{"https://codexery.com/mathematicians/e/mathematicians/gottlob-frege/": {"t": "Gottlob Frege", "s": "German philosopher, logician, and mathematician; father of analytic philosophy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/mathematicians/img/mathematicians/gottlob-frege.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Gottlob Frege · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/states-of-the-german-empire/e/states-of-the-german-empire/saxe-weimar-eisenach/": {"t": "Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach", "s": "Ernestine grand duchy, home of Weimar Classicism and Carl Zeiss."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/bernhard-riemann/": {"t": "Bernhard Riemann", "s": "German mathematician who revolutionized analysis, geometry, and number theory"}, "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/e/authors-and-poets/johann-wolfgang-von-goethe/": {"t": "Johann Wolfgang von Goethe", "s": "German polymath and most influential writer in the German language."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/e/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/mechanics/": {"t": "Mechanics", "s": "Physics of force, matter, and motion among objects."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/refractive-index/": {"t": "Refractive index", "s": "Ratio of light speed in vacuum to that in a medium."}, "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/e/universities-and-colleges/humboldt-university-of-berlin/": {"t": "Humboldt University of Berlin", "s": "Public research university pioneering the Humboldtian model of higher education."}, "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/e/science-and-measurement/telescope/": {"t": "Telescope", "s": "Observing the universe across the electromagnetic spectrum", "i": "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/img/science-and-measurement/telescope.webp", "c": "Pelligton · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-photonics/e/optics-and-photonics/optical-aberration/": {"t": "Optical aberration", "s": "Deviation from ideal image formation in optical systems."}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-photonics/e/optics-and-photonics/spherical-aberration/": {"t": "Spherical aberration", "s": "Spherical aberration degrades image quality in spherical optical systems."}, "https://codexery.com/microscopes/e/microscopes/abbe-sine-condition/": {"t": "Abbe sine condition", "s": "Condition for sharp off-axis imaging in optical systems."}, "https://codexery.com/social-issues/e/social-issues/nobel-prize/": {"t": "Nobel Prize", "s": "Prestigious awards for the greatest benefit to humankind."}, "https://codexery.com/pathology/e/pathology/electron-microscope/": {"t": "Electron microscope", "s": "Uses electron beams for much higher resolution than light microscopes."}, "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/e/science-and-measurement/microscope/": {"t": "Microscope", "s": "Instrument for viewing objects invisible to the naked eye.", "i": "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/img/science-and-measurement/microscope.webp", "c": "Chad Anderson, staff photographer for SFO Museum · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/duchies-and-electorates-of-the-holy-roma/e/duchies-and-electorates-of-the-holy-roman-empire/electorate-of-saxony/": {"t": "Electorate of Saxony", "s": "A key electorate of the Holy Roman Empire, centered on Saxe-Wittenberg."}, "https://codexery.com/performing-arts-crafts/e/performing-arts-and-crafts/lithography/": {"t": "Lithography", "s": "Lithography is a printing technique that relies on the natural repulsion between oil and water."}, "https://codexery.com/hungarian-inventions/e/hungarian-inventions/coach-carriage/": {"t": "Coach (carriage)", "s": "Large enclosed horse-drawn carriage for mail, travel, and ceremony."}, "https://codexery.com/physical-geography-elevation/e/physical-geography-and-elevation/topography/": {"t": "Topography", "s": "Study of land surface forms and features.", "i": "https://codexery.com/physical-geography-elevation/img/physical-geography-and-elevation/topography.webp", "c": "NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Carnegie Institution of · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/napoleonic-wars/": {"t": "Napoleonic Wars", "s": "Global conflicts from 1803 to 1815, featuring coalitions against Napoleon and French domination of Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/napoleonic-wars.webp", "c": "Ruedi33a · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/e/science-and-measurement/radiography/": {"t": "Radiography", "s": "Imaging the unseen with X-rays and radiation."}, "https://codexery.com/economic-and-social-concepts/e/economic-and-social-concepts/land-reform/": {"t": "Land reform", "s": "Reforms altering land ownership, use, and tenure systems.", "i": "https://codexery.com/economic-and-social-concepts/img/economic-and-social-concepts/land-reform.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-of-1917-1923/e/revolutions-of/german-revolution-of-1918-1919/": {"t": "German revolution of 1918–1919", "s": "Revolution that ended the German Empire and founded the Weimar Republic."}, "https://codexery.com/german-states/e/german-states/bavaria/": {"t": "Bavaria", "s": "Largest German state, with a history from Celts to kingdom."}, "https://codexery.com/german-states/e/german-states/hamburg/": {"t": "Hamburg", "s": "Second-largest German city and major Hanseatic port."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/new-york-city/": {"t": "New York City", "s": "The most populous city in the United States, a global center of finance, culture, and diplomacy."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/world-war-i/": {"t": "World War I", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Central Powers, 1914–1918."}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/german-empire/": {"t": "German Empire", "s": "German Empire from 1871 unification to 1918 revolution.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/img/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/german-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: German Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/polymers-and-macromolecules/e/polymers-and-macromolecules/polyvinyl-chloride/": {"t": "Polyvinyl chloride", "s": "Third-most produced synthetic plastic, used in pipes and flexible goods."}, "https://codexery.com/biochemistry-and-cell-biology/e/biochemistry-and-cell-biology/amino-acid/": {"t": "Amino acid", "s": "The building blocks of proteins, with 20 standard α-amino acids directly encoded by the genetic code and two rare ones incorporated via recoding."}, "https://codexery.com/physiology-medicine/e/physiology-and-medicine/anesthesia/": {"t": "Anesthesia", "s": "Controlled, temporary loss of sensation or awareness for medical or veterinary purposes."}, "https://codexery.com/physiology-medicine/e/physiology-and-medicine/thyroid/": {"t": "Thyroid", "s": "Butterfly-shaped gland regulating metabolism and calcium balance.", "i": "https://codexery.com/physiology-medicine/img/physiology-and-medicine/thyroid.webp", "c": "Mikael Häggström , M.D. Author info - Reusing images - Conflicts of interest: No · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/e/chemistry-fundamentals/amide/": {"t": "Amide", "s": "Amides are organic compounds linking amino acids into proteins."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/e/chemistry-fundamentals/amine/": {"t": "Amine", "s": "Organic compounds with carbon–nitrogen bonds derived from ammonia."}, "/e/19th-century-german-inventors/carl-benz/": {"t": "Carl Benz", "s": "German engineer who built the first practical automobile."}, "https://codexery.com/german-inventions/e/german-inventions/benz-patent-motorwagen/": {"t": "Benz Patent-Motorwagen", "s": "First practical automobile and first production car."}, "https://codexery.com/states-of-the-german-empire/e/states-of-the-german-empire/grand-duchy-of-baden/": {"t": "Grand Duchy of Baden", "s": "A German grand duchy on the Rhine, known for its liberal constitution."}, "/e/19th-century-german-inventors/gottlieb-daimler/": {"t": "Gottlieb Daimler", "s": "German engineer who invented the high-speed petroleum engine and first motorcycle."}, "https://codexery.com/german-inventions/e/german-inventions/carburetor/": {"t": "Carburetor", "s": "Device that mixes air and fuel for gasoline engines."}, "https://codexery.com/traditional-health-care-occupations/e/traditional-health-care-occupations/apothecary/": {"t": "Apothecary", "s": "Historical preparer and dispenser of medicines."}, "https://codexery.com/pharmacology-and-therapeutics/e/pharmacology-and-therapeutics/pharmacy/": {"t": "Pharmacy", "s": "The science and practice of medication use and patient care."}, "https://codexery.com/automotive-industry/e/automotive-industry/automotive-industry/": {"t": "Automotive industry", "s": "The global automotive industry: a $2.75 trillion market in 2025, with China leading production and a shift toward zero-emission vehicles by 2035 in Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/automotive-industry/img/automotive-industry/automotive-industry.webp", "c": "Internet Archive Book Images · No restrictions"}, "https://codexery.com/inventors-and-engineers/e/inventors-and-engineers/wilhelm-maybach/": {"t": "Wilhelm Maybach", "s": "German engine designer hailed as 'King of Designers'."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/second-world-war/": {"t": "Second World War", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Axis, deadliest in history."}, "/e/19th-century-german-inventors/bertha-benz/": {"t": "Bertha Benz", "s": "First person to drive an automobile over a long distance."}, "https://codexery.com/automotive-industry/e/automotive-industry/mercedes-benz/": {"t": "Mercedes-Benz", "s": "Mercedes-Benz AG, a subsidiary of the Mercedes-Benz Group established in 2019, is based in Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg, Germany, and manufactures luxury vehicl"}, "https://codexery.com/german-states/e/german-states/baden-w-rttemberg/": {"t": "Baden-Württemberg", "s": "A prosperous German state formed from Baden, Württemberg, and Hohenzollern."}, "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/e/diseases-and-conditions/pneumonia/": {"t": "Pneumonia", "s": "Inflammatory lung condition primarily affecting alveoli, caused by infection.", "i": "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/img/diseases-and-conditions/pneumonia.webp", "c": "Nephron · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/education-schools/e/education-and-schools/lyceum/": {"t": "Lyceum", "s": "Educational institution type, mainly secondary school, in many countries."}, "https://codexery.com/universities/e/universities/karlsruhe-institute-of-technology/": {"t": "Karlsruhe Institute of Technology", "s": "German research university merging education and large-scale research."}, "https://codexery.com/construction-and-engineering/e/construction-and-engineering/technical-drawing/": {"t": "Technical drawing", "s": "Technical drawing communicates function and construction through precise visual language.", "i": "https://codexery.com/construction-and-engineering/img/construction-and-engineering/technical-drawing.webp", "c": "Veterans Administration · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/classical-mechanics/weighing-scale/": {"t": "Weighing scale", "s": "A device for measuring mass or weight using equilibrium."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/vienna/": {"t": "Vienna", "s": "Capital on the Danube, heart of Austria"}, "https://codexery.com/marriage-and-kinship/e/marriage-and-kinship/dowry/": {"t": "Dowry", "s": "A marriage payment from the bride's family to the groom's family.", "i": "https://codexery.com/marriage-and-kinship/img/marriage-and-kinship/dowry.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/telegraph-keys-and-codes/e/telegraph-keys-and-codes/telegram/": {"t": "Telegram", "s": "A written message transmitted by telegraph, popular from the 19th to mid-20th century."}, "https://codexery.com/manufacturing-and-materials/e/manufacturing-and-materials/mass-production/": {"t": "Mass production", "s": "Mass production is a method of making standardized products in constant flow."}, "https://codexery.com/german-inventions/e/german-inventions/benz-velo/": {"t": "Benz Velo", "s": "The world's first standardized serial production car."}, "https://codexery.com/auto-racing-by-type/e/auto-racing-by-type/sports-car-racing/": {"t": "Sports car racing", "s": "Endurance racing for two-seat sports cars and prototypes."}, "https://codexery.com/scuderia-ferrari/e/honours/european-grand-prix/": {"t": "European Grand Prix", "s": "Formula One race that began as an honorary title in 1923 and last ran in Baku in 2016."}, "https://codexery.com/motorsport-venues-in-italy/e/motorsport-venues-in-italy/monza-circuit/": {"t": "Monza Circuit", "s": "Italy's historic Temple of Speed, home of the Italian Grand Prix.", "i": "https://codexery.com/motorsport-venues-in-italy/img/motorsport-venues-in-italy/monza-circuit.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Monza Circuit · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/mille-miglia/e/mille-miglia/mercedes-benz-ssk/": {"t": "Mercedes-Benz SSK", "s": "Ferdinand Porsche's final Mercedes-Benz design.", "i": "https://codexery.com/mille-miglia/img/mille-miglia/mercedes-benz-ssk.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Mercedes-Benz SSK · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/respiratory-infectious-diseases/e/respiratory-and-infectious-diseases/bronchitis/": {"t": "Bronchitis", "s": "Inflammation of the bronchi causing cough, often viral or smoking-related."}, "https://codexery.com/transportation-engineering/e/transportation-engineering/cable-transport/": {"t": "Cable transport", "s": "Cable transport uses cables to move passengers and goods.", "i": "https://codexery.com/transportation-engineering/img/transportation-engineering/cable-transport.webp", "c": "Gannu03 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/scottish-inventions/e/scottish-inventions/aerial-tramway/": {"t": "Aerial tramway", "s": "A cable-propelled lift shuttling cabins on fixed cables."}, "https://codexery.com/firearm-manufacturers/e/firearm-manufacturers/krupp/": {"t": "Krupp", "s": "Europe's largest company and Germany's chief arms maker in two world wars."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-science/e/geology-and-earth-science/ore/": {"t": "Ore", "s": "Natural rock containing economically viable minerals or metals."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/tuberculosis/": {"t": "Tuberculosis", "s": "A contagious bacterial disease, historically called consumption, that remains a global killer."}, "https://codexery.com/german-states/e/german-states/thuringia/": {"t": "Thuringia", "s": "Central German state, green heart, home to Bach, Goethe, Schiller."}, "https://codexery.com/german-states/e/german-states/saxony/": {"t": "Saxony", "s": "A German state with a long history as duchy, electorate, and kingdom."}, "https://codexery.com/orchestral-instruments/e/orchestral-instruments/natural-horn/": {"t": "Natural horn", "s": "Valveless brass instrument using crooks and hand-stopping."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/chromatic-scale/": {"t": "Chromatic scale", "s": "A twelve-pitch scale with semitone intervals, used in Western music.", "i": "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/img/music-theory-and-composition/chromatic-scale.webp", "c": "Hyacinth · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/orchestral-instruments/e/orchestral-instruments/french-horn/": {"t": "French horn", "s": "The orchestral horn is a coiled brass instrument with rotary valves."}, "https://codexery.com/orchestral-instruments/e/orchestral-instruments/alto-flute/": {"t": "Alto flute", "s": "A larger, lower-pitched flute with a mellow tone."}, "https://codexery.com/instruments/e/musical-instruments/the-saxophone/": {"t": "The Saxophone", "s": "Single-reed woodwind invented by Adolphe Sax in the early 1840s and patented on 28 June 1846.", "i": "https://codexery.com/instruments/img/musical-instruments/the-saxophone.webp", "c": "Amati Kraslice · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/states-of-the-german-empire/e/states-of-the-german-empire/kingdom-of-prussia/": {"t": "Kingdom of Prussia", "s": "German state that unified Germany and dominated the German Empire."}, "https://codexery.com/firearm-manufacturers/e/firearm-manufacturers/colt-s-manufacturing-company/": {"t": "Colt's Manufacturing Company", "s": "American firearms manufacturer founded in 1855 by Samuel Colt."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/berlin/": {"t": "Berlin", "s": "The heart of Europe, a city of culture and history."}, "https://codexery.com/semi-automatic-pistols/e/semi-automatic-pistols/semi-automatic-pistol/": {"t": "Semi-automatic pistol", "s": "A self-loading handgun firing one round per trigger pull."}, "https://codexery.com/human-variation-and-health/e/human-variation-and-health/medical-doctor/": {"t": "Medical doctor", "s": "Health professional who practices medicine to promote and restore health."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/archduke-charles-duke-of-teschen/": {"t": "Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen", "s": "Austrian field marshal and reformer who handed Napoleon his first major defeat."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/charles-dickens/": {"t": "Charles Dickens", "s": "The most famous celebrity of his era, Dickens pioneered serial publication and remains a literary giant."}, "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-united-states/e/rebellions-against-the-united-states/american-civil-war/": {"t": "American Civil War", "s": "Civil war between the Union and Confederacy over slavery and secession."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/franco-prussian-war/": {"t": "Franco-Prussian War", "s": "Conflict that unified Germany and ended French imperial rule."}, "https://codexery.com/states-of-the-german-empire/e/states-of-the-german-empire/kingdom-of-w-rttemberg/": {"t": "Kingdom of Württemberg", "s": "A constitutional monarchy in southern Germany from 1806 to 1918."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/explorers/robert-bosch/": {"t": "Robert Bosch", "s": "German engineer and founder of the Bosch company.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/explorers/robert-bosch.webp", "c": "Unknown authorUnknown author · via Wikipedia: Robert Bosch · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/design-digital-arts/e/design-and-digital-arts/industrial-design/": {"t": "Industrial design", "s": "Design of mass-produced products, combining form, function, and user needs."}, "https://codexery.com/transportation/e/transportation/motorcycle/": {"t": "Motorcycle", "s": "Two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle steered by handlebars from a saddle seat."}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/german-confederation/": {"t": "German Confederation", "s": "An association of 39 German states from 1815 to 1866, created by the Congress of Vienna.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/img/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/german-confederation.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: German Confederation · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/engineering-disciplines/e/engineering-disciplines/mechanical-engineering/": {"t": "Mechanical engineering", "s": "Engineering branch focused on force, motion, and mechanical systems."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/saint-petersburg/": {"t": "Saint Petersburg", "s": "Russia's cultural capital and historic window to Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/energy-power/e/energy-and-power/petroleum/": {"t": "Petroleum", "s": "A fossil fuel central to modern industry and climate change."}, "https://codexery.com/transportation/e/transportation/kerosene/": {"t": "Kerosene", "s": "Combustible hydrocarbon liquid derived from petroleum, used as fuel."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-substances-and-materials/e/chemical-substances-and-materials/naphtha/": {"t": "Naphtha", "s": "Flammable hydrocarbon mixture used as fuel, dilutant, and plastic feedstock."}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous/e/miscellaneous/belt-mechanical/": {"t": "Belt (mechanical)", "s": "A loop of flexible material linking rotating shafts for power transmission."}, "https://codexery.com/vfb-stuttgart/e/history/mhparena/": {"t": "MHPArena", "s": "Stuttgart's multi-purpose stadium with a rich football and athletics history."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-inventions/e/chinese-inventions/gunpowder/": {"t": "Gunpowder", "s": "Earliest chemical explosive, used as propellant and blasting agent."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/explorers/henry-ford/": {"t": "Henry Ford", "s": "Pioneer of affordable automobiles and Fordism", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/explorers/henry-ford.webp", "c": "Ford Motor Company. Photographic Department · via Wikipedia: Henry Ford · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/florence/": {"t": "Florence", "s": "Birthplace of the Renaissance and capital of Tuscany."}, "https://codexery.com/electrical-systems/e/electrical-systems/electric-light/": {"t": "Electric light", "s": "An electrical device producing light from electricity."}, "https://codexery.com/electric-motors/e/electric-motors/electric-motor/": {"t": "Electric motor", "s": "Converts electrical energy to mechanical energy via magnetic fields."}, "https://codexery.com/german-inventions/e/german-inventions/ceiling-fan/": {"t": "Ceiling fan", "s": "Ceiling fans circulate air for cooling or heating without changing temperature."}, "https://codexery.com/inventors/e/great-inventors/thomas-edison/": {"t": "Thomas Edison", "s": "The Wizard of Menlo Park who lit up the world", "i": "https://codexery.com/inventors/img/great-inventors/thomas-edison.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Thomas Edison · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/disasters/e/historic-disasters/the-great-chicago-fire/": {"t": "The Great Chicago Fire", "s": "The Great Chicago Fire: A devastating conflagration that reshaped a city."}, "https://codexery.com/inventors/e/great-inventors/george-westinghouse/": {"t": "George Westinghouse", "s": "Inventor of the railway air brake and AC power pioneer.", "i": "https://codexery.com/inventors/img/great-inventors/george-westinghouse.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: George Westinghouse · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/e/chemistry-fundamentals/chemical-element/": {"t": "Chemical element", "s": "Fundamental species of atom defined by proton count."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements-metals/e/chemical-elements-and-metals/potassium/": {"t": "Potassium", "s": "Soft alkali metal essential to life and widely used in fertilizers."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements/e/chemical-elements/strontium/": {"t": "Strontium", "s": "A soft, reactive alkaline earth metal named after a Scottish village.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements/img/chemical-elements/strontium.webp", "c": "Stuttle2 · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements/e/chemical-elements/tellurium/": {"t": "Tellurium", "s": "A rare, brittle metalloid with a garlicky breath and cosmic origins.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements/img/chemical-elements/tellurium.webp", "c": "Darla Sondrol · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/english-language/": {"t": "English language", "s": "A West Germanic language that became the world's lingua franca."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/french-language/": {"t": "French language", "s": "A Romance language of the Indo-European family, descended from Vulgar Latin and shaped by Celtic and Frankish influences."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/e/revolutions-and-uprisings/french-revolution/": {"t": "French Revolution", "s": "The 1789–1799 upheaval that toppled the French monarchy and shaped liberal democracy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/img/revolutions-and-uprisings/french-revolution.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: French Revolution · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/bolt-action-rifles/e/bolt-action-rifles/dreyse-needle-gun/": {"t": "Dreyse needle gun", "s": "First bolt-action breechloader, key Prussian infantry weapon of German unification."}, "https://codexery.com/duchies-and-electorates-of-the-holy-roma/e/duchies-and-electorates-of-the-holy-roman-empire/electorate-of-mainz/": {"t": "Electorate of Mainz", "s": "One of the most prestigious states of the Holy Roman Empire."}, "https://codexery.com/french-inventions/e/french-inventions/breechloader/": {"t": "Breechloader", "s": "A firearm loaded from the rear of the barrel."}, "https://codexery.com/bolt-action-rifles/e/bolt-action-rifles/bolt-action/": {"t": "Bolt action", "s": "Manual firearm action operated by a turn-bolt handle.", "i": "https://codexery.com/bolt-action-rifles/img/bolt-action-rifles/bolt-action.webp", "c": "MagHoxpox · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/bolt-action-rifles/e/bolt-action-rifles/chassepot/": {"t": "Chassepot", "s": "French bolt-action rifle that defined the Franco-Prussian War."}, "https://codexery.com/bolt-action-rifles/e/bolt-action-rifles/vetterli-rifle/": {"t": "Vetterli rifle", "s": "A pioneering repeating bolt-action rifle with a tubular magazine."}, "https://codexery.com/bolt-action-rifles/e/bolt-action-rifles/fusil-gras-mle-1874/": {"t": "Fusil Gras mle 1874", "s": "A metallic cartridge adaptation of the Chassepot, serving France and many others."}, "/e/19th-century-german-inventors/johann-heinrich-ehrhardt/": {"t": "Johann Heinrich Ehrhardt", "s": "German locomotive manufacturer and inventor of railway brakes."}, "/e/19th-century-german-inventors/heinrich-ehrhardt/": {"t": "Heinrich Ehrhardt", "s": "German inventor and industrialist who revolutionized arms and automotive manufacturing."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/brussels/": {"t": "Brussels", "s": "The capital of Belgium and de facto capital of the European Union."}, "https://codexery.com/early-steam-locomotives/e/early-steam-locomotives/le-belge-locomotive/": {"t": "Le Belge (locomotive)", "s": "First railway locomotive built in Belgium."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/e/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/oscillation/": {"t": "Oscillation", "s": "Repetitive variation about a central value across many scientific fields."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/austria/": {"t": "Austria", "s": "A landlocked Central European nation with a rich imperial history and a modern neutral democracy."}, "https://codexery.com/medical-procedures-and-treatments/e/medical-procedures-and-treatments/surgery/": {"t": "Surgery", "s": "Surgery is a medical specialty using manual techniques to treat conditions."}, "https://codexery.com/syphilis/e/syphilis/general-paresis-of-the-insane/": {"t": "General paresis of the insane", "s": "Late-stage syphilis causing dementia and paralysis."}, "https://codexery.com/medical-specialties/e/medical-specialties/ophthalmology/": {"t": "Ophthalmology", "s": "Branch of medicine for eye disease diagnosis, treatment, and surgery.", "i": "https://codexery.com/medical-specialties/img/medical-specialties/ophthalmology.webp", "c": "Hodge120 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/french-inventions/e/french-inventions/ball-bearing/": {"t": "Ball bearing", "s": "A rolling-element bearing that reduces friction using balls between races."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry/e/chemistry/hydrocarbon/": {"t": "Hydrocarbon", "s": "Organic compounds of hydrogen and carbon, key to global energy."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-substances-and-materials/e/chemical-substances-and-materials/naphthalene/": {"t": "Naphthalene", "s": "A fused-ring aromatic hydrocarbon used in mothballs and chemical synthesis.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemical-substances-and-materials/img/chemical-substances-and-materials/naphthalene.webp", "c": "Unknown author · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/friedrich-w-hler/": {"t": "Friedrich Wöhler", "s": "German chemist who first isolated beryllium and yttrium in pure metallic form and synthesized urea, challenging vitalism."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/organic-chemistry/": {"t": "Organic chemistry", "s": "Study of carbon compounds, basis of life and industry."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/e/chemistry-fundamentals/aldehyde/": {"t": "Aldehyde", "s": "An organic compound with a formyl group (R−CHO), featuring a polar carbonyl and diverse reactivity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/img/chemistry-fundamentals/aldehyde.webp", "c": "NEUROtiker · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/reaction-mechanisms-and-kinetics/e/reaction-mechanisms-and-kinetics/redox/": {"t": "Redox", "s": "Chemical reactions where oxidation states change via electron or atom transfer."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry/e/chemistry/haloalkane/": {"t": "Haloalkane", "s": "Haloalkanes: alkanes with halogen substituents, used widely in commerce but with environmental impacts.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemistry/img/chemistry/haloalkane.webp", "c": "Tommaso.sansone91 · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/chemists-and-biochemists/e/chemists-and-biochemists/justus-von-liebig/": {"t": "Justus von Liebig", "s": "Father of the fertilizer industry and pioneer of modern chemistry education."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/magnesium/": {"t": "Magnesium", "s": "Lightweight metal essential to life and industry."}}