{"https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/russian-empire/": {"t": "Russian Empire", "s": "Third-largest empire in history, spanning northern Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/machine-guns/e/machine-guns/machine-gun/": {"t": "Machine gun", "s": "A fully automatic firearm for sustained direct fire support.", "i": "https://codexery.com/machine-guns/img/machine-guns/machine-gun.webp", "c": "Nafis Fuad Ayon · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/saint-petersburg/": {"t": "Saint Petersburg", "s": "Russia's cultural capital and historic window to Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/second-world-war/": {"t": "Second World War", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Axis, deadliest in history."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-inventions/e/chinese-inventions/naval-mine/": {"t": "Naval mine", "s": "Explosive device placed in water to damage or destroy vessels."}, "https://codexery.com/sieges-and-battles/e/sieges-and-battles/siege-of-leningrad/": {"t": "Siege of Leningrad", "s": "The 872-day blockade that starved a city."}, "https://codexery.com/materials-and-states-of-matter/e/materials-and-states-of-matter/superconductivity/": {"t": "Superconductivity", "s": "Phenomenon of zero electrical resistance and magnetic field expulsion."}, "https://codexery.com/power-generation/e/power-generation/nuclear-reactor/": {"t": "Nuclear reactor", "s": "Device that controls nuclear fission for energy, propulsion, and research."}, "https://codexery.com/chernobyl/e/technology/rbmk/": {"t": "RBMK Reactor", "s": "The Soviet reactor design used at the Chernobyl plant."}, "https://codexery.com/chernobyl/e/events/chernobyl-disaster/": {"t": "Chernobyl Disaster", "s": "The explosion of reactor 4 on 26 April 1986 and what followed."}, "https://codexery.com/cardiovascular-blood/e/cardiovascular-and-blood/cardiac-arrest/": {"t": "Cardiac arrest", "s": "Cardiac arrest is the sudden loss of heart function."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/moscow/": {"t": "Moscow", "s": "Capital of Russia, largest city in Europe, and a historic center of power and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/istanbul/": {"t": "Istanbul", "s": "A city on two continents, bridging Europe and Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/russian-revolution/": {"t": "Russian Revolution", "s": "A period of revolution and civil war that ended monarchy and established socialist rule."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/odesa/": {"t": "Odesa", "s": "Pearl by the Sea"}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-russia/e/world-heritage-sites-in-russia/gatchina/": {"t": "Gatchina", "s": "Imperial residence and UNESCO World Heritage site in Leningrad Oblast", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-russia/img/world-heritage-sites-in-russia/gatchina.webp", "c": "Александров · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-music-compositions/e/classical-music-compositions/night-on-bald-mountain/": {"t": "Night on Bald Mountain", "s": "A witches' sabbath on St. John's Eve, immortalized in music."}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/modest-mussorgsky/": {"t": "Modest Mussorgsky", "s": "Russian composer of The Five, innovator of national music.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/img/composers-and-musicians/modest-mussorgsky.webp", "c": "Self-scanned · via Wikipedia: Modest Mussorgsky · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/e/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/anschluss/": {"t": "Anschluss", "s": "Annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany on 12 March 1938.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/img/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/anschluss.webp", "c": "Unknown author · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/film-theater/e/film-and-theater/orson-welles/": {"t": "Orson Welles", "s": "Co-founder of the Mercury Theatre and director of the 1937 stage adaptation of Julius Caesar."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/franz-kafka/": {"t": "Franz Kafka", "s": "German-language Jewish Czech writer of surreal bureaucratic predicaments."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-and-soviet-writers/e/russian-and-soviet-writers/nikolai-gogol/": {"t": "Nikolai Gogol", "s": "Russian writer of Ukrainian origin, master of the grotesque."}, "https://codexery.com/transportation-engineering/e/transportation-engineering/airplane/": {"t": "Airplane", "s": "Fixed-wing aircraft propelled by thrust, from the Wright brothers to modern jets.", "i": "https://codexery.com/transportation-engineering/img/transportation-engineering/airplane.webp", "c": "SamKramer123 · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/novosibirsk/": {"t": "Novosibirsk", "s": "The largest city in Siberia, on the banks of the Ob River."}, "https://codexery.com/uav-manufacturers/e/uav-manufacturers/antonov/": {"t": "Antonov", "s": "Ukrainian state-owned manufacturer of very large aircraft and rugged transports."}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/moscow-oblast/": {"t": "Moscow Oblast", "s": "A densely populated, highly industrialized federal subject of Russia, surrounding but not including the federal city of Moscow."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/western-world/": {"t": "Western world", "s": "An evolving cultural, political, and economic concept of diverse groups."}, "https://codexery.com/uav-manufacturers/e/uav-manufacturers/yakovlev/": {"t": "Yakovlev", "s": "Russian aircraft designer and manufacturer of Yak series.", "i": "https://codexery.com/uav-manufacturers/img/uav-manufacturers/yakovlev.webp", "c": "Peer.Gynt · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-topics/e/world-war-ii-topics/soviet-partisans/": {"t": "Soviet partisans", "s": "Guerrilla fighters coordinated by the Soviet government against Axis forces in WWII.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-topics/img/world-war-ii-topics/soviet-partisans.webp", "c": "Galvm · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/transportation/e/transportation/fighter-aircraft/": {"t": "Fighter aircraft", "s": "Military aircraft designed for air superiority and air-to-air combat."}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/e/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/auschwitz-concentration-camp/": {"t": "Auschwitz concentration camp", "s": "Site of the largest mass murder in a single location in history.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/img/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/auschwitz-concentration-camp.webp", "c": "Ynnarski · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements-styles/e/art-movements-and-styles/avant-garde/": {"t": "Avant-garde", "s": "Experimental art challenging societal norms and artistic conventions."}, "https://codexery.com/ukrainian-oblasts/e/ukrainian-oblasts/kherson-oblast/": {"t": "Kherson Oblast", "s": "Southern Ukrainian oblast, fruit basket, partially occupied since 2022."}, "https://codexery.com/modernist-contemporary-pioneers/e/modernist-and-contemporary-pioneers/sonia-delaunay/": {"t": "Sonia Delaunay", "s": "Pioneer of Orphism and modern design, known for bold colours and geometric abstraction."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/berlin/": {"t": "Berlin", "s": "The heart of Europe, a city of culture and history."}, "https://codexery.com/modernist-contemporary-pioneers/e/modernist-and-contemporary-pioneers/robert-delaunay/": {"t": "Robert Delaunay", "s": "Co-founder of Orphism, pioneer of color and geometric abstraction."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/pointillism/": {"t": "Pointillism", "s": "A painting technique using small dots of color."}, "https://codexery.com/camouflage-patterns/e/camouflage-patterns/motion-camouflage/": {"t": "Motion camouflage", "s": "Motion camouflage hides movement by mimicking background optic flow."}, "https://codexery.com/universities/e/universities/moscow-state-university/": {"t": "Moscow State University", "s": "Russia's oldest university, a center of learning and controversy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities/img/universities/moscow-state-university.webp", "c": "Suicasmo · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/organometallic-chemistry/": {"t": "Organometallic chemistry", "s": "Study of compounds with metal-carbon bonds, bridging inorganic and organic chemistry."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/organic-chemistry/": {"t": "Organic chemistry", "s": "Study of carbon compounds, basis of life and industry."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements-metals/e/chemical-elements-and-metals/palladium/": {"t": "Palladium", "s": "Rare platinum-group metal used in catalytic converters and jewelry."}, "https://codexery.com/international-organizations-and-agreemen/e/international-organizations-and-agreements/international-union-of-pure-and-applied-chemistry/": {"t": "International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry", "s": "International authority for chemical nomenclature and standards."}, "https://codexery.com/transportation/e/transportation/helicopter/": {"t": "Helicopter", "s": "A rotorcraft achieving vertical flight via horizontally spinning rotors."}, "https://codexery.com/education-schools/e/education-and-schools/saint-petersburg-state-university/": {"t": "Saint Petersburg State University", "s": "One of Russia's oldest universities, founded by Peter the Great."}, "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/e/universities-and-colleges/humboldt-university-of-berlin/": {"t": "Humboldt University of Berlin", "s": "Public research university pioneering the Humboldtian model of higher education."}, "https://codexery.com/quadcopters-and-multirotor-drones/e/quadcopters-and-multirotor-drones/quadcopter/": {"t": "Quadcopter", "s": "A four-rotor aircraft made practical by modern drone technology.", "i": "https://codexery.com/quadcopters-and-multirotor-drones/img/quadcopters-and-multirotor-drones/quadcopter.webp", "c": "Mais Jamal, Youshaa Murhij, Zain Alabiden Ali · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/time-magazine/": {"t": "Time (magazine)", "s": "A weekly news magazine that pioneered telling news through people."}, "https://codexery.com/spanish-inventions/e/spanish-inventions/autogyro/": {"t": "Autogyro", "s": "Spanish-invented rotorcraft that flies using autorotation."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/albert-einstein/": {"t": "Albert Einstein", "s": "Theoretical physicist who developed relativity and E=mc²"}, "https://codexery.com/film-history/e/film-history/special-effect/": {"t": "Special effect", "s": "Illusions and visual tricks for theater, film, and digital media."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/soviet-union/": {"t": "Soviet Union", "s": "The world's flagship communist state and a superpower spanning Eurasia."}, "/e/20th-century-russian-inventors/georgy-shpagin/": {"t": "Georgy Shpagin", "s": "Soviet weapons designer, creator of the PPSh-41 submachine gun."}, "https://codexery.com/firearm-manufacturers/e/firearm-manufacturers/degtyaryov-plant/": {"t": "Degtyaryov Plant", "s": "Russian firearms and vehicle manufacturer, subsidiary of Rostec."}, "https://codexery.com/machine-guns/e/machine-guns/light-machine-gun/": {"t": "Light machine gun", "s": "A portable machine gun for one soldier, providing squad suppressive fire.", "i": "https://codexery.com/machine-guns/img/machine-guns/light-machine-gun.webp", "c": "Joost J. Bakker from IJmuiden · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/machine-guns/e/machine-guns/degtyaryov-machine-gun/": {"t": "Degtyaryov machine gun", "s": "Soviet light machine gun with a distinctive pan magazine."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/joseph-stalin/": {"t": "Joseph Stalin", "s": "Soviet revolutionary and dictator who ruled from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-inventions/e/chinese-inventions/artillery/": {"t": "Artillery", "s": "Ranged weapons launching munitions far beyond infantry firearms."}, "https://codexery.com/machine-guns/e/machine-guns/rpd-machine-gun/": {"t": "RPD machine gun", "s": "Soviet belt-fed light machine gun for the 7.62×39mm cartridge."}, "https://codexery.com/soviet-inventions/e/soviet-inventions/7-62-39mm/": {"t": "7.62×39mm", "s": "The 7.62×39 mm round is a rimless bottlenecked intermediate cartridge of Soviet origin, widely used due to the global proliferation of the AK-47 and related fir"}, "https://codexery.com/sculptures-and-statues/e/sculptures-and-statues/relief/": {"t": "Relief", "s": "Sculptural method where forms remain attached to a solid background."}, "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/e/other-european-regions/donbas/": {"t": "Donbas", "s": "Historical coal-mining region on the Ukraine–Russia border.", "i": "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/img/other-european-regions/donbas.webp", "c": "Ліонкінг · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements-styles/e/art-movements-and-styles/art-deco/": {"t": "Art Deco", "s": "A decorative style of luxury and geometric form.", "i": "https://codexery.com/art-movements-styles/img/art-movements-and-styles/art-deco.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Art Deco · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/johann-sebastian-bach/": {"t": "Johann Sebastian Bach", "s": "Master of counterpoint and Baroque composition", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/johann-sebastian-bach.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: List of compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/music-legends/e/music-legends/sergei-prokofiev/": {"t": "Sergei Prokofiev", "s": "Russian composer of Peter and the Wolf and Romeo and Juliet, one of the giants of 20th-century music.", "i": "https://codexery.com/music-legends/img/music-legends/sergei-prokofiev.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Sergei Prokofiev · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/visual-arts-and-crafts/e/visual-arts-and-crafts/stained-glass/": {"t": "Stained glass", "s": "Coloured glass used in windows and decorative art."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/culture/london/": {"t": "London", "s": "A global city on the Thames, London blends nearly 2,000 years of history with a vibrant, multicultural present."}, "https://codexery.com/periodic-table-elements/e/periodic-table-and-elements/uranium/": {"t": "Uranium", "s": "Heaviest naturally occurring element, key to nuclear energy and weapons."}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/e/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/eastern-front-world-war-ii/": {"t": "Eastern Front (World War II)", "s": "The decisive theatre of World War II where the Axis powers were defeated on the Eastern Front.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/img/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/eastern-front-world-war-ii.webp", "c": "FOTO:Fortepan — ID 27693 : Adományozó/Donor: Konok Tamás id. archive copy at the · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-movements-and-schools/e/philosophical-movements-and-schools/christian-philosophy/": {"t": "Christian philosophy", "s": "The philosophical tradition that reconciles reason, science, and faith through Christian revelation."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/russian-orthodox-church/": {"t": "Russian Orthodox Church", "s": "Autocephalous Eastern Orthodox church tracing origins to 988.", "i": "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/img/religious-traditions/russian-orthodox-church.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Russian Orthodox Church · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/electrical-systems/e/electrical-systems/electrical-engineering/": {"t": "Electrical engineering", "s": "Discipline studying and applying electricity, electronics, and electromagnetism."}, "https://codexery.com/folk-religions/e/folk-religions/folk-saint/": {"t": "Folk saint", "s": "Unofficial saints venerated by popular devotion."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/georgia-country/": {"t": "Georgia (country)", "s": "A country at the crossroads of Europe and Asia, with ancient winemaking traditions and a pro-Western trajectory."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-and-soviet-writers/e/russian-and-soviet-writers/leo-tolstoy/": {"t": "Leo Tolstoy", "s": "Russian writer and influential Christian anarchist and pacifist."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-and-soviet-writers/e/russian-and-soviet-writers/andrei-bely/": {"t": "Andrei Bely", "s": "Russian Symbolist novelist and poet, author of Petersburg.", "i": "https://codexery.com/russian-and-soviet-writers/img/russian-and-soviet-writers/andrei-bely.webp", "c": "Otto Renard · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/georg-cantor/": {"t": "Georg Cantor", "s": "Founder of set theory and transfinite numbers"}, "https://codexery.com/sets-and-logic/e/sets-and-logic/set-theory/": {"t": "Set theory", "s": "The branch of mathematical logic that studies sets, founded by Georg Cantor in the 1870s."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-reformers-and-mystics/e/christian-reformers-and-mystics/rudolf-steiner/": {"t": "Rudolf Steiner", "s": "Austrian founder of anthroposophy and spiritual science."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/leon-trotsky/": {"t": "Leon Trotsky", "s": "Russian revolutionary, Soviet politician, and Marxist theorist."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/dielectric/": {"t": "Dielectric", "s": "An electrical insulator that stores energy through polarisation."}, "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/e/authors-and-poets/maxim-gorky/": {"t": "Maxim Gorky", "s": "Russian and Soviet writer, journalist, and socialist advocate.", "i": "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/img/authors-and-poets/maxim-gorky.webp", "c": "Herman Mishkin · via Wikipedia: Maxim Gorky · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/iodine/": {"t": "Iodine", "s": "Heaviest stable halogen, essential for thyroid hormone synthesis."}, "https://codexery.com/japanese-inventions/e/japanese-inventions/agar/": {"t": "Agar", "s": "A seaweed-derived jelly used in food and microbiology.", "i": "https://codexery.com/japanese-inventions/img/japanese-inventions/agar.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/microbial-groups-and-extremophiles/e/microbial-groups-and-extremophiles/seaweed/": {"t": "Seaweed", "s": "Macroalgae vital to ocean ecology and human industry."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/semiotics/": {"t": "Semiotics", "s": "The study of signs and meaning-making across all domains."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/rostov-on-don/": {"t": "Rostov-on-Don", "s": "Port city on the Don River, cultural and logistical centre of Southern Russia."}, "https://codexery.com/mathematical-logic-and-computation/e/mathematical-logic-and-computation/automata-theory/": {"t": "Automata theory", "s": "Study of abstract machines and solvable computational problems."}, "https://codexery.com/computing-digital/e/computing-and-digital/computer-network/": {"t": "Computer network", "s": "A system of interconnected hosts communicating via protocols and hardware."}, "https://codexery.com/socio-political-concepts/e/socio-political-concepts/conscription/": {"t": "Conscription", "s": "Compulsory enlistment in national service, enforced by law."}, "https://codexery.com/materials-and-states-of-matter/e/materials-and-states-of-matter/semiconductor/": {"t": "Semiconductor", "s": "Materials with conductivity between conductors and insulators."}, "https://codexery.com/social-issues/e/social-issues/nobel-prize/": {"t": "Nobel Prize", "s": "Prestigious awards for the greatest benefit to humankind."}, "https://codexery.com/geology/e/geology/geophysics/": {"t": "Geophysics", "s": "The physical science of Earth and planetary processes"}, "https://codexery.com/russian-cities/e/russian-cities/vologda/": {"t": "Vologda", "s": "Historic Russian city and major transport hub."}, "https://codexery.com/uav-manufacturers/e/uav-manufacturers/mikoyan/": {"t": "Mikoyan", "s": "Russian aerospace company, successor to the Soviet Mikoyan design bureau."}, "https://codexery.com/armenian-inventors/e/armenian-inventors/artem-mikoyan/": {"t": "Artem Mikoyan", "s": "Soviet-Armenian aircraft designer and cofounder of the MiG bureau."}, "https://codexery.com/ukrainian-oblasts/e/ukrainian-oblasts/kharkiv-oblast/": {"t": "Kharkiv Oblast", "s": "Eastern Ukrainian oblast, third-most populous, industrial and agricultural center."}, "https://codexery.com/innovators-in-industry/e/innovators-in-industry/marcel-dassault/": {"t": "Marcel Dassault", "s": "French aircraft industrialist and parliamentarian who survived Buchenwald.", "i": "https://codexery.com/innovators-in-industry/img/innovators-in-industry/marcel-dassault.webp", "c": "Georges Chevalier · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/world-war-i/": {"t": "World War I", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Central Powers, 1914–1918."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/great-purge/": {"t": "Great Purge", "s": "A Soviet political purge targeting dissenters and perceived enemies.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/img/revolutions-and-conflicts/great-purge.webp", "c": "Stefanguzvica · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/astrophotography/e/astrophotography/radio-astronomy/": {"t": "Radio astronomy", "s": "Passive observation of celestial objects using radio waves.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astrophotography/img/astrophotography/radio-astronomy.webp", "c": "Maksym Kozlenko · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/astrophotography/e/astrophotography/very-long-baseline-interferometry/": {"t": "Very-long-baseline interferometry", "s": "VLBI combines radio telescopes to emulate a giant telescope."}, "https://codexery.com/international-organizations-and-agreemen/e/international-organizations-and-agreements/international-astronomical-union/": {"t": "International Astronomical Union", "s": "Global authority for astronomical naming and cooperation."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-language-science-fiction-films/e/russian-language-science-fiction-films/the-orion-loop/": {"t": "The Orion Loop", "s": "Soviet sci-fi film about first contact and a cosmic virus."}, "https://codexery.com/computing-software/e/computing-and-software/operating-system/": {"t": "Operating system", "s": "The layer of software that manages a computer's resources for its users and their applications."}, "https://codexery.com/pioneers-of-computing-and-information-th/e/pioneers-of-computing-and-information-theory/claude-shannon/": {"t": "Claude Shannon", "s": "Polymath who founded information theory and digital circuit design.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pioneers-of-computing-and-information-th/img/pioneers-of-computing-and-information-theory/claude-shannon.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Claude Shannon · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/communication-and-media/e/communication-and-media/signal-processing/": {"t": "Signal processing", "s": "Subfield of electrical engineering for analyzing and modifying signals."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-and-dwarf-planets/e/planets-and-dwarf-planets/venus/": {"t": "Venus", "s": "Earth's twin, hottest planet, shrouded in sulfuric acid clouds."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/astronomy-and-space/mercury-planet/": {"t": "Mercury (planet)", "s": "Smallest planet and closest to the Sun."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-concepts-doctrines/e/legal-concepts-and-doctrines/embezzlement/": {"t": "Embezzlement", "s": "A financial crime involving deceitful secretion of entrusted assets."}, "https://codexery.com/grenade-launchers/e/grenade-launchers/grenade-launcher/": {"t": "Grenade launcher", "s": "A firearm launching large-caliber explosive or chemical projectiles."}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-astronomy/e/amateur-astronomy/amateur-astronomy/": {"t": "Amateur astronomy", "s": "Amateur astronomers observe celestial objects for passion, education, and citizen science."}, "https://codexery.com/telescope-types/e/telescope-types/maksutov-telescope/": {"t": "Maksutov telescope", "s": "Catadioptric design using a meniscus corrector to correct aberrations."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-colonization-of-north-america/e/russian-colonization-of-north-america/russian-colonization-of-north-america/": {"t": "Russian colonization of North America", "s": "Russia's colonies on the Pacific coast, 1732–1867."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-russia/e/world-heritage-sites-in-russia/pulkovo-observatory/": {"t": "Pulkovo Observatory", "s": "Principal astronomical observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences."}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-photonics/e/optics-and-photonics/spherical-aberration/": {"t": "Spherical aberration", "s": "Spherical aberration degrades image quality in spherical optical systems."}, "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/e/science-and-measurement/microscope/": {"t": "Microscope", "s": "Instrument for viewing objects invisible to the naked eye.", "i": "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/img/science-and-measurement/microscope.webp", "c": "Chad Anderson, staff photographer for SFO Museum · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/russian-regions/e/russian-regions/tambov-oblast/": {"t": "Tambov Oblast", "s": "Tambov Oblast: Heart of the Black Soil Region"}, "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-poets/e/modernist-and-20th-century-poets/vladimir-mayakovsky/": {"t": "Vladimir Mayakovsky", "s": "Russian Futurist poet and playwright who navigated revolution, censorship, and acclaim.", "i": "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-poets/img/modernist-and-20th-century-poets/vladimir-mayakovsky.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Vladimir Mayakovsky · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/silent-science-fiction-films/e/silent-science-fiction-films/aelita-film/": {"t": "Aelita (film)", "s": "A Soviet silent film about a Martian uprising and love."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-language-science-fiction-films/e/russian-language-science-fiction-films/interplanetary-revolution/": {"t": "Interplanetary Revolution", "s": "Early Soviet animated parody of bourgeois spaceflight."}, "https://codexery.com/auteur-directors/e/auteur-directors/vsevolod-pudovkin/": {"t": "Vsevolod Pudovkin", "s": "Soviet film director who co-created the Kuleshov effect and developed montage theories.", "i": "https://codexery.com/auteur-directors/img/auteur-directors/vsevolod-pudovkin.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Kuleshov effect · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/psychologists-and-education-theorists/e/psychologists-and-education-theorists/ivan-pavlov/": {"t": "Ivan Pavlov", "s": "Russian physiologist known for classical conditioning and Nobel Prize-winning digestion research.", "i": "https://codexery.com/psychologists-and-education-theorists/img/psychologists-and-education-theorists/ivan-pavlov.webp", "c": "Vibha C Kashyap · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/russian-cities/e/russian-cities/vladivostok/": {"t": "Vladivostok", "s": "Vladivostok: Russia's Pacific capital and gateway to the East."}, "https://codexery.com/soviet-inventions/e/soviet-inventions/aerobatics/": {"t": "Aerobatics", "s": "Aerobatics is the practice of flying maneuvers not used in passenger flights."}, "https://codexery.com/gregorian-calendar/e/gregorian-calendar/adoption-of-the-gregorian-calendar/": {"t": "Adoption of the Gregorian calendar", "s": "The gradual global shift from Julian to Gregorian dating."}, "https://codexery.com/polish-inventions/e/polish-inventions/v-tail/": {"t": "V-tail", "s": "Aircraft tail with two V-shaped surfaces combining rudder and elevator."}, "https://codexery.com/ukrainian-oblasts/e/ukrainian-oblasts/lviv-oblast/": {"t": "Lviv Oblast", "s": "Oblast in western Ukraine, historical crossroads of central Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/notable-asteroids/e/notable-asteroids/asteroid-belt/": {"t": "Asteroid belt", "s": "A torus-shaped region between Mars and Jupiter containing many asteroids."}, "https://codexery.com/ophthalmology-organizations/e/ophthalmology-organizations/filatov-institute-of-eye-diseases-and-tissue-therapy/": {"t": "Filatov Institute of Eye Diseases and Tissue Therapy", "s": "Ukraine's leading eye research institute and hospital."}, "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/e/opera-composers/alexander-scriabin/": {"t": "Alexander Scriabin", "s": "Russian composer and pianist, innovator of dissonant musical language.", "i": "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/img/opera-composers/alexander-scriabin.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Alexander Scriabin · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/maurice-ravel/": {"t": "Maurice Ravel", "s": "French composer known for Boléro and masterful orchestration.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/maurice-ravel.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Maurice Ravel · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/instruments/e/musical-instruments/the-theremin/": {"t": "The Theremin", "s": "Electronic instrument played without physical contact, known for eerie sound."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-virtuosos/e/classical-virtuosos/serge-koussevitzky/": {"t": "Serge Koussevitzky", "s": "Russian-American conductor who led the Boston Symphony Orchestra for 25 years."}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/igor-stravinsky/": {"t": "Igor Stravinsky", "s": "Russian composer whose ballets for Diaghilev reshaped twentieth-century classical music.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/igor-stravinsky.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: List of compositions by Igor Stravinsky · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/tonality/": {"t": "Tonality", "s": "System of musical organization centered on a tonic."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/twelve-tone-technique/": {"t": "Twelve-tone technique", "s": "A method ensuring equal use of all twelve chromatic notes."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/accidental-music/": {"t": "Accidental (music)", "s": "Symbols indicating pitch alteration in musical notation.", "i": "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/img/music-theory-and-composition/accidental-music.webp", "c": "HeavyD14 · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/musicologists-and-composers/e/musicologists-and-composers/nicolas-slonimsky/": {"t": "Nicolas Slonimsky", "s": "Russian-American musicologist and lexicographer of musical reference works.", "i": "https://codexery.com/musicologists-and-composers/img/musicologists-and-composers/nicolas-slonimsky.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Nicolas Slonimsky · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/engineering-disciplines/e/engineering-disciplines/ceramic-engineering/": {"t": "Ceramic engineering", "s": "The science of creating objects from inorganic, non-metallic materials using heat or chemical precipitation."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/modern-metropolis/toronto/": {"t": "Toronto", "s": "Canada's largest city and a global hub of multiculturalism, finance, and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/uav-manufacturers/e/uav-manufacturers/lockheed-martin/": {"t": "Lockheed Martin", "s": "Top U.S. federal contractor since at least 2008."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-manufacturers/e/radio-manufacturers/general-electric/": {"t": "General Electric", "s": "American conglomerate formed from Edison and Thomson-Houston merger in 1892."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-manufacturers/e/radio-manufacturers/telefunken/": {"t": "Telefunken", "s": "German electronics pioneer from radio to television and computing."}, "https://codexery.com/aerobatic-and-racing-aircraft/e/aerobatic-and-racing-aircraft/bl-riot-xi/": {"t": "Blériot XI", "s": "Pioneer monoplane that first crossed the English Channel.", "i": "https://codexery.com/aerobatic-and-racing-aircraft/img/aerobatic-and-racing-aircraft/bl-riot-xi.webp", "c": "Hakjosef · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/nicholas-ii/": {"t": "Nicholas II", "s": "Last Emperor of Russia, abdicated in 1917, executed in 1918."}, "https://codexery.com/aircraft-components/e/aircraft-components/edo-aircraft-corporation/": {"t": "Edo Aircraft Corporation", "s": "Known for pioneering aluminum pontoon floats for aircraft."}, "https://codexery.com/classic-fighter-planes/e/classic-fighter-planes/republic-p-47-thunderbolt/": {"t": "Republic P-47 Thunderbolt", "s": "Heavy American fighter-bomber that dominated ground attack in World War II."}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/e/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/attack-on-pearl-harbor/": {"t": "Attack on Pearl Harbor", "s": "Surprise Japanese air raid on US Pacific Fleet, December 7, 1941.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/img/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/attack-on-pearl-harbor.webp", "c": "Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Katarzyna Kobiljak · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/supernatural/e/world/new-orleans-louisiana/": {"t": "New Orleans, Louisiana", "s": "The Crescent City on the Mississippi, where Creole culture, Voodoo and Mardi Gras grew up together.", "i": "https://codexery.com/supernatural/img/world/new-orleans-louisiana.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: New Orleans · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/the-new-york-times/": {"t": "The New York Times", "s": "The Gray Lady, a U.S."}, "/e/20th-century-russian-inventors/vasily-degtyaryov/": {"t": "Vasily Degtyaryov", "s": "Soviet weapons designer of the DP-27 and PTRD-41."}, "https://codexery.com/submachine-guns/e/submachine-guns/ppsh-41/": {"t": "PPSh-41", "s": "A stamped-steel Soviet submachine gun used extensively in WWII and Korea."}, "https://codexery.com/machine-guns/e/machine-guns/dshk/": {"t": "DShK", "s": "Soviet heavy machine gun used from World War II to present."}, "https://codexery.com/machine-guns/e/machine-guns/heavy-machine-gun/": {"t": "Heavy machine gun", "s": "A class of machine guns too heavy to be man-portable.", "i": "https://codexery.com/machine-guns/img/machine-guns/heavy-machine-gun.webp", "c": "Gary Todd from Xinzheng, China · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/russian-regions/e/russian-regions/vladimir-oblast/": {"t": "Vladimir Oblast", "s": "A central Russian oblast with ancient cathedrals, mixed forests, and a humid continental climate."}, "https://codexery.com/assault-rifles/e/assault-rifles/as-44/": {"t": "AS-44", "s": "A Soviet prototype assault rifle series ended by its designer's death."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-causes-of-cancer/e/infectious-causes-of-cancer/stomach-cancer/": {"t": "Stomach cancer", "s": "A malignant tumor of the stomach lining, often diagnosed late."}, "https://codexery.com/transportation/e/transportation/fixed-wing-aircraft/": {"t": "Fixed-wing aircraft", "s": "Heavier-than-air craft that fly using aerodynamic lift from fixed wings."}, "https://codexery.com/inventors/e/great-inventors/leonardo-da-vinci/": {"t": "Leonardo da Vinci", "s": "Italian polymath of the High Renaissance.", "i": "https://codexery.com/inventors/img/great-inventors/leonardo-da-vinci.webp", "c": "Attributed to Francesco Melzi · via Wikipedia: Leonardo da Vinci · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/jules-verne/": {"t": "Jules Verne", "s": "French novelist, poet, and playwright; creator of the Voyages extraordinaires."}, "https://codexery.com/science-and-technology/e/science-and-technology/natural-science/": {"t": "Natural science", "s": "Empirical study of natural phenomena through observation and experimentation."}, "https://codexery.com/inventors/e/great-inventors/the-wright-brothers/": {"t": "The Wright brothers", "s": "American aviation pioneers who invented, built, and flew the world's first successful airplane."}, "https://codexery.com/inventors-of-everyday-objects/e/inventors-of-everyday-objects/ferdinand-von-zeppelin/": {"t": "Ferdinand von Zeppelin", "s": "German general and inventor of the rigid airship.", "i": "https://codexery.com/inventors-of-everyday-objects/img/inventors-of-everyday-objects/ferdinand-von-zeppelin.webp", "c": "Bernhard Pankok · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/german-inventions/e/german-inventions/carburetor/": {"t": "Carburetor", "s": "Device that mixes air and fuel for gasoline engines."}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/sergei-rachmaninoff/": {"t": "Sergei Rachmaninoff", "s": "Russian composer and pianist, last great Romantic in Russian classical music.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/sergei-rachmaninoff.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Sergei Rachmaninoff · see source"}}