worsened Anglo-Boer tensions and preceded the Second Boer War."}, "https://codexery.com/political-systems-elections/e/political-systems-and-elections/coup-d-tat/": {"t": "Coup d'état", "s": "Illegal seizure of power by military or elites."}, "/e/african-conflicts-and-colonialism/second-sudanese-civil-war/": {"t": "Second Sudanese Civil War", "s": "A 22-year civil war leading to South Sudan's independence."}, "https://codexery.com/mammals/e/mammals/cattle/": {"t": "Cattle", "s": "Domesticated bovid ungulates raised for meat, dairy, and labor."}, "https://codexery.com/violence-conflict/e/violence-and-conflict/genocide/": {"t": "Genocide", "s": "The intentional destruction of a human group, in whole or in part.", "i": "https://codexery.com/violence-conflict/img/violence-and-conflict/genocide.webp", "c": "Aleksey Chalabyan (a.k.a. Xelgen) · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/capital-cities-of-africa/e/capital-cities-of-africa/addis-ababa/": {"t": "Addis Ababa", "s": "The political capital of Africa and highest capital on the continent."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-spain/e/world-heritage-sites-in-spain/ibiza/": {"t": "Ibiza", "s": "Spanish island known for nightlife, UNESCO site, and Pine Islands."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-and-settlements/e/cities-and-settlements/kinshasa/": {"t": "Kinshasa", "s": "Capital and largest city of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, a fast-growing megacity on the Congo River."}, "https://codexery.com/ottoman-and-middle-eastern-leaders/e/ottoman-and-middle-eastern-leaders/abdel-fattah-el-sisi/": {"t": "Abdel Fattah el-Sisi", "s": "Abdel Fattah Saeed Hussein Khalil el-Sisi was born on 19 November 1954 in Cairo."}, "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/e/government-and-public-administration/foreign-policy/": {"t": "Foreign policy", "s": "A state's strategies for interacting with other states and entities.", "i": "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/img/government-and-public-administration/foreign-policy.webp", "c": "U.S. Department of State · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-and-urban-areas/e/cities-and-urban-areas/omdurman/": {"t": "Omdurman", "s": "Omdurman (Arabic: Umm Durmān, meaning \"Mother of Durmān,\" though the identity of this figure is unknown) is Sudan’s second-largest city."}, "https://codexery.com/violence-conflict/e/violence-and-conflict/violence/": {"t": "Violence", "s": "Violence is the intentional use of force causing harm."}, "https://codexery.com/public-health-and-epidemiology/e/public-health-and-epidemiology/starvation/": {"t": "Starvation", "s": "Starvation is the most extreme form of malnutrition."}, "https://codexery.com/public-law/e/public-law/sanctions-law/": {"t": "Sanctions (law)", "s": "Penalties or enforcement means to incentivize legal obedience."}, "https://codexery.com/international-organizations-and-agreemen/e/international-organizations-and-agreements/international-criminal-court/": {"t": "International Criminal Court", "s": "Permanent international court for genocide, war crimes, and aggression."}, "/e/african-conflicts-and-colonialism/sudanese-revolution/": {"t": "Sudanese revolution", "s": "Eight-month uprising that ousted Omar al-Bashir after 30 years.", "i": "https://codexery.com/african-conflicts-and-colonialism/img/african-conflicts-and-colonialism/sudanese-revolution.webp", "c": "Daehan · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts-models/e/economic-concepts-and-models/cost-of-living/": {"t": "Cost of living", "s": "Cost of living measures the expense of a given standard of living."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/e/revolutions-and-uprisings/arab-spring/": {"t": "Arab Spring", "s": "A wave of pro-democracy uprisings across the Arab world in the early 2010s.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/img/revolutions-and-uprisings/arab-spring.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Arab Spring · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/socio-political-concepts/e/socio-political-concepts/technocracy/": {"t": "Technocracy", "s": "Expert-based governance emphasizing evidence and efficiency."}, "https://codexery.com/shortwave-and-numbers-stations/e/shortwave-and-numbers-stations/radio-dabanga/": {"t": "Radio Dabanga", "s": "Independent shortwave news service for Sudan, broadcasting since 2008."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/french-language/": {"t": "French language", "s": "A Romance language of the Indo-European family, descended from Vulgar Latin and shaped by Celtic and Frankish influences."}, "https://codexery.com/theological-and-philosophical-debates/e/theological-and-philosophical-debates/apostasy/": {"t": "Apostasy", "s": "Formal renunciation of a religion or belief."}, "https://codexery.com/world-capital-cities/e/world-capital-cities/porto-novo/": {"t": "Porto-Novo", "s": "Official capital of Benin, second-largest city, historic port.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-capital-cities/img/world-capital-cities/porto-novo.webp", "c": "DIDOLANVI · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/french-colonial-empire/e/french-colonial-empire/tirailleur/": {"t": "Tirailleur", "s": "Colonial light infantry of the French Empire."}, "https://codexery.com/bolt-action-rifles/e/bolt-action-rifles/lebel-model-1886-rifle/": {"t": "Lebel Model 1886 rifle", "s": "First military rifle to use smokeless powder ammunition."}, "https://codexery.com/firearm-manufacturers/e/firearm-manufacturers/steyr-arms/": {"t": "Steyr Arms", "s": "Austrian firearms manufacturer, known for the Steyr AUG."}, "https://codexery.com/firearm-manufacturers/e/firearm-manufacturers/krupp/": {"t": "Krupp", "s": "Europe's largest company and Germany's chief arms maker in two world wars."}, "https://codexery.com/warfare-military-history/e/warfare-and-military-history/blockade/": {"t": "Blockade", "s": "Military force to prevent entry or exit of goods and people."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/martinique/": {"t": "Martinique", "s": "An island of flowers, volcanoes, and French heritage in the Caribbean.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/img/islands-and-archipelagos/martinique.webp", "c": "OttavianoUrsu · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/spain/": {"t": "Spain", "s": "A country spanning the Iberian Peninsula, with a history from Roman Hispania to a modern constitutional monarchy."}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/spanish-american-war/": {"t": "Spanish–American War", "s": "Conflict that ended Spanish empire and launched U.S. overseas power.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/spanish-american-war.webp", "c": "Barbudo Barbudo and TEP · via Wikipedia: Spanish–American War · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/finance-and-investment/e/finance-and-investment/financial-crisis/": {"t": "Financial crisis", "s": "A sudden loss of value in financial assets."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/overseas-chinese/": {"t": "Overseas Chinese", "s": "People of Chinese ancestry living and working outside Greater China."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/slavery/": {"t": "Slavery", "s": "Slavery is the ownership of a person as property."}, "https://codexery.com/criminal-law-procedure/e/criminal-law-and-procedure/equality-before-the-law/": {"t": "Equality before the law", "s": "All are equal before the law without discrimination."}, "https://codexery.com/governments-and-political-systems/e/governments-and-political-systems/independence/": {"t": "Independence", "s": "Condition of self-government and sovereignty over a territory.", "i": "https://codexery.com/governments-and-political-systems/img/governments-and-political-systems/independence.webp", "c": "Ruger, A. · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/spanish-language/": {"t": "Spanish language", "s": "A global Romance language originating in the Kingdom of Castile."}, "https://codexery.com/warfare-military-history/e/warfare-and-military-history/cavalry/": {"t": "Cavalry", "s": "Mounted warriors who dominated battlefields until the 20th century."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/spaniards/": {"t": "Spaniards", "s": "Spaniards are an ethnic group indigenous to Spain with a global legacy."}, "https://codexery.com/battle-rifles-and-carbines/e/battle-rifles-and-carbines/carbine/": {"t": "Carbine", "s": "A shortened long gun for high-mobility and non-infantry troops."}, "https://codexery.com/great-collapses/e/great-collapses/the-haitian-revolution/": {"t": "The Haitian Revolution", "s": "A successful insurrection by enslaved Africans against French colonial rule, leading to the founding of Haiti.", "i": "https://codexery.com/great-collapses/img/great-collapses/the-haitian-revolution.webp", "c": "Miscellaneous Items in High Demand, PPOC, Library of Congress · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/europe/": {"t": "Europe", "s": "Second-smallest continent, birthplace of Western civilisation and European Union."}, "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-united-states/e/rebellions-against-the-united-states/american-civil-war/": {"t": "American Civil War", "s": "Civil war between the Union and Confederacy over slavery and secession."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/e/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/mahdi/": {"t": "Mahdi", "s": "Messianic figure in Islam who will restore justice."}, "https://codexery.com/colonialism-and-exploration/e/colonialism-and-exploration/italian-empire/": {"t": "Italian Empire", "s": "Italian colonial empire from 1882 to 1943, revived as trust until 1960.", "i": "https://codexery.com/colonialism-and-exploration/img/colonialism-and-exploration/italian-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Colonial empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/muhammad-ali-of-egypt/": {"t": "Muhammad Ali of Egypt", "s": "Ottoman viceroy who founded modern Egypt and established a hereditary dynasty."}, "https://codexery.com/straits-and-channels/e/straits-and-channels/suez-canal/": {"t": "Suez Canal", "s": "The Suez Canal: a vital sea-level waterway linking the Mediterranean and Red Seas, dividing Africa and Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/machine-guns/e/machine-guns/machine-gun/": {"t": "Machine gun", "s": "A fully automatic firearm for sustained direct fire support.", "i": "https://codexery.com/machine-guns/img/machine-guns/machine-gun.webp", "c": "Nafis Fuad Ayon · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/e/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/jihad/": {"t": "Jihad", "s": "Islamic concept of striving in God's path, with spiritual and martial dimensions."}, "https://codexery.com/entering-heaven-alive/e/entering-heaven-alive/muhammad/": {"t": "Muhammad", "s": "Founder of Islam and final prophet in Islamic belief."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-m/e/cities-starting-with-m/medina/": {"t": "Medina", "s": "Second holiest city in Islam, cradle of Islamic civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/abu-bakr/": {"t": "Abu Bakr", "s": "First Rashidun caliph, close companion of Muhammad, and key figure in early Islamic expansion."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-inventions/e/chinese-inventions/artillery/": {"t": "Artillery", "s": "Ranged weapons launching munitions far beyond infantry firearms."}}